Gothic Architecture PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Ar. Roy John M. De Guzman Ar. Jose Enrico V. Gallego TRACING THE ROOTS JULY 14, 1140 Rebuilding of the choir of the Benedictine church of St. Denis Begun at the instigation of Abbot Suger. The choir harmoniously integrates the eleme...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Ar. Roy John M. De Guzman Ar. Jose Enrico V. Gallego TRACING THE ROOTS JULY 14, 1140 Rebuilding of the choir of the Benedictine church of St. Denis Begun at the instigation of Abbot Suger. The choir harmoniously integrates the elements and motifs we now consider characteristically gothic. TRACING THE ROOTS ABBOT SUGER Earliest patron of Gothic Architecture Credited with popularizing the style. TRACING THE ROOTS Rebuilding of the choir of the Benedictine church of St. Denis = Established basis for the emergence of the gothic style. Choir of the Benedictine church of St. Denis TRACING THE ROOTS The innovations of St. Denis quickly spread through the Ile-de-france With new cathedrals begun in places such as Noyon, Senlis, Laon, and Chartres. NOYON SENLIS LAON CHARTRES  If Suger calls this new style “modern,” his critics called this “Gothic” Why Gothic? Who are the Goths? Germanic barbarians who attacked the West Roman Empire Romanesque = Aspiring for the Glory of Rome Goth = Non-Roman X ROMANESQUE Critics say… New Style (Gothic) is… X 1. Unrefined X 2. Barbaric 3. Non-Roman GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Pointed arches Ribbed vault Flying buttress POINTED ARCHES Central feature of Gothic Architecture. Formed from two or more intersecting curves that meet in a central apex or point. ARCHES ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Round arches Pointed arches ARCHES ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Round arches Pointed arches HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE +++ Equilateral Arch - A type of gothic pointed arch having two centers and radii equal to the span.Central feature of Gothic Architecture. Formed from two or more intersecting curves that meet in a central apex or point. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE +++ Lancet Arch - A type of gothic pointed arch having two centers and radii greater than the span. OGEE - or flamboyant arch; these arches create a rich and lively effect. Structurally this type is weak and not normally employed for vaulting DEPRESSED - wider than its height; effect of having been flattened  TUDOR/ EQUILATERAL CINQUEFOIL OGEE 4 -CENTERED RIBBED VAULT Vault – a curved ceiling or roof made of stone or bricks. Can be part of the load bearing structure or purely decorative. A- TRANSVERSE RIB B- WALL RIB C-DIAGONAL RIB RIBBED VAULT RIBBED VAULT ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Barrel vault Ribbed vault RIBBED VAULT ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Barrel vault Ribbed vault  RIBBED VAULT CROSS or diagonal rib WALL ARCH TRANSVERSE ARCH RIBBED VAULT Quadpartite ribbed vault Sexpartite ribbed vault RIBBED VAULT Reticulated vault Stellar vault Stellar vault (wooden) elevation and plan elevation and plan elevation and plan RIBBED VAULT Basilica of St. Denis, Paris STELLAR VAULT RETICULATED VAULT FAN VAULT ARCHES ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Round arches Pointed arches FLYING BUTTRESS Vertical or stepped strip running up the face of the wall to reinforce it at the point where it carries a load or a lateral force FLYING BUTTRESS Consist of “flying” or open half arches that help counter the thrust of a high vault, allowing higher buildings but without an increased wall thickness. FLYING BUTTRESS a. PINNACLE - a vertical structure terminating in a pyramid or spire to add weight to a buttress pier b. BUTTRESS PIER - the part of a pier that rises to take the thrust of a flying buttress c. FINIAL - a relatively small foliated ornament terminating the peak of a spire or a pinnacle d. AMORTIZEMENT - a sloping top on a buttress or projecting pier to shed rainwater FLYING BUTTRESS FLYING BUTTRESS FLYING BUTTRESS ARCHES ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Round arches Pointed arches POINTED ARCHES POINTED ARCHES ROSE WINDOW A circular window, usually of stained glass with tracery symmetrical at the center ROSE WINDOW TREFOIL SPHERICAL QUADRANGLE CUSP QUATREFOIL FOIL MULLION 13th CE 14th CE ROSE WINDOW STAINED GLASS Made of small pieces of colored flat glass which are specially cut and arranged into decorative patterns, joined by lead strips by rigid frame SPIRES Octagonal spire is more subtle than square pyramid spire, but presents a design problem: Square base leaves gaps at corners. Therefore, broach spire was introduced with small hipped roof from corners to the face of the spire FINIAL FINIAL a relatively small foliated ornament terminating the peak of a spire or a pinnacle CROCKET PINNACLE  FINIAL CROCKET CROCKET A projecting ornament, usually in the form of curved foliage used esp, in PINNACLE Gothic architecture to decorate the outer angles of pinnacles, spires and gables  FINIAL CROCKET PINNACLE A SLENDER spire, often highly decorated PINNACLE with crocketting, used as a termination of a parapet or buttress GARGOYLE A grotesquely figure of a human esp. with an open mouth that serves as a spout and projects from a gutter to throw rainwater clear of a building GARGOYLE GARGOYLE GARGOYLE  Weather vane CENTRALLY PLANNED CHURCH Boss Weather vane Boss Spire Spire Transverse hipped roof Pinnacle Fleche Gable Gable Waterspout Pinnacle South Offset Waterspout transept Spiral stair Offset Tracery parapet Main gable Blind window Offset Tracery parapet Tracery window Wall passage Pier buttress Gallery Offset North transept Base Sacristy Marburg, St. Elisabeth  FRANCE ENGLAND 11th to 12th CE Early Gothic LAON CATHEDRAL Early English Pointed Arch SOISSONS lancet window 4 interior levels CATHEDRAL Flying Buttress plate tracery Geometric tracery Sexpartite vault 1200 to 1280 High Gothic ABBEY CHURCH OF four to only three tiers SAN REMI, REIMS Flying buttresses matured CHARTES CATHEDRAL Clerestory windows changed to two windows united by a small rose windows From six to four ribs 1275 to 1375 Rayonnant “Height of Gothic Architecture” REIMS CATHEDRAL Decorated/Geometric/Curvilinear Combination of the triforium gallery and clerestory into AMIENS CATHEDRAL tracery development one large glazed area Radiating character of the rose window enlargement of windows 1375-1525 Flamboyant Perpendicular Increasing emphasis on decoration. refinement and fan vault flamelike S-shaped Wall surface reduced to the minimum to allow an almost continuous window expanse. Structural logic was obscured by covering buildings with EARLY GOTHIC EARLY GOTHIC REGION: FRANCE AND ENGLAND PERIOD: 12th to Mid 13th CENTURY CHARACTERISTICS: Plate tracery Pointed arch Ribbed vault Flying buttress Four storey bay Sexpartite vault  EARLY GOTHIC PLATE TRACERY One of the earliest types of Gothic tracery. Plate tracery seems to cut through a solid stone wall, creating a robust architectural effect that is usually loosely geometric rather than overly decorative in appearance. Far simpler than later forms of tracery. Salisbury Cathedral, Wiltshire, England  EARLY GOTHIC PLATE TRACERY Salisbury Cathedral, Wiltshire, England  EARLY GOTHIC RIBBED VAULT POINTED ARCH Cathedral Basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris  EARLY GOTHIC FLYING BUTTRESS Notre Dame, Paris EARLY GOTHIC Four-storey bay The earliest type of Gothic bay elevation. Noyon Cathedral, Picardy, France EARLY GOTHIC Notre Dame, Paris EARLY GOTHIC Salisbury Cathedral, England EARLY GOTHIC Cathedral Basilica of Saint-Denis, Paris “ THE CRADLE OF GOTHIC STYLE” HIGH GOTHIC HIGH GOTHIC REGION: Europe (france and england) PERIOD: 13th to Mid 14th CENTURY CHARACTERISTICS: Three storey bay Height Bar tracery Rose window  HIGH GOTHIC Three-storey bay Amiens Cathedral, Picardy, France  HIGH GOTHIC HEIGHT High Gothic cathedrals were considerably higher, and the ratio of nave width to height larger. Beauvais Cathedral, Picardy, France  HIGH GOTHIC HEIGHT Beauvais Cathedral, Picardy, France HIGH GOTHIC QUADRIPARTITE VAULT Chartres Cathedral, France HIGH GOTHIC West Front, York Minster, Yorkshire BAR TRACERY HIGH GOTHIC DECORATION Reims Cathedral, Marnes, France High Gothic is far more decorated than Early Gothic. LATE GOTHIC/FLAMBOYANT LATE GOTHIC REGION: Europe (Spain, Germany, England) PERIOD: 14th to Mid 15th CENTURY CHARACTERISTICS: Intense ornamentation Complex Vaults Lanterns Ogee arch Spatial unity Perpendicular LATE GOTHIC INTENSE ORNAMENTATION Late Gothic was marked by a concern for surface with thinner, lighter, and more intricate tracery. San Pablo, Valladoid, Spain LATE GOTHIC San Pablo, Valladoid, Spain INTENSE ORNAMENTATION LATE GOTHIC COMPLEX VAULTS Tierceron vaults featured additional ribs emanating from the main supports to abut on to the transverse ribs. Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucestershire, England  Gloucester Cathedral, England LATE GOTHIC COMPLEX VAULTS LATE GOTHIC OGEE ARCH A pointed arch, each side of which is composed of a lower concave curve intersecting a higher convex one. Moorish in origin but became a feature of the late gothic. Santa Maria, Requena, Spain  Santa Maria, Requena, Spain LATE GOTHIC VENETIAN GOTHIC VENETIAN GOTHIC REGION: Venice, Italy PERIOD: 12th to 15th CENTURY CHARACTERISTICS: Polychromy Arcades and balconies Campanile Ogee arch Brick and stucco Byzantine influence VENETIAN GOTHIC POLYCHROMY Key characteristic of Venetian Gothic Ca’ d’Oro, Venice, Italy VENETIAN GOTHIC POLYCHROMY Ca’ d’Oro, Venice, Italy  VENETIAN GOTHIC ARCADES AND BALCONIES With flooding a yearly occurrence, almost all venetian palazzi are built on tall arcades supporting the principal apartments. Ca’ Foscari, Venice VENETIAN GOTHIC ARCADES AND BALCONIES Ca’ Foscari, Venice  VENETIAN GOTHIC BRICK AND STUCCO Local red brick is the most common material as it is relatively light and more tolerant of movement. Frari, Venice VENETIAN GOTHIC Frari, Venice BRICK AND STUCCO  VENETIAN GOTHIC BRICK AND STUCCO Local red brick is the most common material as it is relatively light and more tolerant of movement. Frari, Venice EARLY GOTHIC HIGH GOTHIC LATE GOTHIC C. 1160- C. 1163 - 1190 C. 1220 1121-end 1220-70 1220 C.1230 1250 13th CE Abbey of St. Denis Laon Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris Chartres Cathedral REIMS Cathedral Amiens Cathedral Beauvais Cathedral HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE +++ Cathedral - The principal church of a diocese, containing the bishop’s throne called the cathedra Monastic Church - a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel or church in a monastery Chapter house- Part of the monastery cloister where the chapter of a cathedral or monastery meets, an assembly of the monks in monastery or a member of religious orders. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE +++ Monk’s Choir - The part of a church occupied by the choir monks and usually part of the chancel choir. Chapel - A separately dedicated part of a church for the private prayer, meditation or small religious services. Lady Chapel - A chapel dedicated to the Blessed Mother Virgin Mary, usually located behind the high altar of a cathedral at the extremity of the apse. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE +++ Paradise - An atrium or open space in a cloister. Cloister - A covered walk having an arcade or colonnade on one side opening onto a courtyard. Altar - The table in a catholic church upon which the Eucharist(bread:body of Christ; wine: blood of Christ), the sacrament celebrating Christ’s Last Supper, is celebrated. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN THE BRITISH ISLES TIMBER ROOFING − used as roofing materials as well as for aesthetic purposes − early carpenters were given the authority to explore new forms of roofs both internally and externally TRUSSED RAFTER ROOF COLLAR BRACED ROOF TIE BEAM ROOF HAMMER BEAM ROOF PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL