Week 01 Medieval-Romanesque PDF

ARCHITECTURE AND SYMBOLISM| mediterrenean in the middle ages ARC 2027 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Presentation – 01 Instructor: Assist. Pr...

ARCHITECTURE AND SYMBOLISM| mediterrenean in the middle ages ARC 2027 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Presentation – 01 Instructor: Assist. Prof. (PhD) Berna Yaylalı  Let’s remember the periodization… HISTORY AND THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM I c. 1.000.000 BC 6th century BC 17th century 18th century 19th century 20th century 15th century 6th century 2000’s Stone, Metal Ages Modernity / Late Modernity / Antiquity / Enlightenment / Medieval Renaissance Baroque Industrial Post Modernity/ Classical Age Age of Reason Pre-history Revolution Information Age Fall of the Western Roman Empire (4th century AD) Fall of the Western Roman Empire (4th century AD)  MEDIEVAL AGE HISTORICAL DYNAMICS AND ARCHITECTURE 6th century – 15th century Medieval Architecture and City (6th century – 15th century) Fall of the Western Roman Empire resulted to the decline of the cities and trade. After the fall of the Roman empire, the medieval European cities were not safe enough to live. Population was rare, and most of the population were living in rural areas The medieval town built on Roman amphitheater, Arles, France The European civilization transformed into a rural civilization. Medieval Architecture (6th century – 15th century) Feudalism, from feodum, fiefs(small political units controlled by certain individuals) Feudalism (feudal system): - the legal and social system that evolved in Western Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries, in which vassals (tebaa) were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs (tımar), and were required to serve under them in war. Medieval tapestry examples showing the feudal system Structure of the Early Medieval European Society (hibe etmek) (ortaçağ köylüsü) The “Feudal System” and its hierarchical structure  1 3 4 2 2 2 Manor: The rural settlement. A manor was usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived. MEDIEVAL DIVISION OF LAND 1: The Manor House/Castle: the Lord’s private domain 2: Farming land shared by the serfs (villagers) 3: Common land (where everyone had the right to graze their livestock, gather wood and pick fruits etc.) 4: The village church Medieval Architecture (6th century – 15th century) MOTTE (höyük): a giant mound of earth with a tower built on top. BAILEY (dış avlu): outer wall of a castle and a courtyard which surrounded the keep. MOTTE AND BAILEY CASTLE A Medieval castle which consisted of two connecting ditched mounds with the higher mound surmounted by a keep, a tower, and the other containing a courtyard, barracks, other buildings and livestock (besi hayvanı). Medieval Architecture (6th century – 15th century) (Kale hendeği) Typical Medieval Castle, Plan Evolution of Medieval Castles Medieval Architecture (6th century – 15th century) Medieval Castle, 11th century, Luynes, France Medieval Architecture (6th century – 15th century) Medieval Castle, 11th century, Luynes, France  Carolingian phase Gold Bust of Charlemagne found in Aachen, Germany THE CAROLINGIAN “INTERLUDE” (ara dönem): The Empire of Charlemagne (Charles the Great), 768 – 814 AD  Carolingian phase Charlemagne: an introduction (video) | Khan Academy  Medieval Architecture and City (6th century – 15th century) Carolingian phase Though the Classical Roman architecture end with the decadence of the western Roman Empire, it maintained by evolving into the Byzantine style. Stylistic features of the Classical architecture returned to the architectural practices firstly by Lorsch Abbey Gateway, Germany, 800 the Carolingian Renaissance in 800-900s. Carolingian Empire: It covered a long western and central strip of the European territory including the modern France, Germany, North Italy, Holland, Belgium, and Switzerland, in the 8th and 9th centuries. Emperor Charlemagne had started a Renaissance in the thoughts and arts in the decadence period of the Empire.  Carolingian phase 1 LEFT, plan: 1: Audience Hall, 2: Chapel BELOW: reconstruction 1 2 2 The Palace of Charlemagne, 796-804 AD (architect: Odo of Metz) Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Germany Medieval Architecture and City (6th century – 15th century) Carolingian phase LEFT: San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c. 526 AD RIGHT: Chapel, Palace of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 800 AD Medieval Architecture and City (6th century – 15th century) Carolingian phase LEFT: San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c. 526 AD RIGHT: Chapel, Palace of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 800 AD Medieval Architecture and City (6th century – 15th century) LEFT: San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c. 526 AD RIGHT: Chapel, Palace of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 800 AD Medieval Architecture and City (6th century – 15th century) Carolingian phase Façade (Westwerk-Westwork) of the Chapel, Palace of Charlemagne, Aachen, Germany, 800 AD Medieval Architecture and City (6th century – 15th century) Carolingian phase Westwork (also: Westwerk): The monumental, west-facing entrance façade of a Carolingian church. The exterior consists of multiple stories between two towers. The interior includes an entrance vestibule, a chapel, and a series of galleries overlooking the nave, used to show imperial rule.  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE the word "Romanesque" means "descended from Roman" (8th century – 11th century) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE 1000 -1140 The term Romanesque("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe. Arch of Titus 81 AD Plan of a Roman Basilica ROMANESQUE ERA 1000 -1140 Immense relief that the world had not ended at the turn of the millennium The resurgence of cities and trade The emergence of Europe as we know it The strengthened authority of the Pope The emergence of a middle class and merchant class The evolution of the Romance languages The peak of feudalism as a political system Romanesque Architecture (8th century – 11th century) The Journey of the Magi, Stefano di Giovanni, 1434 Map of European pilgrimage routes around 1000 BCE Romanesque Architecture (8th century – 11th century) Map of European pilgrimage routes around 1000 BCE The Great Age of Monasteries Monasteries housed the relics of saints, and during the Romanesque period the cult of relics became a major cultural factor influencing architecture. Devout Christians would undertake long pilgrimages in order to visit and venerate the relics of saints and martyrs. People traveled widely to visit sites and see relics because they believed them to have curative powers. The large numbers of travelers created standard routes from one monastery to another: “Pilgrimage Roads” became routes of trade/commerce as well as travel.  Romanesque Architecture (8th century – 11th century) Characteristics of Romanesque Architecture Use of semi-circular arches is one of the most important architectural features of the Romanesque buildings. It is a stylistic mixture of the Early Roman and Byzantine architectures: - massive volumes, Tum Collage Church, Poland, 1140–1161 - thick walls, (80-100 cm thick) - semi-circular arches, - sturdy pillars, - barrel vaults, - large towers, and - decorative arcading (wall arcading) Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular modular design, symmetrical plan. Lessay Abbey, France, 1056 Architecture: From Basilica to Church Once Constantine recognized Christianity, the need for churches arose. Located on outskirts to avoid conflict with the official religion. The early churches took over the form of the Roman basilica or Old St. Peter’s Rome, ca. 320 meeting hall Romanesque Architecture (8th century – 11th century) Apsidioles: Small apses that inhabit relics Ambulatory: Covered passage around the apse Crossing: The major bay at the intersection of the nave and the transept Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Romanesque Art (8th century – 11th century) *Church portals as “billboards” for scripture or elements of faith. *Cruciform plans. Nave and transept at right angles to one another. Church as a metaphor for heaven. *Elevation of churches based on basilicanforms, but with the nave higher than the side aisles. ROMANESQUE ART Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Romanesque Art (8th century – 11th century) --Interiors articulated by repetitive series of moldings. Heavy masonry forms seem lighter with applied decoration. --Bays divide the nave into compartments --Round-headed arches the norm. --Small windows in comparison to buildings to withstand weight ITALIAN ROMANESQUE Italian provinces developed a great diversity of Romanesque architectural styles. --Tuscan and Roman churches featured classical Corinthian capitals and acanthus borders, as well as colored marble in geometric patterns; open arcades, colonnades, and galleries; and facades with sculptures in relief. --In southern Italy, a rich style combining Byzantine, Roman, Arabic, Lombard, and Norman elements was created, with lavish use of mosaic decorations and interlacedpointed-arch arcades. ITALIAN ROMANESQUE Florence is always associated with the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, but it was already an important independent city- state during the Romanesque era. This structure was dedicated to the patron San Giovanni(St. John) by Pope Nicholas III in 1059. --Freestanding Italian baptisteries such as this and the one at Pisa are unusual and reflect the great significance the Florentines and Pisans attached to baptisms. --In plan, San Giovanni is a domed octagon, enwrapped on the exterior by a graceful arcade, three arches to a bay. It has three entrances, one each on the north, south and east sides. On the Baptistry of San Giovanni, Florence, 1059-112 west side an oblong sanctuary replaced the original semicircular apse.  Baptistery, cathedral, and campanile, Piazza dei Miracoli, Pisa, 11th-12th century --The cathedral’s campanile (çan kulesi),detached in the standard Italian fashion, is the famous “Leaning Tower of Pisa”. The tilted It began to “lean” even while under construction and now inclines some twenty-one feet campanile, Piazza dei Miracoli, Pisa, 11th-12th century  Plan of Pisa Cathedral, begun 1063, from Georg Dehio --The cathedral’s campanile,detached in the standard Italian fashion, is the famous “Leaning Tower of Pisa”. The tilted It began to “lean” even while under construction and now inclines some twenty-one feet A Romanesque church:Saint-Sernin Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, c. 1080-1120 with later addition A Romanesque church:Saint-Sernin Plan of St. Sernin, Toulouse A Romanesque church:Saint-Sernin Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, bell tower c. 1270-1470) A Romanesque pilgrimage church: Saint-Foy, Conques Church of Ste. Foy, 1120 AD, Conques, France (exterior) A Romanesque pilgrimage church: Saint-Foy, Conques Church of Ste. Foy, 1120 AD, Conques, France (exterior) Romanesque Architecture (8th century – 11th century) Church of Ste. Foy, 1050-1120 AD Conques, France Romanesque Architecture (8th century – 11th century) Portal of Church of Ste. Foy, 1120 AD, Conques, France Sermon in stone Images to be read as text by the illiterate  Church of Ste. Foy, 1120 AD, Conques, France “The Last Judgement” is usually depicted on the main doorway of pilgrimage churches The Normans around 1000 CE Durham Cathedral Durham Cathedral from the northwest, begun 1093 Durham Cathedral from the northwest, begun 1093 Durham Cathedral decorative motifs, nave, Durham Cathedral Durham Cathedral (video) | Romanesque | Khan Academy