UNIT 4.4 Romanesque Art PDF

UNIT 4.4: ROMANESQUE ART 1000 C.E. - 1200 C.E. CULTURE/STYLE This symbol indicates the culture of origin or style of OF ART the work of art KV This symbol indicates that there is a video on Khan Academy...

UNIT 4.4: ROMANESQUE ART 1000 C.E. - 1200 C.E. CULTURE/STYLE This symbol indicates the culture of origin or style of OF ART the work of art KV This symbol indicates that there is a video on Khan Academy V This symbol indicates that there is a video on Youtube, Smarthistory, or Kenney Mencher This symbol indicates that there is an article on Khan KA Academy ROMANESQUE WORKS OF ART: 58. Church of Sainte-Foy (Church) a. Last Judgment (Tympanum) b. Reliquary of Sainte-Foy (Sculpture) 59. Bayeux Tapestry TOTAL: 2 WORKS OF ART ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS: ❖ Medieval art is studied according to geographic placement, styles, & traditions. There are frequent interconnections between religions, governments, & artistic influences that create a variety of approaches. This unit & the Medieval period include the following: Late Antique & Early Christian Byzantine Islamic (we’ll learn about this later...) Early Medieval Romanesque Gothic ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS: ❖ Medieval art is studied according to geographic placement, styles, & traditions. There are frequent interconnections between religions, governments, & artistic influences that create a variety of approaches. There is no uniform medieval style. Some periods revive ancient classicism (Greek & Roman); others use geometric & natural designs. Medieval artists are influenced by contemporaries in other parts of Europe, as well as ancient traditions. NOTE: We will be focused in EUROPE throughout this unit! ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS: ❖ Medieval art is chiefly concerned with the 3 following traits: 1. Religious expression (Christianity) 2. Court life (royalty) 3. Scholarship (we want educated people!) ❖ Knowledge & learning was transmitted throughout Europe through trade, pilgrimage, & military activity (the CRUSADES!) ❖ Medieval architecture is mostly religious (churches, churches, & more churches…) ❖ Medieval painting & sculpture avoid naturalistic depictions (seriously, what is this? →) ❖ At times, medieval religions will reject images (ICONOCLASM)  MEDIEVAL ABOUT 1000 EUROPE C.E. ROMANESQUE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ❖ Europe began to settle into major kingdoms with an emphasis on Christianity ❖ The Crusades acted as an invasion of the Muslim lands to retaliate for the Muslim expansion into Spain and the east ❖ Cities were on the rise once more where trade and the arts could flourish and expand ❖ Religious pilgrimages became popular-- Rome and Jerusalem were popular pilgrimage destinations Many pilgrims took long roads to get to their destinations-- many Romanesque cathedrals and shrines were set up along the way for these pilgrims ROMANESQUE ART BACKGROUND ❖ Feudalism → a mutual relationship between lords & peasants Peasants worked the lords’ land Lords owned the land and guaranteed peasants’ security ❖ Artists → “Middle class” workers ❖ Women → Confined to “feminine arts” Ceramics, weaving, manuscript decoration ❖ Christian works of art → Dominated artist production ❖ “Secular” works of art → Still existed, and crossed lines often with Christian works (symbolism) ❖ ARCHITECTURE → castles, manor houses, monasteries, churches ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS ❖ Structures → Low, massive, solid-looking ❖ Arches → Rounded ❖ Walls → Thick ❖ Windows → Small, placed lower on the walls ❖ Shape of Ground Plan → Cruciform (cross-like) ❖ Plan → Axial/Basilica plan ❖ Interiors → Dark ❖ Vaulting → Rib (newer, not until later!), barrel, groin vaults ❖ Bell Towers → Campanile (separate from the church) VOCABULARY FOR ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ❖ AMBULATORY → Passageway around the apse of a church ❖ JAMB → Side posts of a medieval portal ❖ ARCADE → Series of arches ❖ PORTAL → Doorway (usually supported by columns decorated in Medieval art) ❖ BAY → Vertical section of a church ❖ RADIATING CHAPELS → Projecting that is embraced by a set of columns chapels arranged radially around the and is usually made of arches & ambulatory aligned windows ❖ RIB VAULT → Vault where diagonal ❖ CAMPANILE → Bell tower of an arches form riblike patterns-- Italian building (usually separated in usually form a weblike design Romanesque churches) ❖ TYMPANUM → Rounded sculpture ❖ CLERESTORY → The third, or placed over the portal of a medieval window, story of a church church AMBULATORY Passageway around the apse of a church  Series of arches ARCADE supported by columns  BAY Vertical section of a church that is embraced by a set of columns and is usually made of arches & aligned window  CAMPANILE Bell tower of an Italian building (usually separated in Romanesque churches)  CLERESTORY The third, or window, story of a church  Rounded sculpture placed over the portal of a medieval church Doorway (usually decorated in Medieval art) TYMPANUM PORTAL JAMB (COLUMN) Side posts of a medieval portal  Projecting chapels arranged radially around the ambulatory RADIATING CHAPELS  RIB VAULTS Vault where diagonal arches form riblike patterns-- usually form a weblike design ROMANESQUE IMAGE 58: Sainte-Foy at Conques (Facade, Aerial View, Ground Plan). Date: Church → KA 1020-1130 C.E., Tympanum → 1124 C.E. Medium: Stone. Origin/Location: Conques, France.  ROMANESQUE KA IMAGE 58: Sainte- Foy at Conques (Interior → Nave & St. Foy Reliquary). Date: Church → c. 1050- 1130 C.E., Sculpture → 9th century. Medium: Interior → stone & paint, Sculpture → gold, silver, gemstones, enamel over wood. Location: Conques, France.  IMAGE 58: Sainte-Foy at Conques (The Last Judgment Tympanum). Date: Church → 1050-1130 C.E., Tympanum → 1124 C.E. Medium: Stone. ROMANESQUE Origin/Location: Conques, France. KA  IMAGE 58: Sainte-Foy at Conques (Detail of The Last Judgment Tympanum). ROMANESQUE Tympanum → 1124 C.E. Medium: Stone. Origin/Location: Conques, France.  IMAGE 58: Sainte-Foy at Conques (Detail of The Last Judgment ROMANESQUE Tympanum). Tympanum → 1124 C.E. Medium: Stone. Origin/Location: Conques, France. ROMANESQUE IMAGE 59: Bayeux Tapestry, from Bayeux Cathedral, Bayeux, France, ca. 1070- 1080; Embroidered wool on linen, 1’ 8” high (entire length of fabric 229’ 8”); Centre Buillaume le Conquerant, Bayeux. KA  IMAGE 59: Bayeux Tapestry (Death of King Harold, Cavalry & Foot ROMANESQUE Soldiers, and Preparations for War), from Bayeux Cathedral, Bayeux, France, ca. 1070-1080; Embroidered wool on linen, 1’ 8” high (entire length of fabric 229’ 8”); Centre Buillaume le Conquerant, Bayeux. KA  IMAGE 59: Bayeux Tapestry (Death of King Harold, Cavalry & Foot ROMANESQUE Soldiers, and Preparations for War), from Bayeux Cathedral, Bayeux, France, ca. 1070-1080; Embroidered wool on linen, 1’ 8” high (entire length of KA fabric 229’ 8”); Centre Buillaume le Conquerant, Bayeux.