Romanesque Architecture PDF

The Roman Empire in AD 117, at its greatest extent.  GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Those outside the Empire were called “Barbarians” - German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals, Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns 4th century, Huns invaded Europe forcing the Goths a...

The Roman Empire in AD 117, at its greatest extent.  GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Those outside the Empire were called “Barbarians” - German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals, Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns 4th century, Huns invaded Europe forcing the Goths and Vandals to seek shelter inside the Roman Empire INVASIONS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE  GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE The Roman Empire was halved into East and West The decline of the Roman Empire in 470 AD, led to the rise of independent states and nations across Europe Most states still had ecclesiastical and political ties to Rome The division of the empire after the death of This went on for three centuries, Theodosius I, c. 395, superimposed on modern borders. from 500 to 800 AD HISTORY AND SOCIETY Charlemagne Feudalism The Pilgrimage The Crusades  Charlemagne or “Charles the Great” King of the Franks (Germany) united the majority of western and central Europe and was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire On Christmas Day, 800, had himself crowned as emperor in Rome the first Holy Roman Emperor from 800 AD established the Holy Roman Empire HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Art and civilization was restored over Europe There was a new religious enthusiasm: ○ The crusades were conducted against Muslims Papacy rose to great power Great monastic foundations ○ or monkhood, is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work Christianity was source of education, culture, and economy In 814 AD, Charlemagne’s empire began to break up splitting into 3 kingdoms, France, Germany and Italy The Politics of Feudalism The Romanesque period saw the introduction of the system of feudal tenure, or the holding of land on condition of military service  The Crusades 1095–1270 The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Western Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and their campaigns were launched in response to a call from the Christian Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia. Crusaders took vows and were granted penance for past sins, often called an indulgence. The Pilgrimage In medieval times, people made long trips to visit the relics or resting places of revered saints. The pilgrimages allowed for the exchange of ideas including those of architecture and construction. The pilgrim’s way was filled with Romanesque churches, monasteries, inns and castles. RELIGION  RELIGIOUS Rise of the religious orders Science, letters, art and culture were the monopoly of orders Gave impulse to architecture; fostered art and learning Monks and their pupils were often the designers of cathedrals Up to the thirteenth century architecture was almost regarded as sacred science  Religious order (Catholic) a community of consecrated life with members that profess solemn vows. They are classed as a type of religious institute. Subcategories of religious orders are: canons regular (canons and canonesses regular who recite the Divine Office and serve a church and perhaps a parish); monastics (monks or nuns living and working in a monastery and reciting the Divine Office); mendicants (friars or religious sisters who live from alms, recite the Divine Office, and, in the case of the men, participate in apostolic activities); and clerics regular (priests who take religious vows and have a very active apostolic life).  CANONS REGULAR Name Founded Augustinian Canons (Canons Regular) 4th century Norbertines (Premonstratensians) 1120 Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Coimbra 1131 Teutonic Order 1190 Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross 1211 (Crosier Fathers and Brothers) Knights of the Cross with the Red Star 1237 Canons Regular of the Mother of God 1969  Monastic Orders Name Founded Benedictines 6th century Camaldolese 1025 Cistercians 1098 Trappists 1098 Carthusians 1084 Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit 1215 (Pauline Fathers) Hieronymites 14th century  Benedictine Order ( Black Monks ) Founded during the sixth century at Montecassino in South Italy by S. Benedict of Nursia who decreed that all architecture, painting and all branches of art were to be taught All monasteries in England including those of Canterbury and Westminster belong to this order  Cistercian Order ( White Monks ) Founded in 1098 at Citeaux Abbey by Robert of Molesme, Stephen Harding, and Alberic of Cîteaux. After 1134 all Cistercian churches were dedicated to the virgin and had no separate Lady chapel The typical church was divided transversely into three parts by screens, walls, or steps, and there were often no aisles Transepts and eastern arm of the cross were short so that the choir extended westward of the transept There was an absence of towers and painted glass Trappist novice Camaldolese Hieronymites  Carthusian Order Founded by S. Bruno at the Grande Chartreuse near Grenable in 1086 Carthusian architecture is notably severe and unadorned Two churches were provided, one for the monks and the other for the people The typical feature was the great rectangular cloister surrounded by an arcade on to which opened the monks cells which were self contained and had their own gardens  The Military Orders Order of the Holy Sepulchre ○ Originally an "association" of knights who guarded the Church of the Holy Sepulchre under the jurisdiction of the kings of Jerusalem ○ to reinforce the practice of Christian life by its members in absolute fidelity to the pope Knights Hospitaller ○ a military religious order under its own papal charter, charged with the care and defense of the Holy Land Knights Templar (Supreme Order of Christ) (Order Of Christ) ○ Founded in the 1119 to protect the Holy Places in Palestine and to safeguard the pilgrim routes in Jerusalem ○ one of the most wealthy and popular of the Western Christian military orders ○ Associated with the Holy Grail Order of Saint Lazarus Teutonic Knights ○ formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER SOBER AND DIGNIFIED  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Roman Empire. It is used to describe the style which was identifiably Medieval and prefigured the Gothic. With the church as the unifying force, this period was devoted to the glorification of Christianity and the church was the predominant building type.  CLIMATE Climatic conditions also contributed to differences of treatment north and south of the Alps and the Pyrenees (France and Spain) North ○ window openings were enlarged ○ high-pitched roofs South ○ small window openings ○ flat roofs Digital relief of the Alps; France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria and Slovenia.  GEOLOGICAL The use of local materials whether stone or brick, marble or terra cotta, as well as of ready- made columns and other features from old Roman buildings, accounts for many of the varying characteristics in each country over this wide area, with its different geological formations  GEOLOGICAL The building material differs greatly across Europe, depending upon the local stone and building traditions. In Italy, Poland, much of Germany and parts of the Netherlands, brick is generally used. Other areas saw extensive use of limestone, granite and flint. San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed Sant'Ambrogio, stone, has a typically Milan is constructed fortress-like of bricks appearance CHARACTERISTICS "Roman-like" or Roman manner "Roman-like" or Roman manner "Roman-like" or Roman manner "Roman-like" or Roman manner "Roman-like" or Roman manner "Roman-like" or Roman manner  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE “Esque”- in the style of; resembling "Roman-like" or Roman manner Combining features of Western Roman and Byzantine buildings round arches thick walls which support stone roofs sturdy piers groin and barrel vaults large towers decorative arcading small windows to keep the strength of the walls strong  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials. Each building has clearly defined forms and they are frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan Ruins of classical buildings - classical precedent was used only to suit the fragments of old ornaments used in new buildings general impression given by Romanesque architecture is one of massive solidity and strength.  stone was cut with precision a blocky, earthbound appearance large, simple geometric masses the exterior reflects the interior structure and organization interiors tend to be dark because of the massive walls that dictate small windows growing sophistication in vaulting to span the large spaces system of construction: San Antonino, Piacenza, Italy 1104 AD arcuated  WALLS characterized by corbelleza arches at the cornice, one series of corbel is called “corbel table” or “blind arch” Blind arches: An arch placed directly on the wall of a building which has been infilled with solid construction so it cannot serve as a passageway, door, or window. Corbels: A corbel is a solid piece of material protruding from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. corbel table Blind arch OPENINGS introduced the wheel window the recessed plane of door jambs  ROOF used the dome which is normally found at the intersection of the nave and transept use of vaults  Columns used variation of the Corinthian and the Ionic capital with a twisted shaft developed the cushion or cubiforal type and the scalloped capital Used the following shafts: ○ Fluted ○ twisted ○ wreathed columns ○ Zigzag ○ chevron Cushion or cubiforal type Scallop Capital Figured Capital Romanesque capitals included depictions of the Old and New Testaments, episodes from the work at farms, scenes from the arts and industries, and a myriad of other themes that constitute a real plastic encyclopedia of medieval life. Capital of Corinthian form Capital of Corinthian form with with anthropomorphised Byzantine decoration and details carved dosseret Twisted columns Spiral or Solomonic Column Chevron Fully developed during the Gothic Period MOULDINGS AND ORNAMENTS Early forms of mouldings are GEOMETRIC SHAPES “NORMAN” term used for British Romanesque Chevron A zigzag molding used in Romanesque arches Billet molding formed by a series of circular, cylinders, disposed alternately with the notches in single or multiple rows Lozenges tongue-like protrusions. A diamond shape decoration found carved on pillars and arches. Star also called chip-carved star, motive star flower, or saltire cross Nailheads moulding featuring a series of small contiguous projecting pyramids Cable a convex molding carved in imitation of a rope or cord, and used to decorate the moldings of the Romanesque style ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES Cathedrals | Campaniles | Baptisteries | Monasteries  Cathedrals Basilica in Plan It symbolized God’s kingdom. The holiest part was the apse. Symbolism was important: Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God Squared parts are related to the human  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Church Plan Church Interior Church Portal Cloister Porches Crypts Chapter Houses  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Church Interior Interior elevation: it consists of three levels: ○ First floor with columns or cross-shaped pillars ○ Second floor with the tribune (corridor overlooking the nave, over the aisles) ○ Clerestory: area of windows opening to the outside.  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Church Portal  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Church Portal LINTEL: a horizontal beam spanning an openings, as over a window or door, or between two posts  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Church Portal TYMPANUM: the surface enclosed by the arch and lintel of an arched doorway, frequently carved with relief sculptures  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Church Portal TRUMEAU: a central pillar supporting the tympanum of a large doorway CHRIST/ MARY/ SAINTS  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Church Portal  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Cloister the area in a monastery around which the principal buildings are ranged, affording a means of communication between the buildings  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Porches =original design of a façade usually only one bay deep and are supported on two columns, often resting on couchant lions, as at St Zeno, Verona. =have been added to the facade or side entrance of existent churches and may be quite a substantial structure =forming a sort of narthex.  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Crypts underlying structure to a substantial church Are generally a completely discrete space, but occasionally, as in some Italian churches, may be a sunken space under a raised chancel and open, via steps, to the body of the nave. Typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or religious relics.  Cathedrals CHURCH DETAILS Chapter Houses Often occur adjacent to monastic or cathedral churches A building or room that is part of a cathedral, monastery or collegiate church in which larger meetings are held.  Campaniles are straight tower shaft Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch towers  BAPTISTERIES Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and connected to the cathedral by the atrium Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany  Monasteries Sometimes also functioned as cathedrals, and the cathedrals that had bodies of secular clergy often living in community, were a major source of power in Europe.  INFLUENCES Countries that have been influenced by Romanesque Architecture Northern Italy, Southern Italy, Central Italy France, Germany, Spain, England, Central Europe NORTHERN ITALY MILAN | VENICE | RAVENNA| PAVIA | VERONA | GENOA ROMANZESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  NORTHERN ITALY Ornamental arcades all over façade Wheel window Central projecting porch, with columns on roughly-carved grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows Northern European influence) The principal innovation was the development of the ribbed vault which brought about the adoption of many new constructive features Churches are basilican type, but the naves as well as sides aisles are vaulted and have external roofs Aisles are often two storeys in height while thick walls between the side chapels act as buttress to resist the pressure of the vault The flat severe entrance façades stretch across the whole church thus masking externally the division of nave and aisles ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY St. Zenone, Verona showing detached campanile ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY Central projecting porch with columns standing on the backs of crouching lions ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY Ornaments shows a departure from Classic precedents and portrays with an element of the grotesque ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY The Comacine masters, a privileged guild of architects and sculptors originating in Como, carried out church building and characteristic decorations during the eleventh century not only in the North but also in other parts of Italy Portion of the carvings of the choir apsis of the church at Königslutter ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY Major examples of North Italian Romanesque architecture S. Antonio, Piacenza (1122) S. Ambroglio, Milan (1140) S. Michele, Pavia (1188) S.Zenone, Verona (1139) Palazzi Farsetti and Loredon and Fondaco dei Turci, Venice ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  S. Antonio, Piacenza Basilica of Sant'Antonino The interior was decorated with early Romanesque painting ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  S. Ambrogio, Milan Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio One of the most ancient churches in Milan two towers symbolize the division in the basilica between “monks” and “canons regular” ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY S. Ambrogio, Milan ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  S. Michele, Pavia Basilica of San Michele Maggiore one of the most striking example of Lombard-Romanesque style (Lombards- Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula) can be considered the prototype of other important medieval churches in Pavia use of sandstone instead of bricks Latin cross plan with a nave and two aisles and a much extended transept the basilica was considered as the seat of royal coronations ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY S. Michele, Pavia ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  S. Michele, Pavia The five stones, above which the throne was placed during coronations ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  S.Zenone, Verona Basilica di San Zeno On of the best example of Romanesque Architecture tradition says that its crypt was the place of the marriage of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet The bell tower stands as a separate building ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY S.Zenone, Verona ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY S.Zenone, Verona ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY S.Zenone, Verona ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  Ca' Loredan a 13th-century Romanesque-style former palace of the Loredan family located on the Grand Canal in Venice currently home to the city's municipal council ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  Palazzo Farsetti Ca' Farsetti a palace in Venice, Italy faces the Grand Canal lower floors are in Venetian-Byzantine style with a portico with Corinthian columns The second floor and the mezzanine are in Renaissance style ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY  Fondaco dei Turchi a Veneto-Gothic style palazzo Used to reflect Byzantine Architecture before its “restoration” ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY ROMANESQUE IN NORTHERN ITALY SOUTHERN ITALY Richer in design and color Elaborate wheel windows–made of sheets of pierced marble Greater variety in columns and capitals Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters Byzantine influence : mosaic decorations, no vaults, used domes Muslim influence: use of striped marbles, stilted pointed arches, colorful, geometric designs as predominant interior decoration. ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY SOUTHERN ITALY Monreale Cathedral, Palermo (A.D. 1174) S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo (A.D. 1132) La Martorana, Palermo (A.D. 1129-1143) S. Cataldo, Palermo (A.D. 1161) S. Nicolo, Bari (A.D. 1197) ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY  Monreale Cathedral, Palermo, Sicily Begun by King William II of Sicily One of the greatest existent examples of Norman architecture dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin Mary ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY Monreale Cathedral, Palermo, Sicily ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY Monreale Cathedral, Palermo, Sicily ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY  S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo an ancient former monastic church interior is virtually devoid of decoration or furnishings notable for its brilliant red domes, which show clearly the persistence of Arab influences in Sicily The cloister, enriched by a luxurious garden, is the best preserved part of the ancient monastery ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY  La Martorana, Palermo Church of St. Mary of the Admiral The facade reflected that of Norman architecture, with Gothic tower and Baroque facade ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY La Martorana, Palermo ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY  La Martorana, Palermo Arabic Inscription in Martorana Church The interior of the Martorana, before restoration ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY Church of San Cataldo  S. Cataldo, Palermo Church of San Cataldo a notable example of the Arab-Norman architecture the church is annexed to that of Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio it belongs to the Order of the Holy Sepulchre ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY S. Cataldo, Palermo ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY S. Cataldo, Palermo ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY  S. Nicola, Bari Basilica di San Nicola Basilica of Saint Nicholas The basilica is an important pilgrimage destination both for Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians has a square appearance, more suited to a castle than to a church was used several times as castle during its history. ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY  S. Nicola, Bari has a nave and two aisles, divided by granite columns and pilasters The presbytery is separated from the rest of the edifice by mean of three arches supported by columns of Byzantine influence ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY S. Nicola, Bari ROMANESQUE IN SOUTHERN ITALY CENTRAL ITALY Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa–cities rich in pagan influence Pisa had commercial links with the Holy Land; fought with Muslims Great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant atmosphere and abundance of stone Materials were also obtained from ruins of classic buildings Most prominent feature of facades were the ornamental arcades rising above the other ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY CENTRAL ITALY Pisa Cathedral (A.D. 1063–92) San Michele, Lucca(A.D. 1188, facade A.D. 1288) Pistoia Cathedral (c. A.D. 1150) The Cloisters of S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome (A.D. 1234) San Paolo Fuori le Mura, Rome (A.D. 1241) San Miniato, Florence (A.D. 1013) ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Pisa Cathedral medieval Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, in the Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa the oldest of the three structures in the plaza followed by the Pisa Baptistry and the Campanile known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa style known as Pisan Romanesque ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Pisa Cathedral Construction on the cathedral began in 1063 by the architect Buscheto ○ created the distinct Pisan Romanesque design style original building plan was a Greek cross with a grand cupola at the crossing, but today the plan is a Latin cross with a central nave flanked by two side aisles on each side ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY Piazza dei Miracoli (Square of Miracles), formally known as Piazza del Duomo (English: Cathedral Square) Pisa Cathedral The coffered ceiling, 16th century fresco, angel candle holder, and Saint John by Cimabue (mosaic detail) ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Pisa Cathedral Cimabue (mosaic in the apse) Bonanno Pisano (original bronze Main artists who worked in the doors) cathedral Giambologna and his school (bronze Buscheto (architect) doors of the facade) Rainaldo (facade) Giovanni Pisano (pulpit) Nicola Pisano e Giovanni Pisano Guglielmo (original pulpit and (crown around the dome) marble decoration) Giuliano Vangi (pulpit and main altar) All buried in the cathedral Orazio Riminaldi and Girolamo Riminaldi (fresco in the dome) Vincenzo Possenti (chandelier) ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Pisa Cathedral The pulpit of Giovanni Pisano ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Pisa Cathedral The so-called Lamp of Galileo and The original lamp seen by the cupola of the dome Galileo ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Pisa Baptistery of St. John designed by Diotisalvi, whose signature can be read on two pillars inside the building, with the date 1153 The largest baptistery in Italy, it is 54.86 m high, with a diameter of 34.13 m an example of the transition from the Romanesque style to the Gothic style lower section is in the Romanesque style, with rounded arches, upper sections are in the Gothic style, with pointed arches constructed of marble ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY Pisa Baptistery of St. John ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY Pisa Baptistery of St. John ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Tower of Pisa Leaning Tower of Pisa known for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation The tower began to lean during construction in the 12th century, due to soft ground which could not properly support the structure's weight (14,500 tonnes) Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY Tower of Pisa ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY Tower of Pisa Entrance ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Tower of Pisa Top-level bells ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  San Michele, Lucca built over the ancient Roman forum dedicated to Archangel Michael The church interior has a nave and two aisles with transept and semicircular apse; the nave is supported by arcades on monolithic columns ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY San Michele, Lucca ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY San Michele, Lucca ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  Pistoia Cathedral Cathedral of Saint Zeno the main religious building of Pistoia, Tuscany, central Italy The interior has a nave and two side-aisles, with a presbytery and crypt ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY Pistoia Cathedral ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  The Cloisters of S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome in the Basilica of S. Giovanni (Basilica of St. John Lateran) in Laterano a mediaeval cloister and the largest of its kind in Rome created by Pietro Vassalletto, of the celebrated Roman family of architects and sculptors one of the most beautiful cloisters in Rome ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  The Cloisters of S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome Basilica of San Giovanni ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY The Cloisters of S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  San Paolo Fuori le Mura, Rome Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Was rebuilt on the original design and is the largest and the most impressive of all basilican churches one of Rome's four major papal basilicas ○ Saint John in the Lateran ○ Saint Peter’s ○ Saint Mary Major one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome largest & most impressive among all basilican churches. ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY San Paolo Fuori le Mura, Rome ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY San Paolo Fuori le Mura, Rome ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY San Paolo Fuori le Mura, Rome ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  San Miniato, Florence San Miniato al Monte standing atop one of the highest points in the city described as one of the finest Romanesque structures in Tuscany and one of the most scenic churches in Italy ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY San Miniato, Florence ROMANESQUE IN CENTRAL ITALY  INFLUENCES OUTSIDE OF ITALY France, Germany, Spain, England, Central Europe FRANCE Romanesque architecture appeared in France at the end of the 10th century, with the development of feudal society and the rise and spread of monastic orders, particularly the Benedictines, which built many important abbeys and monasteries in the style ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE FRANCE Remains of old buildings were less abundant–they had greater freedom of developing new style Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the nave and aisles Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to throw off snow. ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE FRANCE Distinct features of French Romanesque architecture thick walls with small windows rounded arches a long nave covered with barrel vaults and the use of the groin vault at the intersection of two barrel vaults all supported by massive columns a level of tribunes above the galleries on the ground floor, and small windows above the tribunes and rows of exterior buttresses supporting the walls. ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE FRANCE PLAN Having a portal and pre-nave and two towers, on the west, two transepts with towers, and an apse with radiating chapels on the east. ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE FRANCE Arches and vaults ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE FRANCE Elevations walls were divided into vertical sections ground level of the nave was usually flanked by columned arcades surmounted by tribunes, or a galleries, where the faithful could gather to watch the ceremony in the nave below ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE FRANCE Facades exterior decoration of the early Romanesque churches was simple, usually composed of vertical stripes of carved stone joined at the top by a band of simple arcs Exterior decoration was usually either vegetal, (carved acanthus leaves or palm fronds), geometric forms or sometimes sculpture with simplified human forms with biblical texts ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  FRANCE Portals entrance of the Romanesque church received the most elaborate and dramatic sculptural decoration designed as the Porta Coeli or "Doorway to heaven" ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE FRANCE Towers and domes often separate from the church later period, had two towers at the portal end ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  French Romanesque architecture The Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen (A.D. Notre Dame la Grande, Poitiers 1083) (A.D. 11th century) S. Nicholas, Caen (A.D. 1084) Fontevrault Abbey (A.D. 1101–19) Saint Sernin, Toulouse, France (1080 – Abbey Church of Mont S. Michel 1120) (A.D. 1023) S. Madeleine, Vezelay (A.D. 1100) Autun Cathedral (A.D. 1090-1132) The Church at S. Gilles (c. A.D. The Abbey of S. Denis (A.D. 1132) 1150) S. Trophime, Arles (A.D. 1150) S. Philibert, Tournus, Burgundy ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  The Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen was founded as a Benedictine nunnery ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE The Abbaye-aux-Dames, Caen ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  S. Nicholas, Caen CHURCH OF SAINT-NICOLAS AT CAEN in the Latin cross form of the Benedictine tradition decoration of the building is of Norman tradition ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE S. Nicholas, Caen ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  Saint Sernin, Toulouse, France Basilica of Saint-Sernin former abbey church of the Abbey of Saint-Sernin or St Saturnin Apart from the church, none of the abbey buildings remain the largest remaining Romanesque building in Europe ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  Saint Sernin, Toulouse, France Renaissance door of the lower part Romanesque and abbey Gothic upper part ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  Autun Cathedral Cathedral of Saint Lazarus of Autun a national monument of France Famous for its Romanesque sculptures by Gislebertus and a highlight in Romanesque art ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  Autun Cathedral Last Judgment by Gislebertus in the north tympanum ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  The Abbey of S. Denis Basilica of Saint-Denis its choir, completed in 1144, is widely considered the first structure to employ all of the elements of Gothic architecture became a place of pilgrimage and a necropolis containing the tombs of the Kings of France, including nearly every king from the 10th century to Louis XVIII in the 19th century ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE The Abbey of S. Denis ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE The Abbey of S. Denis ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  S. Trophime, Arles Church of St. Trophime a Roman Catholic church and former cathedral the columns in the adjacent cloister, are considered some of the finest examples of Romanesque sculpture. ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE S. Trophime, Arles ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  Notre Dame la Grande, Poitiers The west front adorned with statuary is recognised as a masterpiece of Romanesque religious art ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE Notre Dame la Grande, Poitiers ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  Fontevrault Abbey Royal Abbey of Our Lady of Fontevraud a monastery center of a new monastic Order, the Order of Fontevraud composed of double monasteries, consisted of both men and women ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE Fontevrault Abbey ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE Fontevrault Abbey ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  Abbey Church of Mont S. Michel Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey among the most visited cultural sites in France ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE Abbey Church of Mont S. Michel ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  The Church at S. Gilles Abbey of Saint-Gilles a monastery typical southern French Romanesque style Behind the apse are the remains of the ancient choir, which once were part of the originally longer church ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  The Church at S. Gilles The massive ruins of the former choir area ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  S. Philibert, Tournus, Burgundy Church of St Philibert, Tournus the main surviving building of a former Benedictine abbey, the Abbey of St Philibert It is in the early First Romanesque style of Burgundy, which began to use further Romanesque and early Gothic styles during the beginning of the 11th century ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE  GERMANY bears a strong resemblance to North Italian Romanesque The plans of the churches are peculiar in having western and eastern apses, and no great western entrance as in France general architectural character is rich in the multiplication of circular and octagonal turrets most richly ornamented parts are the doorways and capitals ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY GERMANY PLAN naves and aisles are vaulted in square bays Numerous towers, either square, circular, or polygonal, producing a rich and varied outline, were employed ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  GERMANY Walls Open arcades occur under the eaves of roofs, especially round the apses ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  GERMANY COLUMNS ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY GERMANY Speyer Cathedral Worms Cathedral Laach Abbey Lubeck Cathedral Trier Cathedral ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany Imperial Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption and St Stephen triple-aisled vaulted basilica of red sandstone the cathedral is regarded as a symbol of imperial power "a major monument of Romanesque art in the German Empire" ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  Worms Cathedral, Worms, Southern Germany St Peter's Cathedral ○ Cathedral Church of St. Peter of Worms ○ Berthulf of Worms located on the highest point of the inner city of Worms and is the most important building of the Romanesque style in Worms ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Worms Cathedral, Worms, Southern Germany ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Worms Cathedral, Worms, Southern Germany ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Worms Cathedral, Worms, Southern Germany ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Worms Cathedral, Worms, Southern Germany Relicts of the cloister ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  Maria Laach Abbey, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany "Laach Abbey", meaning the "Lake Abbey" considered a masterpiece of German Romanesque architecture, with its multiple towers, large westwork with arcaded gallery, and unique west porch ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Maria Laach Abbey, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  Lubeck Cathedral, Lübeck, Germany a large brick-built converted into a Gothic-style Burning Lübeck Cathedral after an air raid in 1942 ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Lubeck Cathedral, Lübeck, Germany ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY Lubeck Cathedral, Lübeck, Germany ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  Trier Cathedral, Trier, Germany High Cathedral of Saint Peter in Trier oldest church in Germany and the largest religious structure in Trier notable for its long life span and grand design was believed to be commissioned by Emperor Constantine the Great and built on top of a palace of Saint Helen, his mother ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  Trier Cathedral, Trier, Germany Roman brickwork at the Westwork with four towers Interior view towards the west north façade ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  Trier Cathedral, Trier, Germany Cloister yard ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY  SPAIN Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms Use of horseshoe arch stylistic features are essentially common to the European Romanesque no Romanesque art in the southern half of the peninsula because it remained under Muslim rule ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN  Church of Saint Mary of Eunate, Navarre, Spain, No recorded origin built of dressed stone and its plan is a slightly irregular octagon with a little three-side apse presents the typical architectural features of the European Romanesque art a hermitage dedicated to the Virgin Mary ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN Church of Saint Mary of Eunate, Navarre, Spain, ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN  Santa Maria de Ripoll, Catalonia, Spain a Benedictine monastery The cloister contains more of the original structure than the church itself The portal, although damaged by fires and restored in modern times, is a notable example of Catalan Romanesque sculpture ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN Santa Maria de Ripoll, Catalonia, Spain ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN  Church of Saint Dominic, Soria Santo Domingo de Soria built in the late 12th century above a pre-existing church dedicated to San Tomé The interior is on the Latin cross plan with a nave and two aisles, covered by barrel vaults. ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN Church of Saint Dominic, Soria ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN  Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, Galicia, Spain one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in the world the reputed burial place of Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ The building is a Romanesque structure, with later Gothic and Baroque additions ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, Galicia, Spain ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, Galicia, Spain ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN  Lisbon Cathedral, Lisbon, Portugal Cathedral of Saint Mary Major oldest church in the city modified, renovated and restored several times, a mix of different architectural styles when the cathedral could be used as a base to attack the enemy during a siege ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN Lisbon Cathedral, Lisbon, Portugal ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN  ENGLAND The style is also known as "Norman" Built on 3 foundations: ○ Old foundation- served by secular clergy ○ Monastic foundation-served by regular clergy or monks ○ New foundation-to which bishops had been appointed Characteristic ○ larger, more solid ○ Rounded arches ○ Barrel vaults ○ Chevron pattern decorations ○ Doors recessed in three orders Much is overshadowed by later Gothic work ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND  White Tower (Tower of London) best surviving example of Romanesque architecture ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND  Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury rebuilt in the Gothic style following a fire in 1174 ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND  Durham Cathedral, Durham, England The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham The cathedral walls formed part of Durham Castle, the chief seat of the Bishop of Durham ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND Durham Cathedral, Durham, England ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND  Ely Cathedral, Ely, Cambridgeshire, England Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity built in a monumental Romanesque style ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND Ely Cathedral, Ely, Cambridgeshire, England ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND Ely Cathedral, Ely, Cambridgeshire, England ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND  Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England Cathedral Church of St Peter and the Holy and Indivisible Trinity consists of a Norman nave with additions in every style of Gothic architecture ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND  Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England The soaring stained-glass windows behind The nave looking east toward the choir the high altar ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND  Rochester Cathedral, Rochester, Kent. Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary became a major place of pilgrimage in the 13th Century ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND Rochester Cathedral, Rochester, Kent. ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN Rochester Cathedral, Rochester, Kent. ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN  Southwell Minster, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England presents superb examples of both Romanesque or Norman and Gothic architecture The nave is in the Norman, or Romanesque, architectural style ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND Southwell Minster, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND -END OF ROMANESQUE ARCH- ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND