HISTORY Past Paper PDF

**HISTORY** It is the study of the human past. **W's of History** **WHO** refers to the person or people that were involved in the event. 1. Who was the first governor of the Philippines? 2. Who wrote the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? 3. Who was the first president of the P...

**HISTORY** It is the study of the human past. **W's of History** **WHO** refers to the person or people that were involved in the event. 1. Who was the first governor of the Philippines? 2. Who wrote the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? 3. Who was the first president of the Philippines? **WHAT** it tells us specific details about the event, landmark, geographical feature, place, etc. 1. What was the first book published in the Philippines? 2. What was the occupation of Limahong, a Chinese man who invaded Manila at least twice in the 16^th^ century? 3. What is considered the earliest form of writing in the Philippines? **WHERE** Setting/s or location/s of the event. 1. Where was Dr. Jose Rizal shot? 2. Where was Andres Bonifacio born? **WHEN** the point in time that a historical event takes place. 1. When did Magellan arrive in the Philippines? 2. When did Marcos declare Martial Law? **WHY** It is so important to understand why historical events took place, in order to truly understand the historical value. 1. Why did Marcos declare Martial Law? 2. Why did Rizal opted to study ophthalmology? **Theories of History** 1. **The Great God Theory** The idea that the god(s) are in control, shape and direct things. They are the cause of events happening in the world. **2. The Great Man Theory** People change and shape history, often working as agents of the gods or God. So the Pharaoh's or Alexander the Great are all chosen to shape events by the gods. **3. The Great Mind Theory** A concept that suggests that history is primarily shaped by the actions and decisions of \"great men\" or influential individuals **4. The Best People Theory** that some elite, the Best Race, the favoured nation, the ruling class alone make history. The Old Testament assumed that the Israelites were God's chosen people. The Greeks regarded themselves as the acme of culture, better in all respects than the barbarians. **5. The Human Nature Theory** According to this theory, certain aspects of human nature---such as the desire for power, self-interest, aggression, cooperation, and the need for security---are fundamental drivers of historical events and societal developments. **HISTORICAL SOURCES** **PRIMARY SOURCES** Primary sources are original, firsthand accounts or evidence directly related to the subject or event being studied. They are created by individuals or groups who directly experienced or witnessed the event. **SECONDARY SOURCES** Secondary sources are interpretations, analyses, or summaries of events, based on primary sources or other secondary sources. They are created by individuals who were not direct witnesses to the events but who study and interpret primary sources. **HISTORICAL CRITICISM** - Looks at the historical context of the author and the work - Attempts to describe the culture of a period in history by reading various works of that period - Texts are not just reflections of a culture but also help produce the culture **HOW TO USE HISTORICAL CRITICISM** **Historical-critical methods are the specific procedures:** 1. Examine the text's historical origins, such as/the time, the place in which the text was written; its sources 2. Examine the events, dates, persons, places, things, and customs that are mentioned or implied in the text. **Filipino Cultural Heritage** **Cultural Heritage** - is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expression and values. **TYPES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE** **Tangible Heritage** - includes buildings and historic places, monuments, artifacts, etc., which are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specific culture. **Intangible Heritage** - includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts, food and medicine heritage and digital heritage. **Tangible:** - Tangible cultural heritage has a physical presence. **Intangible:** - Intangible cultural heritage is commonly defined as not having a physical presence. **Tangible Heritage** I. **Natural Heritage** - Environment \- Natural Landscape \- Landforms \- Coastal and Inland Water Sources - Flora and Fauna II. **Man-made Heritage** \- Archaeological Sites  **Intangible Heritage** - Culture \- Traditions (Oral and Written) \- Customs \- Values \- Trade and Skills  **PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES** **Social Hierarchy** - **Barangay** - Balangay - 30 to 100 houses - Have their own sort of Diplomacy - Datu - Maharlica (Nobles) - Aliping Namamahay (Commoners) - Aliping Sa Guiguilir (Slaves) **Facts about Pre-Colonial Philippines** - **Women Enjoyed Equal Status With Men** - **Society Was More Tolerant in Pre-Colonial Philippines** - In the 1668 book *Historia de los Islas y Indios de Bisayas, *Father Francisco Alcina further described an *asog* as: - "...impotent men and deficient for the practice of matrimony, **considered themselves more like women than men** in their manner of living or going about, even in their occupations...." - **We Were Self-Sufficient** - Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, the most-successful Spanish colonizer of the islands: - *"abundance of rice, fowls, and wine, as well as great numbers of buffaloes, deer, wild boar, and goats"* when he first arrived in Luzon. - **Gold Was Everywhere** - **We Had Smoother Foreign Relations** - **We Built Warships That Could "Sail Like Birds"** - Karakoa - Accounts from the 1561 Legazpi expedition described it as *"a ship for sailing any place they wanted." * - **The following is a 12th-century account of these early Visayan pirates who reportedly attacked what is now part of southern Taiwan:** - *"Nearby is the country of P'i-she-yeh (Visayas). Their language is unintelligible, and they go naked and lead so primitive a life that is almost subhuman. Once during the Ch'un-lui era (1174-89), a chief of the country, at the head of several hundred of his men, suddenly came to Shui-ao, Wei-t-ou and other villages of Ch'uan-chou and wantonly committed slaughter and pillage......* - **Our Forefathers in the Pre-Colonial Philippines Already Possessed a Working Judicial and Legislative System** - **They Had the Know-How To Make Advanced Weapons** - **Several Professions Already Existed** - **We Had Our Own Writing System** - Baybayin - **Some ancient Groups Compressed Their Babies' Skulls for Aesthetic Reasons** - Father Diego Bobadilla reported in **1640** *"...heads of their children between two flat boards upon birth, and they pressed \[the boards\] so that \[the skull\] would extend... and flatten the forehead, thinking that this was a trait of beauty."* - Fray Juan de Plasencia -- **CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG** - "among their many idols their was one called badhala, whom they specially worshipped. They also worshipped the sun, on account of its beauty. They also worshipped the moon...and stars. **KARTILYA** - **Emilio Jacinto** **Kartilya -- Teaching of the Katipunan** - 12 Guiding Principles - 14 Teachings **By reading the contents of the** **said document, it aims to expound on the Katipunan's aspirations and to enumerate the ethical values which were expected from its members.** **Furthermore, these teachings conveyed the importance of good morals and character, equality amidst race and descent, the respect for women, and the defense of the oppressed.** **Katipunan Nang Manga A. N. B. sa may Nasang Makisanib sa Katipunang lto\ \ Association of the Sons of the People: TO THOSE WHO WANT TO JOIN THIS ASSOCIATION** A. **Sa pagkakailangan, na ang Iahat na nagiibig pumasuk sa katipunang ito, ay magkaroon ng lubos pananalig at kaisipan sa mga layong tinutungo at mga kaaralang pinaiiral, minarapat na ipakilala kanila ang mga bagay na ito, at ng bukas makalawa\'y huag silang magsisi at tuparing maluag sa kalooban ang kanilang mga tutungkulin.** A. **ln order that all who want to enter this Association may have a full understanding and knowledge of its guiding principles and main teachings, it is necessary to make these things known to them so that they will not, tomorrow or the next day, repent, and so that they may perform their duties wholeheartedly.** B. **Ang kabagayang pinaguusig ng katipunang ito ay lubos na dakila at mahalaga; papagisahin.ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog sa pamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa, upang sa pagkakaisang ito\'y magkalakas na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katuiran at Kaliwanagan. Sa salitang tagalog katutura\'y ang lahat nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluang ito; sa makatuid,** - **Bisaya man, iloko man, kapangpangan man, etc,, ay tagalog din.** - **(The word Tagalog means all those born in this Archipelago; even a person who is a Visayan, llocano, or Kapampangan, etc. is therefore a Tagalog too.)** C. **Dito\'y isa sa mga kaunaunahang utos, ang tunay na pag-ibig sa bayang tinubuan at lubos napagdadamayan ng isa\'t isa.** - **Maralita, mayaman, mangmang, marunong, lahat dito\'y magkakapantay at tunay na magkakapatid.** - **Poor, rich, ignorant, wise - here, all are equal and true brethren.** D. **Kapagkarakang mapusok dito ang sino man, tataligdan pilit ang buhalhal na kaugalian, at paiilalim sa kapangyarihan ng mga banal na utos ng Katipunan.** - **Ang gawang lahat, na laban sa kamahalan at kalinisan, dito\'y kinasusuklaman; kaya\'t sa bagay na ito ipinaiilalim sa masigasig na pakikibalita ang kabuhayan ng sino mang nagiibig makisanib sa katipunang ito.** **D. As soon as anybody enters here, he shall perforce renounce disorderly habits and shall submit to the authority of the sacred commands of the Katipunan.** **- All acts contrary to noble and clean living are repugnant here, and hence the life of anyone who wants to affiliate with this Associatron will be submitted to a searching investigation.** **E. Kung ang hangad ng papasuk dito\'y ang tumalastas lamang o mga kalihiman nito, o ang ikagiginhawa ng sariling katawan, o ang kilalanin ang mga naririto\'t ng maipagbili sa isang dakot na salapi, huag magpatuloy, sapagkat dito\'y bantain lamang ay talastas na ng makapal na nakikiramdam sa kaniya, at karakarakang nilalapatan ng mabisang gamut, na laan sa mga sukaban.** **- Dito\'y gawa ang hinahanap at gawa ang tinitignan; kaya\'t hindi dapat pumasuk ang di makagagawa, kahit magaling magsalita.** **E. lf the applicant merely wishes to know the secrets of the Association, or to seek personal gratif ication, or to know who is here in order to sell them for a handful of silver, he cannot proceed, for here the many who are watching him will already know his intentions, and will immediately have recourse to an effective remedy, such as befits traitors.** **- Here, only actions are demanded and esteemed; hence anybody who is not willing to act should not enter, no matter how good a speaker he might be.** **F. lpinauunawa din, ang mga katungkulang ginaganap ng lahat ng napaaanak sa katipunang ito ay lubhang mabibigat lalung lalu na, kung gugunitain na di magyayaring maiiwasan at walang kusang pagkukulang na di aabutin ng kakilakilabot na kaparusahan.** - **Kung ang hangad ng papasuk dito, ang siya\'y abuluyan o ang ginhawa\'t malayaw na katahimikan ng katawan, huag magpatuloy, sapagkat mabigat na mga katungkulan ang matatagpuan, gaya ng pagtatangkilik sa mga naaapi at madaluhong na paguusig sa lahat ng kasamaan; sa bagay na ito ay aabuting ang maligalig na pamumuhay.** **F. It is also announced that the dutles to be performed by the members of this association are exceedingly hard, especially if one remembers that there can be no dereliction or wilful evasion of duty without the exaction of a terrible punishment.** **- lf an applicant merely desires financial support relief or wants to lead a life of bodily comfort and ease, he had better not proceed, for he will encounter weighty tasks, like the protection of the oppressed and the relentless fight against all that is evil. ln this way, his fate will be a vexatious life.** **Di kaila sa kangino paman ang mga nagbalang kapahamakan sa mga tagalog na nakaiisip nitong mga banal na kabagayan (at hindi man), at mga pahirap na ibinibigay na nagharing kalupitan, kalikuan at kasamaan.** **Talastas din naman ng lahat ang pagkakailangan ng salapi, na sa ngayo\'y isa sa mga unang lakas na maaasahang magbibigay buhay sa lahat; sa bagay na ito, kinakailangan ang lubos na pagtupad sa mga pagbabayaran; piso sa pagpasok at sa buan buan ay sikapat. Ang salaping ito\'y ipinagbibigay** **alam ng nagiingat sa tuing kapanahunan, bukod pa sa mapagsisiyasat ng sinoman kailan ma\'t ibigin. Di makikilos ang salaping ito, kundi pagkayarin ng karamihan.** **G. Nobody rs unaware of the misfortune that threatens the Filipinos who contemplate these things that are sacred (and even those that are not) and the sufferings they are made to endure by the reign of cruelty, injustice and evil.** - **Everybody also knows the need for money, which today is one of the main things upon which we depend to bring sustenance to all. ln this regard, the punctual payment of dues is required: one peso upon entry and then twelve and a half centimos each month. The custodian of the funds will periodically render an account to the members, and each member has a right to examine the accounts, should he so wish. The funds cannot be expended without the consent of the majority.** H. **Ang lahat ng ipinagsaysay at dapat gunitain at mahinahong pagbulaybulayin, sapagkat di magaganap at di matitiis ng walang tunay na pagibig sa tinubuang lupa, at tunay na adhikang ipagtangkilik ang Kagalingan.** - **At ng lalong mapagtimbang ng sariling isip at kabaitan, basahin ang sumusunod na** - **And for the upliftment of your mind and virtue, read the following** **MGA ARAL NANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA A.N.B\ \ TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN OF THE SONS OF THE PEOPLE** 1. ** Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag** - **The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed.** 2. **Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan. ** - **To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.** 3. ** Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa't pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.** - **It is rational to be charitable and love one\'s fellow creature, and to adjust one\'s conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.** 4. **Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao'y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa'y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda...; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.** - **Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.** 5. **Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.** - **The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.** 6. **Sa taong may hiya, salita'y panunumpa.** - **To the honorable man, his word is sacred.** 7. **Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala'y magyayaring magbalik; nguni't panahong nagdaan na'y di na muli pang magdadaan.** - **Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.** 8. **Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.** - **Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.** 9. **Ang taong matalino'y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.** - **The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.** 10. **Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa't mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din. ** - **On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.** 11. **Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata't nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.** - **Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.** 12. **Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.** - **What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.** 13. **Ang kamahalan ng tao'y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi't di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.** - **Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not because he is a \*priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is** - **a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.** 14. ** Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis  niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi't magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa'y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito'y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito.** - **When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for admission. ** - it is the center of the Filipino community. We are known to have strong family ties. Extended families are living in one residence. They will take care of old folks instead of sending them to retirement homes. This orientation is the main reason Filipino nurses and caregivers are in demand abroad. We won\'t allow the family to die because of the negative impact of social media on the marital relationship. **Optimism and humor** - In the face of adversity, Filipinos always look at the brighter side of life and find good in every bad situation. We have been creative and fun- **Respect and responsibility** - Filipinos have high regard for parents, elders, and persons of authority. It is through their words, actions, and reactions these things are manifested. With the advent of social media, everyone can express their views and beliefs about people and particular issues. These comments may have different effects on people. Some will be elated, others insulted. Be careful, subtle, and indirect to avoid trouble. Freedom of expression and speech is not absolute. Be constructive and responsible online. It is impossible to please everyone. **Industry and generosity** - Filipinos are known to be hard-working and resourceful. The lack of employment doesn\'t discourage Filipinos from finding jobs overseas. Being a Good Samaritan during a disaster is one of our best values. There is no truth that Filipinos are lazy due to internet addiction and cyber activities. The internet is a new platform to show Filipino creativity and adaptability to modern technology. **Faith and hospitality** - Filipinos are a religious and God-fearing people. They love posting religious photos and prayers over the internet. Religion has molded Filipino moral values and principles. Nonetheless, our hospitable and friendly attitude to welcoming visitors has made the country a famous tourist destination and a haven for those who seek a Filipina bride. **Crab Mentality**crab mentality in the PhilippinesSimply put, this refers to the behavior of preventing someone from achieving something due to jealousy or envy. Instead of praising or rendering assistance, someone with a crab mentality would think,* "if I can't have it, then you can't as well,"* and will purposely try to bring his/her victim down. And nothing ever gets accomplished, just like the crabs who could have escaped from the bucket if they only stopped pulling each other down. **Ningas-Kugon** ***Mañana* Habit** - While we Filipinos, with our easy-going ways, have somewhat become used to Filipino time, it still is a bad habit that needs to be dropped. **General Disregard For Rules** **Colonial Mentality** - Glaring examples of colonial mentality include patronizing foreign instead of local brands, favoring foreign values over our own, and even [desiring to look more "Western" (think whitening products)](https://filipiknow.net/filipino-obsession-white-skin/). - If we can't even have pride in our own country, we will be stuck with this self-defeating mentality. **Excessive Partying** - Birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and even sad funerals are celebrated by Filipinos like there is no tomorrow. Sometimes we even make up the slightest of reasons so that we can have an excuse to party. Moreover, a host would sometimes even strain his finances to impress his guests. - As for fiestas, every LGU down to the smallest barangay in the country has a fiesta to celebrate. As we said, it's alright to party, but we should focus on austerity and working hard first. ***Balikbayan Box* Mentality** - This has become known as the "Balikbayan box mentality" in local parlance*.* People ingrained with this mentality either become exploitative or jealous of the success of the OFW, not knowing that he/she is working hard away from their loved ones in a foreign country. Some also believe the practice undoubtedly contributes to the Filipinos' colonial mentality. ***Bahala Na* Attitude** - This is also why we tend to have amnesia over past wrongdoings committed by our leaders. **Corruption** **Maintaining Double Standards**