Romanesque Architecture PDF

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE A Timeless Style ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE The Roman Empire was halved into East and West Those outside the Empire were called “Barbarians”- German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals, Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Romane...

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE A Timeless Style ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE The Roman Empire was halved into East and West Those outside the Empire were called “Barbarians”- German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals, Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Romanesque is inspired by Roman architecture. Romanesque architecture generally dates from 1000 to 1150 Romanesque was at its height between about 1075 and 1125. The term "Romanesque" was coined in 1818 by Charles-Alexis-Adrien de Gerville to describe the form of art and architecture that preceded Gothic.  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Romanesque is inspired by Roman architecture. Similarities between Roman and Romanesque include round arches, stone materials, and the basilica-style plan (used for secular purposes by the Romans). Romanesque Architecture has an influence of Roman and Byzantine architecture basically Roman in style. Introduction to Romanesque Art This art appeared during the Middle Age It is the first style that can be found all over Europe, even when regional differences. The expansion of the style was linked to the pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, Spain. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Combining features of contemporary Western Roman and Byzantine buildings, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined forms and they are frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan so that the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow.  ROMANESQUE CHARACTERISTICS Harmonious proportions round "blind arches“ stone barrel vault or groin used extensively vault decoration inside and out (especially exteriors) thick and heavy walls thick and heavy pillars small windows round arches supporting the roof  ROMANESQUE CHARACTERISTICS nave with side aisles (though some modest an apse (semicircular churches are aisleless) niche, usually in the east end) galleries above the side aisles, separated from the an ambulatory (often nave by a triforium with radiating chapels) around the apse a transept (section crossing the nave at a right angle, giving the church a cross shape)  TYPOLOGY There are three main architectonical typologies: CHURCH/ CATHEDRAL , MONASTERIES , CASTLES  CHURCH It was the main building it symbolized God’s kingdom The holiest part was the apse it had cross shape Symbolism was important: Circular parts relect perfection so they were linked to God Squared parts are related to Floor plan of the Romanesque Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela the human.  CHURCH INTERIOR Interior elevation it consists of three levels: First floor with columns or cross shaped pillars Second floor with the tribune (corridor over looking the nave, over the aisles) Clerestory: area of windows opening to the outside. gallery or tribune: An upper triforium or triforium clerestory: An upper story story over the aisle which opens passage: A narrow passage of a building with windows onto the nave or choir. It in the thickness of the wall above adjacent roofs. corresponds in length and with arches opening onto width to the dimensions of the the nave.. aisle below it. TYPE OF CEILING / ROOF COVERS: Barrel vault: it was used mainly to cover the central nave Groin vault was common in aisles and ambulatory Dome: spherical were used in apses. The central could stand on pendentives or squinches MONASTERIES It was designed as a microcosm, as the city of God They had several dependencies: CASTLE Castles were defensive construction They were fortified for providing shelter The wall was one of the essential They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to defend.  BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION METHODS Romanesque buildings were made of stone, but often had wooden roofs because people were still not very good at building stone roofs yet. If they did have stone roofs, the walls had to be very thick in order to hold up the roofs, and there couldn't be very many windows either, so Romanesque buildings were often very heavy and dark inside. WALLS Massive thickness with few and small openings. Double shells filled with rubble. Building material depends on local stone and building tradition. Italy, Poland, Germany, Netherland used brick and others used limestone, granite, and flint. Notre Dame la Grande  PIERS & CAPITAL Piers used to support arches. Built of Masonry and square or rectangular in section generally having a horizontal molding representing a capital at the springing of arch. Capital: Decorative element that divides a column or pier from the masonry which it supports. PIERS & CAPITAL COLUMNS SALVAGED COLUMN HOLLOW CORE COLUMNS In Italy, a great number of they were constructed of ashlar antique Roman columns were masonry the hollow core was filled salvaged and reused in the with rubble These huge untampered interior and on the porticos of columns are sometimes ornamented churches. with incised decorations. COLUMNS DRUM COLUMNS In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns were massive, as they supported thick upper walls with small windows, and sometimes heavy vaults. The most common method of construction was to build them out of stone cylinders called drums.  ALTERNATION The simplest form that this takes is to have a column between each adjoining pier Sometimes the columns are in multiples of two or three. VAULTS  VAULTS BARREL VAULT The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel vault in which a single arched surface extends from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted, the barrel vault generally required the support of solid walls, or walls in which the windows were very small.  VAULTS GROIN VAULT A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word groin refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults;  VAULTS RIB VAULT In ribbed vaults, not only are there ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely, but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs. In a ribbed vault, the ribs are the structural members, and the spaces between them can be filled with lighter, non-structural material.  Sexpartite - (six–part vaulting) both were supported by “tiers“ , sexpartite rib vault: a rib vault which is divided into six sections. RIB VAULT Quadripartite - four–part vaulting , quadripartite rib vault : a rib vault which is divided into four sections by two diagonal ribs.  a vault having ribs, liernes, or tiercerons STELLAR VAULT arranged in a star-shaped pattern PARTS OF A VAULT DIAGONAL RIBS TRANSVERSE RIB The moldings which The projecting bands mark the diagonals in which mark the a rib vault transverse arches of a rib vault. TRANSVERSE ARCH LIERNE: A minor Supporting arch which rib in a complex rib runs across the vault from vault. Liernes do not side to side, dividing the spring from the main bays. it usually projects springers. down from the surface of the vault. PARTS OF A VAULT BOSS: A projecting stone at the TIERCERON : A intersection of the major rib in a ribs of a vault, often complex rib vault. the keystone and Tiercerons spring frequently carved. from the main springers.  ROMANESQUE FEATURES Recessed Arch Entrance. Arches Groin and barrel Vaults Blind arcade Wheel/ Rose window Square Towers Columns – paired, attached, decorated Small Windows Historiated capitals Underground vaults Westwork ROMANESQUE FEATURES archivolt: Bands or moldings surrounding an arched opening. Tympanum: The basically semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway. This area is often decorated with sculpture in the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Colonnette: a small or thin column or shaft. trumeau : Vertical architectural member between the leaves of a doorway. Trumeaus were often highly decorated. ROMANESQUE FEATURES The Westwork Westwork (from German Westwerk): An entrance area at the west end of a church with upper chamber and usually with a tower or towers. It is normally broader than the width of the nave and aisles. Westwork is sometimes used synonymously with narthex. ROMANESQUE IN ITALY Lombard Architecture The early Romanesque architecture of northern Italy during the 7th and 8th centuries characterized by the use of Early Christian and Roman forms and the development of the ribbed vault and vaulting shaft. Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan Pisa Cathedral Complex Three separate buildings: church, baptistery and bell tower.  Pisa Cathedral Complex Leaning Tower of Pisa The Tower of Pisa is the bell tower of the Cathedral. Its construction began in the august of 1173 and continued (with two long interruptions) for about two hundred years, in full fidelity to the original project, whose architect is believed to be Giovanni di Simone.  Pisa Cathedral The Campo Santo ("Holy Field") or Complex Monumental Cemetery in Pisa Pisa Cathredral Resembles early basilican church in plan Nave, double aisles Long rows of columns connected by arches Usual timber roof Transepts end in aspses Exterior — bands of red and white Elliptical dome over the crossing is a later marble addition Ground storey faced with wall Good proportions arcading Delicacy of its ornamentation Pisa Cathedral Complex Baptistery Designed by Dioti Salvi — The Baptistery of Pisa is a circular building located to the south of the cathedral. It is one of the largest baptisteries in the world, and it is known for its impressive acoustics. The baptistery was built between the 12th and 14th centuries, and it is decorated with beautiful mosaics and sculptures.  Basilica Romana Menore Collegiata Abazziale Prepositurale Di BASILICA OF Sant Ambrogio It’s the second in size church after Milan Cathedral. The basilica SANT'AMBROGIO became the determinant standard of Lombard Roman architecture. IN MILAN Its First name is Basilica Martyrum built by St. Ambrose. It has brickworks of different origins and nave with rib vaults. It has 2 bell towers, 2 sides ailes, baldachino, apse, golden altar and crypt.  Basilica de San Zeno Maggiore is a minor basilica of Verona. ST. ZENO Has polychromatic statue of San Zeno with large rose window Routa della Fortuna (wheel of fortune) façade and bell tower of MAGGIORE 62 meters. First small church built by Theodoric the great and the new Romanesque edifice by bishop Raterius..  Basilica de San Zeno Maggiore is a minor basilica of Verona. ST. ZENO Has polychromatic statue of San Zeno with large rose window Routa della Fortuna (wheel of fortune) façade and bell tower of MAGGIORE 62 meters. First small church built by Theodoric the great and the new Romanesque edifice by bishop Raterius.. BASILICA OF Also called Abbazia di san Miniato Al Monte ( St. Minias on the SAN MINIATO Mountain) AL MONTE One of the finest Romanesque structures in Tuscany and one of the most scenic churches in Italy. ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE CAROLINGIAN ARCHITECTURE The early Romanesque architecture of the Frankish dynasty that reigned in France and in Germany. Characterized by a revival of forms of classical antiquity modified by ecclesiastical requirements.  Was planned as a retreat in which people could find the presence of God. One of the finest Romanesque façade in France particularly in its west NOTRE-DAME front. It is filled with illustrations from Bible stories, sculptures and carvings of passages and characters from the bible both inside and outside LA GRANDE the church. The entrance arches of the Notre Dame la Grande symbolize the trinity ( the Christian Godhead as one God in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). BASILICA OF The Basilica of Notre Dame-Du Port originally known Sainte-Marie- NOTRE-DAME DU Principale, the greatest church dedicated to the virgin in the city. PORT Founded by the Bishop of Clermont, Saint Avitus, this church is a UNESCO world heritage list ABBAYE AUX Epitome of Norman Romanesque architecture begun by William the HOMMES CAEN Conqueror Westwork inspired by the Carolingian and Ottonian ST. MADELEINE, “Largest Romanesque church in France“ reflects its grandeur VEZELAY and significance in the context of Romanesque architecture. Earliest pointed cross vault in France ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY OTTONIAN ARCHITECTURE The early Romanesque architecture of the German dynasty that ruled as emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from A.D. 962 to 1002, characterized by the development of forms derived from Carolingian and Byzantine concepts. WORMS The best example of a German Romanesque church with apses CATHEDRAL at both east and west ends ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND  NORMAN ARCHITECTURE The Romanesque architecture introduced from Normandy into England before the Norman Conquest and flourishing until the rise of Gothic architecture c1200, characterized by the building of great Benedictine abbeys, the two- tower façade supplementing a central tower over the crossing, and the use of geometric ornamentation.  The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert DURNHAM is regarded as one of the largest and finest examples of Norman CATHREDRAL architecture Added ribbing that is between the transverse becomes a later structural innovation in gothic art ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN CATHEDRAL OF The cathedral is the reputed burial-place of Saint James the Greater, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. SANTIAGO DE The building is a Romanesque structure with later Gothic and COMPOSTELA Baroque additions ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE A Timeless Style