Pre-Spanish History of the Philippines PDF

Pre-Spanish History: 1. Pre-colonial Societies: Early Filipinos lived in small, independent communities called barangays, led by a datu. 2. Social Structure: Society was divided into three classes: datus (nobles), maharlikas (freemen), and alipins (dependents or slaves). 3. R...

Pre-Spanish History: 1. Pre-colonial Societies: Early Filipinos lived in small, independent communities called barangays, led by a datu. 2. Social Structure: Society was divided into three classes: datus (nobles), maharlikas (freemen), and alipins (dependents or slaves). 3. Rice Terraces: The Ifugao people built the famous Banaue Rice Terraces around 2,000 years ago in Northern Luzon. 4. Religion: Early Filipinos practiced a mix of monotheism and polytheism, propitiating spirits through rituals. 5. Arrival of Islam: Islam spread in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago in the 15th century, leading to the creation of sultanates. The Spanish Period: 6. First Spanish Contact: Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521, but died in the Battle of Mactan. 7. Spanish Colonization: Miguel López de Legazpi founded the first Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565 and later Manila in 1571. 8. Encomienda System: Initially, the Spanish implemented the encomienda system for tax collection, but it was abolished due to abuses. 9. Catholic Conversion: Spanish friars converted most of the population to Roman Catholicism, except for Muslim communities in Mindanao. 10. Galleon Trade: The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565–1815) connected the Philippines with Mexico and brought Chinese silks and Mexican silver. The 19th Century: 11. End of Galleon Trade: The last galleon sailed in 1815, opening up the Philippines to global trade. 12. Rise of Commercial Agriculture: Foreign demand for sugar, hemp, and coffee led to the rise of haciendas (large estates). 13. Propaganda Movement: Educated Filipinos in Europe, led by José Rizal, promoted reforms through the Propaganda Movement. 14. José Rizal: Rizal’s novels Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) exposed Spanish abuses and inspired Filipino nationalism. 15. Katipunan: In 1892, Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan, a secret society aimed at overthrowing Spanish rule. The Philippine Revolution: 16. Start of the Revolution: The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896 after Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan. 17. Emilio Aguinaldo: Emilio Aguinaldo emerged as a key leader, negotiating a truce with Spain in 1897 but later resumed the fight. 18. Declaration of Independence: On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite. 19. Malolos Republic: In 1899, the Malolos Congress drafted a constitution, establishing the First Philippine Republic. The Spanish-American War & Aftermath: 20. Battle of Manila Bay: On May 1, 1898, the U.S. defeated the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay, leading to Spain’s surrender. 21. Treaty of Paris (1898): The Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain through the Treaty of Paris for $20 million. 22. Philippine-American War: The Philippine-American War broke out in February 1899 when the U.S. refused to recognize Filipino independence. 23. Capture of Aguinaldo: Aguinaldo was captured in 1901, effectively ending major resistance against U.S. rule. Quick Facts: The Banaue Rice Terraces are sometimes referred to as the "Eighth Wonder of the World." The Katipunan used coded letters and blood oaths to ensure secrecy. José Rizal was executed in 1896, becoming a national martyr. The Philippines is the first Asian country to have declared independence from European colonial rule (1898). 1. What was the name of the Filipino leader who led the Basi Revolt of 1807? o Answer: Pedro Mateo. He led the revolt against the Spanish monopoly on basi (a type of local wine) in the Ilocos region. 2. Which Spanish explorer is credited with the first circumnavigation of the globe, including his arrival in the Philippines? o Answer: Ferdinand Magellan. He arrived in the Philippines in 1521 but was killed in the Battle of Mactan. 3. Who was the leader of the Filipino forces during the Siege of Baler, one of the last battles of the Spanish-American War? o Answer: Lt. Col. Simon Tecson. He led the defense at Baler during the prolonged siege. 4. What was the name of the movement started by Filipino intellectuals in Europe advocating for reforms during the late 19th century? o Answer: The Propaganda Movement. It was led by figures such as José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano López Jaena. 5. What rebellion broke out in Cavite in 1872, which became a precursor to the Philippine Revolution? o Answer: The Cavite Mutiny of 1872. 6. Who were the three Filipino priests executed after the Cavite Mutiny, later known as martyrs of the Filipino cause? o Answer: Fathers Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (Gomburza). 7. What important document was signed in Malolos on January 23, 1899, creating the First Philippine Republic? o Answer: The Malolos Constitution. 8. Who was the leader of the Filipino forces in the Cry of Pugad Lawin, marking the start of the Philippine Revolution?  o Answer: Andres Bonifacio. This event signaled the beginning of open revolt against Spanish rule. 9. What is the term for the forced labor system imposed by the Spanish on Filipinos during the colonial period? o Answer: The Polo y Servicio system. 10. Which battle during the Philippine Revolution resulted in the first major Filipino victory against Spanish forces? o Answer: The Battle of San Juan del Monte (Pinaglabanan) in 1896. 11. Who was the Filipino leader who declared Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite? o Answer: Emilio Aguinaldo. He declared independence on June 12, 1898. 12. Who was the Filipino revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892? o Answer: The Katipunan (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan). 13. What was the historical event that led to the exile of Emilio Aguinaldo to Hong Kong? o Answer: The Pact of Biak-na-Bato in 1897, a truce between Filipino revolutionaries and Spanish forces. 14. Who was the Filipino general known for leading the attack at the Battle of Tirad Pass? o Answer: Gregorio del Pilar. 15. What event marked the end of the Spanish-American War, leading to the cession of the Philippines to the United States? o Answer: The Treaty of Paris (1898). 16. What was the name of the agreement that ended the conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and Spanish authorities in 1897? Answer: The Pact of Biak-na-Bato. 17. What was the term used for wealthy Filipinos who served as intermediaries between the Spanish authorities and the native population? Answer: The Principalia. They were the local elites who benefited from Spanish policies. 18. What was the Spanish missionary order most active in the Philippines during the colonial period? Answer: The Augustinian order. Along with the Dominicans and Franciscans, they played a crucial role in spreading Christianity. 19. What Filipino leader became the first President of the First Philippine Republic? Answer: Emilio Aguinaldo. 20. What was the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines, established by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565? Answer: Cebu. It was the first permanent Spanish settlement. 21. What Philippine city was the center of Spanish political, economic, and religious power during their colonization? Answer: Manila. It became the capital after its founding in 1571. 22. What was the term used for the galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco, which was a major economic activity during the Spanish period? Answer: The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. It lasted for over two centuries (1565-1815). 23. What term did the Spanish use to refer to the Muslim inhabitants of Mindanao?  Answer: Moros. 24. Which rebellion occurred in the late 17th century due to discontent with Spanish taxation and forced labor? Answer: The Pangasinan Revolt (Andres Malong Revolt of 1660). 25. Which famous Filipino general defended the Filipino republic during the Philippine -American War after the Spanish period? Answer: Antonio Luna. He was known for his brilliant military strategies during the Filipino- American War. 26. Which Filipino illustrator and propagandist is often associated with the "La Solidaridad" newspaper, which called for reforms during the Spanish era? Answer: Marcelo H. del Pilar. 27. Who was the Filipino revolutionary leader who established the revolutionary government in Northern Luzon in 1896? Answer: Diego Silang. He led a rebellion against the Spanish before being assassinated. 28. What was the main religion brought by the Spanish missionaries to the Philippines? Answer: Roman Catholicism. 29. What system did the Spanish introduce that forced Filipinos to pay taxes to the Spanish crown? Answer: The Tribute system (tributo). 30. Which Filipino hero was executed by the Spanish in 1896 for his role in the Philippine Revolution and his writings, such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? Answer: José Rizal. 31. What was the term for the Filipino laborers forced to work on public projects like roads and churches under Spanish rule? Answer: Polo y servicio (forced labor). 32. What Filipino social class emerged as landowners under the Spanish encomienda system? Answer: The Ilustrados and Principalia. 33. What was the historical significance of the Gomburza execution in 1872? Answer: The execution of Filipino priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (Gomburza) inspired the Philippine nationalist movement. 34. What famous Spanish decree in 1863 established a free public school system in the Philippines? Answer: The Educational Decree of 1863. 35. Which Philippine port city became a major trading hub for the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade? Answer: The port of Cavite. 36. What major rebellion took place in Manila in 1823, led by a disgruntled creole officer? Answer: The Novales Revolt, led by Captain Andrés Novales. 37. Which Filipino leader declared the Philippines' independence from Spain in 1898? Answer: Emilio Aguinaldo. 38. Which Spanish colonial structure, completed in 1591, was the military defense fortress that played a key role in Manila's history? Answer: Fort Santiago. 39. What was the title given to the Spanish monarch’s representative in the Philippines during colonial times? Answer: The Governor-General. 40. What was the role of the Spanish friars (such as the Augustinians and Franciscans) during the Spanish colonization? Answer: They were responsible for converting Filipinos to Christianity, managing parishes, and playing a significant role in colonial administration. 41. Who was the Filipino martyr executed by the Spanish in 1897, whose death further fueled the Philippine Revolution? Answer: Andres Bonifacio. 42. What was the first Catholic mass in the Philippines held? Answer: The first mass was held on March 31, 1521, in Limasawa Island. 43. What was the main currency used during the Spanish period in the Philippines? Answer: The real and later, the peso. 44. What event triggered the widespread Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule in 1896? Answer: The discovery of the Katipunan by the Spanish authorities. 45. Who was the founder of the revolutionary society known as Katipunan? Answer: Andres Bonifacio. 46. What was the Bahay na Bato during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines? Answer: A traditional Filipino colonial house made of stone and wood, developed during the Spanish occupation. 47. What was the cedula personal, which sparked the beginning of the 1896 Philippine Revolution? Answer: A personal identification document that was a symbol of colonial oppression. The tearing of cedulas marked the start of the revolution during the Cry of Pugad Lawin. 48. What famous landmark in Intramuros, Manila, served as a prison for national hero José Rizal before his execution? Answer: Fort Santiago. 49. What Spanish decree allowed the creation of Filipinization of parishes, replacing Spanish friars with native clergy? Answer: The Maura Law of 1893. 50. What was the Real Audiencia, established by Spain in the Philippines? Answer: The highest court and advisory body to the Governor-General during Spanish rule. 51. What rebellion was led by Francisco Dagohoy, making it the longest-running revolt in Philippine history under Spanish rule? Answer: The Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829) in Bohol. 52. Who was the last Governor-General of the Philippines under Spanish rule? Answer: Diego de los Ríos. 53. What was the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade known for? Answer: A trade route between Manila and Acapulco (Mexico), exchanging goods like Chinese silk and Mexican silver. 54. What law allowed Filipinos to own private lands during the Spanish period?  Answer: The Royal Decree of 1880. 55. Which Filipino illustrator and journalist was the editor of the revolutionary newspaper La Solidaridad, which campaigned for reforms from Spain? Answer: Graciano López Jaena. 56. What title was given to the Spanish priests who held immense power and controlled much of the land during the Spanish era? Answer: Friar Curates. 57. What was the aim of the Propaganda Movement in Spain? Answer: To seek reforms in the Philippines, such as equal rights for Filipinos, representation in the Spanish Cortes, and the secularization of Philippine parishes. 58. What was the outcome of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872? Answer: It led to the execution of Gomburza and the suppression of Filipino aspirations for reform. 59. What was the Spanish colonial fortress that protected Manila from pirate attacks, now a UNESCO World Heritage site? Answer: Intramuros. 60. Who was the leader of the Katipunan chapter in Cavite, known for his rivalry with Andres Bonifacio? Answer: Emilio Aguinaldo. 61. What famous revolutionary document declared Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898? Answer: The Act of the Declaration of Independence. 62. What law governed Filipino labor during the Spanish period, requiring men to work on public works projects? Answer: The Polo y Servicio system. 63. Which famous battle in 1574 saw Filipino warriors, led by Lakandula and Raja Sulayman, defending Manila against the Chinese pirate Limahong? Answer: The Battle of Manila (1574). 64. What was the Spanish colonial tax imposed on Filipino households, payable annually? Answer: The Tributo. 65. What Philippine territory remained under Islamic rule and was not fully subdued by the Spanish? Answer: The Sultanates of Mindanao and Sulu.