Week 2 Romanesque Architecture Lecture Presentation PDF

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ARC 1467 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE A style of architecture emerging in Italy and Western Europe in the 9th century and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture in the 12th century According to the Oxford English Dictionary, m...

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ARC 1467 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE A style of architecture emerging in Italy and Western Europe in the 9th century and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture in the 12th century According to the Oxford English Dictionary, means "descended from Roman“ Architecturally, the term was first applied in French by the archaeologist Charles de Gerville or his associate Arcisse de Caumont, in the early 19th century, to describe Western European architecture from the 5th to the 13th centuries Maria Laach Abbey, Germany Map of Europe, 1142 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Carolingian Architecture – France and Germany Lombard Architecture – northern Italy Anglo-Saxon Architecture – England (before the Norman Conquest) Ottonian Architecture – Germany Norman Architecture – Normandy INFLUENCES The first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire Several significant churches that were built at this time were founded by rulers as seats of temporal and religious power, or places of coronation and burial Much of Europe was affected by feudalism The Crusades INFLUENCES Unprecedented growth in the number of churches Monasteries spread from Italy throughout Europe One of the effects of the Crusades, was to excite a great deal of religious fervor, which in turn inspired great building programs Monastery of Saint Martin du Conigou Parts of a Monastery CHARACTERISTICS The general impression given by Romanesque architecture, in both ecclesiastical and secular buildings, is one of massive solidity and strength Early Romanesque was marked with the employment of rubble walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs Latter part of the period marked refinement by increased use of the vault and dressed stone WALLS The walls of Romanesque buildings are often of massive thickness with few and comparatively small openings The building material differs greatly across Europe, depending upon the local stone and building tradition Speyer Cathedral, Germany PIERS Vertical supporting structure, as a section of wall between two openings or one supporting the end of an arch or lintel In Romanesque architecture, piers were often employed to support arches Piers at Peterborough Cathedral Mainz Cathedral, Germany COLUMNS Columns are an important structural feature of Romanesque architecture In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches Santiago de Compostela: Interior Durham Cathedral CAPITALS The Corinthian style provided the inspiration for many Romanesque capitals Some capitals bear illustrations of Biblical scenes and depictions of beasts and monsters, others are lively scenes of the legends of local saints Column Capital ALTERNATION A common characteristic of Romanesque buildings, occurring both in churches and in the arcades which separate large interior spaces of castles, is the alternation of piers and columns The most simple form that this takes is to have a column between each adjoining pier. Sometimes the columns are in multiples of two or three St. Michael’s at Hildesheim, interior facing east ARCHES and OPENINGS Arches in Romanesque architecture are semicircular Larger windows are nearly always arched Doorways are also surmounted by a semi-circular arch Lunette – an area in the plane of a wall framed by an arch or vault, containing a window, painting or sculpture Porta Platerias, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain VAULTS and ROOFS Majority of buildings have wooden roofs Vaults of stone and brick took on several different forms Barrel vault – a vault having a semicircular cross section Groin vault – a compound vault formed by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults forming arched diagonal arrises called groins Church of St. Philibert, Tournus DOMES Domes in Romanesque architecture are generally found within crossing towers at the intersection of a church's nave and transept, which conceal the domes externally Romanesque domes are typically octagonal in plan and use corner squinches to translate a square bay into a suitable octagonal base Interior of Speyer Cathedral ROMANESQUE CHURCHES Abbey and cathedral churches generally follow the Latin Cross plan LATIN CROSS GREEK CROSS Romanesque Church Plan ROMANESQUE CHURCHES Nave – the principal or center part of a church extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel Aisle – any of the longitudinal divisions of a church separated from the nave by row of columns or piers Arcade – series of arches or piers Chancel – the space about the altar of a church for the clergy and choir, often elevated above the nave and separated from it by a railing or screen  Triforium – an arcaded story in a church, between the arches and the clerestory and corresponding to the space between the vaulting and the roof of an aisle Ambulatory – the aisle encircling the end of the choir or chancel of a church Apse – the semicircular termination of a church sanctuary Chevet – the rounded east end of a cathedral including the apse and ambulatory Saint-Etienne, Nevers ROMANESQUE CHURCHES Buttress – an external support built to stabilize a structure by opposing its outward thrusts, especially a projecting support built into or against the outside of a masonry wall Clerestory – a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight to the interior Castle Rising, England Section of a Church: Arcade, Triforium and Clerestory ROMANESQUE CHURCHES Romanesque church facades are usually symmetrical Towers - often a large one over the crossing (where the transept intercepted the main body of the church) and twin towers flanking the façade A campanile was common in Italy Rose window Durham Cathedral Octagonal Tower of the Cluny Abbey Basilica San Zeno Maggiore References / Sources: Books: Burden, Ernest E., Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill, c2012. Ching, Francis, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, c2012. Cruickshank, Dan, Sir Banister Fletcher’s A History of Architecture (Twentieth Edition). Oxford: Architectural Press, c1996 Internet (Pictures and Articles): Maria Laach Abbey, Germany [Online Image]. (2007). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture [Map of Europe, 1142]. Lumen Boundless Art History. https://courses.lumenlearning.com [Monastery of Saint Martin du Conigou]. Studyblue. https://www.studyblue.com [Monastery]. The Memory Drawer. https://2puertadecuartos.wordpress.com [Speyer Cathedral, Germany]. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com [Piers at Peterborough Cathedral]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.ph [Mainz Cathedral, Germany]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.ph [Santiago de Compostela: Interior]. Spain Then and Now. http://www.spainthenandnow.com [Durham Cathedral]. Britain Magazine. https://www.britain-magazine.com [Column Capital]. Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.ph [St. Michael’s at Hildesheim, interior facing east]. Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com Porta Platerias, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela [Online Image]. (2007). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org Church of St. Philibert, Tournus [Online Image]. (2006). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org Interior of Speyer Cathedral [Online Image]. (2010). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org [Romanesque Church plan with sections ]. Joanne Carrubba Musings on Online Teaching and Art. https://joannecarrubba.wordpress.com Jahnke, J. (2008). Saint-Etienne, Nevers, [Online image]. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org Connolley, W. (2006). Castle Rising, England, [Online image]. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org [Arcade, Triforium and Clerestory]. Matthew Brown Learning Log. https://matthewbrownocalearnerlog.wordpress.com [Durham Cathedral]. School Work Helper. https://schoolworkhelper.net [Cluny Abbey]. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org [Basilica San Zeno Maggiore]. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org