Pre-Colonial Philippines Review PDF

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela College of Education, Arts and Sciences Department of Social Sciences  Pre-Colonial People Boxer Codex is a 16th Century Spanish Manuscript that contains the first illustrations of the inhabitants of the Philippines. It also illustrates the people of...

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela College of Education, Arts and Sciences Department of Social Sciences  Pre-Colonial People Boxer Codex is a 16th Century Spanish Manuscript that contains the first illustrations of the inhabitants of the Philippines. It also illustrates the people of China, Japan, Java, Moluccas, Ladrones and Siam. (Original Manuscript is housed at Indiana University, United States)  Pre-Colonial Government The barangay was the typical community in the whole archipelago. It was the basic political and economic unit independent of similar others. Each embraced a few hundreds of people and a small territory. Each was headed by a chieftain called the rajah or datu. The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim state that ruled over many of the islands of the Sulu Sea, in the southern Philippines. Though Muslim historians believe the Sultanate of Sulu existed centuries earlier, in the time of Raja Baguinda Ali, genealogical sources place the founding of the Sultanate in 1457. During the seventeenth century, an increase in Western commercial activity in China resulted in a rising demand for maritime and forest products from Sulu, and during the eighteenth century, Sulu maintained a steady tributary relationship with China. “During disputes, the chieftain served as judges and the barangay elders as jury. Trials were held publicly and the accuser and the accused will faced each other with their respective witnesses. The witnesses took an oath as “May the lightning strike me if I don’t tell the truth” , “May the crocodile devour me if I tell falsehood”. After all the arguments in each party are made, the chieftain enforced his judgment.” (Agoncillo, T. History of the Filipino People 8th Ed. P. 44) Bulul Pre-Colonial Religion Pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death. They also believed in the existence of a number of gods whom they worship and made offerings to according to rank. The cultural treasure found in the early 1960’s in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan is a secondary burial jar. The burial jar which is unrivaled in Southeast Asia and considered as the work of a master potter, signifies the belief of early Filipinos in life after death. It is Gods dated to the late Neolithic Period, about 890-710 B.C. Manunggul “They recognized the invisible spirit, and another life, also demons, the Jar enemies of men, of whom they were in abject fear from the evils and dread which these, caused them” (Pedro Chirino, Relacion de las Islas Filipinas)  Pre-colonial Education Baybayin is a pre-Spanish Philippine writing system. It is a member of the Brahmic family and is recorded as being in use in the 16th century. It continued to be used during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines up until the late 19th Century. The term Baybay literally means “to spell” in Tagalog. Baybayin was extensively documented by the Spanish. Some have attributed it the name Alibata, but this name is incorrect. (The term “Alibata” was coined by Paul Rodriguez Verzosa after the arrangement of letters of the Arabic alphabet alif, ba, ta (alibata), “f ” having been eliminated for euphony’s sake.” ) Madrasah School As early as in pre-Magellanic times, education was informal, unstructured, and devoid of methods. Children were provided more vocational training and less academics (3 Rs) by their parents and in the houses of tribal tutors. In Southern Philippines where Islam flourished, children were educated by the Imam, where Islamic teachings and other learnings were the focused of education.  Pre-colonial Society Maginoo Ruling class composed of Lakan or Rajah paramount to datu of a large town. The term Hari (King) was only used to refer to foreign monarchs and their viceroys were called halili Datu were maginoo with personal following (dulohan or barangay). His responsibilities are governing his people, leading them in war, settling disputes. Maginoo are those belonging to the lineage or family of the datu Timaua and Maharlika Timaua were non-slaves who can attach themselves to the datu of their choice. They could use and bequeath a portion of barangay land. Their main responsibility to the datu is agricultural labor, fisheries, accompany expeditions and row boat. They were former slaves who paid off their debt or illegitimate children of maginoo and slaves. Maharlika or man of wealth were similar to timaua except they also render military services to the datu Alipin (Slaves) Namamahay were slaves who lived in their own house apart from their debtor. If the debt came from insolvency or legal actions, the alipin and his debtor agreed on a period of indenture or an equivalent monetary value inexchange for it. Sa Gigilid were slaves who lived in their debtors house. Male alipin sa gigilid who married were raised to namamahay status for it is economical to his master. But female alipin sa gigilid were rarely permitted to marry.  Spanish Colonization Ferdinand Magellan (March 1521), Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (1525), Sebastian Cabot (1526), Alvaro de Saavedra (1527), Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542) and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564) Spanish Colonial Government The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821. This resulted in direct Spanish control during a period of governmental instability there. Velarde Map, is a map of the Philippines made and first published in Manila in 1734 by the Jesuit cartographer Pedro Murillo Velarde, the engraver Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay, and the artist Francisco Suárez. The World Digital Library describes it as the "first and most important scientific map of the Philippines". It is frequently referred to as the "Mother of all Philippine Maps"  Bandala System implemented by Spanish authorities in the Philippines that required native Filipino farmers to sell their goods to the government at a very low price Polo y Servicios a practice employed by Spanish colonizers for over 250 years that required the forced labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old for 40-day periods. The workers could be placed on any project the Spanish wanted, despite hazardous or unhealthy conditions. TRIBUTE (TRIBUTO) the Filipinos were compelled to pay tribute called TRIBUTO, to the colonial government. The tributo was imposed as a sign of the Filipinos loyalty to the king of Spain.... A special tax of 1/2 real or rice was collected.  On March 1521, Magellan and his crew arrived at Limasawa Island in Southern Leyte. They were welcomed by the native ruler Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Si-agu. The First Mass would be held on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, and was held by Father Pedro de Valderama. This is based on the writings of chronicler Antonio Pigafetta. Although this was formally the first documented mass by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, another location said to hold the first mass was in Masao, Butuan, asserted by Historian Sonia Zaide which is also based on Pigafetta’s diary. The most notable people involved were Ferdinand Magellan, Rajah Kolambu, Rajah Si-Agu, and Antonio Pigafetta. The First Mass in the Philippines marked the beginning of the Spanish Colonization era. It also became the birth of Catholicism The First Mass in the Philippines and Christianity in the country. At the same time, it would result in 333 years of the ruling of the Spaniards and the many events that would unfold, such as the Propaganda Movement and the Revolution of the Katipuneros.  Propaganda Movement It is well known that the religious orders, or regular clergy, try to preserve their corporate freedom and governance of their dioceses against the control of the bishops. Under Governor- general Simon de Anda, secularization was implemented in the Philippines. GomBurZa  SAMPUNG UTOS NG PRAYLE ISANG bahagi mula sa akdang Dasalan at Tuksuhan na sinulat ni Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Ang akdang naglalaman ng mga sarkastikong mensahe ay isang paraan noong araw upang mailabas ng mga Pilipino ang kanilang galit sa mga abusadong paring Espanyol o prayle. 1. Sambahin mo ang Prayle nang higit sa lahat. 2. Huwag kang magpapahamak o manunuba ng Prayle. 3. Manalangin ka sa Prayle tuwing Linggo at araw ng piyesta. 4. Isanla mo ang iyong sarili sa mga Prayle, maipalibing mo lang ang iyong mga magulang. 5. Bawal mamatay kung wala kang salaping pampalibing. Frailocracy - A unique form of government 6. Huwag kang makiapid sa kanyang asawa. in Hispanic Philippines where the church and 7. Huwag kang makinakaw. state are one. - A government by friars “rule 8. Huwag mo silang pagbibintangan. of friars” Friar - could send a patriotic 9. Huwag mong ipagkakait ang iyong asawa. Filipino to jail or denounce him as a filibuster 10.Huwag mong ipagdadamot ang iyong ari-arian. (traitor) to be exiled to a distant place or be executed as an enemy of God and Spain.  PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Aims of Propaganda Graciano López Y Jaena Fray Botod La Solidaridad ( The Solidarity) Failure of the Reform Bonifacio’s Death Emilio Aguinaldo's "confession" letters about ordering the execution of revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio were sold for P5 million at an auction in Makati City. THE TEJEROS K at i p unan and t he Rev o l ut i o n CONVENTION What happened: The Tej eros Conventi on was a g atheri ng of tw o c ounci ls (M agd iwang and Magd al o) to settl e the d ispute b etween them and to d etermi ne the typ e of g overnment that shoul d b e i nstal led. Involved Prominent Figures: San F ranci sco de E mi l i o Ag ui nald o - Ap p oi nted Presi d ent. Mal abo n (General Tri as), And res Boni fac i o - Ap p oi nted Di rec tor of the Interi or. Cavi t e, P hi l i ppi nes. Significance: The Tej eros Conventi on was a pi votal moment i n the March 22, 1897 Phil ipp i ne Revol uti on agai nst Sp anish c ol onial rul e and si g ni fi ca ntl y shap ed earl y Fi l i p i no g overna nc e. The Assassination The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino of General Antonio Luna combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease The 1899–1902 Philippine–American War saw the Filipino revolutionaries continue their campaign for independence after the United States annexed control over the Philippines as a result of the Spanish–American War. Famous people involved: Emilio Aguinaldo, Felipe Buencamino, Captain Pedro Janolino, Pascual H. Santos,Captain Eduardo Rusca, Colonel Francisco Roman General Antonio Luna was killed at the Plaza of Rectory or “Plaza Lucero” at the front of the, then parish of Cabanatuan City now known as Saint Nicholas of Tolentine Parish Cathedral or “Parokyang Katedral ni San Nikolas ng Tolentino” located at 911 Del Pilar Street, The assassination of General Luna was a critical turning point in the Philippine- Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija City American War. His death dealt a severe blow to the Filipino forces, as he was a brilliant strategist and a unifying figure. It also highlighted the internal divisions and political instability within the Filipino government. The event remains a controversial chapter in Philippine history, with many questions about the motives behind the killing still unanswered.  Japanese Invasion The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II. The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan. A highly effective guerilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine, and sent reinforcements and officers. Post War Republic  POST-WAR REPUBLIC W ❖ The Treaty of Manila: Philippine Declaration of Independence ❖ Sergio Osmeña This treaty officially ❖ President Harry S. Truman H ❖ General MacArthur recognized the A independence of the WHEN DID IT HAPPEN? ❖ High Commissioner Mcnutt ❖ Senator Tydings T Philippines. ❖ Representative Bell ❖ The Philippines gained full ❖ US Postmaster General Robert E. ❖ Restoration of independence from the Hannegan H Sovereignty: The ❖ Former Governor General Francis United States on July 4, A declaration marked 1946. B. Harrison the restoration of the ❖ Representatives of the other 27 P nations Philippines as a WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? P sovereign nation. E WHAT IS ITS SIGNIFICANCE ❖ The Philippines gained IN HISTORY? N ❖ Independence Day Shift: Originally was independence from the E celebrated on July 4, United States at the ❖ Marks the day the United D Luneta Grandstand, now States formally granted President Diosdado Rizal Park, in Manila. independence to the Macapagal moved it to June 12. Philippines. Martial Law – Pres. Duterte In September 1972 Marcos declared martial law, claiming that it was the last defense against the rising disorder caused by increasingly violent student demonstrations, the alleged threats of communist insurgency by the new Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the Muslim separatist movement of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). Five Things to Know About Martial Law 1. Extensive Human Rights Violations 2. Clear Pattern 3. Lack of Accountability 4. Historical Distortion 5. Justice Remains Elusive Amnesty International https://www.amnesty.org/