Plumbing: A Comprehensive Guide PDF

**Plumbing** is defined as the art and science of install- ing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and sup- ply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure...

**Plumbing** is defined as the art and science of install- ing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and sup- ply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property. The word **Plumber**, is a title given to a person who is skilled in the field of sanitation. It was derived from the ancient Roman word **Plumbarius** which was taken from the Latin word **Plumbum**. **Plumbarius** refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient rome, **Plumbum** on the other hand, meant lead. A metal used as plumbing material by the Romans, preferred-for its twin properties of malleability and resistant to acid. The Drainage System To anyone, the word plumbing connotes fixtures and piping installations that will supply water and dispose 1. **Solid Waste** that is being discharged by water closet 2. **Liquid Waste** that are coming from various fixtures These types of wastes are also conveyed and disposed-waste in various forms. Waste is classified into two types of drainage piping a. The Soil Pipe and b. The Waste Pipe Any pipe that conveys waste from various fixtures other than water closet is called **Waste Pipe,** and those pipes that convey waste coming from water closet is **Soil Pipe.** Unlike the waste pipe, that is exclusively to receive discharges coming from the fixtures only, the soil pipe can accept both wastes from the water closet and the fixtures. The Drainage Installation is Sometimes Referred to as DWV which means: D- For drainage of solid waste W- For waste coming from various fixtures other than water closet V- Refers to the ventilation of the piping system. Definition of Terms **Air Gap**-An air gap in a water supply system, is the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle **Back flow** is the flow of water, or other liquid mixture or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any source, other than its intended source. **Back Siphonage** refers to the back flow of used contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure **Battery of Fixture**-Refers to any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures which discharges into a in such a pipe common horizontal waste pipe or soil branch. **Bib** Is synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, plug, etc. the word faucet is preferred **Blind Flange** A flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no opening for the passage of water **Blow off** -- A controlled outlet on a pipeline used to discharge water. **Branch** -Is any part of piping system other than the main riser **Branch Interval**- Is the length of a soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a storey height, but in no case less than 2.40 meters within which the horizontal branches from one floor or storey of a building are connected to the stack. **Branch vent** Is a vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack or stack vent **Calking**-Is plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials, that are pounded into the place or opening **Circuit vent --** Is a branch vent that serves two or more traps, and extends from the front of the last fixture connection of a horizontal branch to the vent stack **Continuous Vent** -- Is a vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain to which the vent connects Combination Fixtures is a fixture combining one sink and tray or a two or three compartment sink or tray in one vent **Combination Waste and Vent System-** Is a specially designed system of waste piping embodying horizontal wet venting of one or more sinks or floor drains by means of a common waste and vent pipe. Adequately sized to provide free movement of air above the flow line of the drain. **Common Vent** -- Is a drain from two or three fixture connected to a single trap. It is also called a **dual vent** **Cross Connection-** Is any physical connection between two otherwise separate piping system, one contains potable water, and the other from unknown or questionable safety, whereby, water may flow from one system to the other direction of flow depending on the pressure differential between the two systems. **Dead End-** Is the extended portion of a pipe that is closed at one end permitting the stagnation of water or air therein **Developed Length-**The length along the center of the pipe and fitting **Diameter**-Diameter of a pipe or tube refers to the nominal internal diameter (ID) of such pipe, except brass and copper tube where the term refers to the outside diameter (OD) of the pipe. **Drainage System-**Drainage system includes, all piping within the public or private premises that conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid waste, to a legal point of disposal. **Dry Vent --** A vent that does not carry water or water borne wastes **Effective Opening**-Is the minimum cross sectional area at the point of water supply discharge, measured or -expressed in terms of diameter of a circle. If the opening is not a circle, the diameter of a circle that is equivalent to the cross sectional area. (This is applicable to air gap) **Existing Work-**Shall apply to that portion of a -plumbing system that has been installed and approved prior to the contemplated addition, alteration or correction. Fixture Branch-Is a pipe connecting several fixtures. **Fixture Drain**-Is the drain from the trap of a fixture **Fixture Supply** is a water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch. **Fixture Units**-Is a quantity in terms of which the load producing effects on the plumbing system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale **Fixture Unit Flow Rate** -- Is the total discharge flow in gallons per minute of a simple fixture divided by 7.5 gallons that provides the flow rate of that particular plumbing fixture as a unit of flow Fixtures are rated as multiple of this unit of flow. **Flood Level-**is a device located inside the tank for the purpose of maintaining water level **Ferrule**- A metallic sleeve called or otherwise joined to an opening in pipe into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe. **Flush Valve** Is a device located at the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets and similar fixtures. **Flushometer Valve** -- Is a device which discharges a predetermined quantity of water to the fixture for **Flushing** purposes activated by direct water pressure. **Grade**- is the slope or fall of pipe in reference to fraction of an inch per foot length of pipe. **Group Vent** -- A branch vent that performs its function for two or more traps. **Horizontal Pipe**-Means any pipe or fitting which makes an angle of more than 45' with the vertical Invert- is the lowest portion of the inside of any pipe or conduit that is not vertical. **Liquid Waste** -- is the discharge from any fixture appliance or appurtenance in connection with **Plumbing system** which does not receive fecal matter. **Local vent pipe** -- Is a pipe on the fixture side of the trap through which vapor or foul air is removed from A room or fixture **Looped Vent** is the same as Circuit Vent except that it loops back and connects with a stack vent instead of vent stack. **Lateral** in plumbing, it is a secondary pipe. In sewage, a common sewer to which no other common sewer is tributary. **Main** The main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the system to which branches maybe connected **Main Sewer** -- Is a sewer line or system directly controlled by public authority **Main Vent** -- Is the principal artery of the venting system to which vent branches may be connected Plumbing Fixtures- Are installed receptacles, devices, or appliances which are supplied with water, or which receives or discharges liquid or liquid borne waste with or without discharge into drainage system which maybe directly or indirectly connected. **Plumbing System-** The plumbing system includes the water supply distribution pipes; plumbing fixtures and traps, soll, waste and vent pipes; house drain and house sewers including their respective connections, devices appurtenances within the property lines of premises water treating or water using equipment **Relief Vent-** A relief vent\'s primary function is to provide circulation of air between drainage and vent system **Re-Vent Pipe** - A re-vent pipe (sometimes called individual vent) is that part of the vent pipeline which connects directly with an individual waste or group of wasters underneath or back of the fixture, and extend either to the main or branch vent pipe **Riser**-Is a water supply pipe which extend vertically one full storey or more to convey water to branches. or fixtures. **Rough**-In-Is the installation of all parts of the plumbing system which can be completed prior to the Installation of fixtures. This include drainage, water supply, vent piping and the necessary fixture supports. **Return Bend-** An open return bend usually with inside threads, but applied also to 180° bend in pipe **Public Sewer** - Is a common sewer directly controlled by public authorities where all abutters have equal rights of connection **Sanitary Sewage** The sewage containing human excrement and liquid household waste. It is also called domestic sewage. **Sanitary Sewer**- A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without industrial wastes and without the admixture of surface water, storm water or drainage.. **Secondary Branch-**Any branch in a building drain other than the primary branch. **Sewerage of Sewage work** - Is a comprehensive term including all construction or collection, transportation pumping, treatment and final disposition of sewage **Siamese Connection-** is a Y connection used on fire lines so that two lines of hose maybe connected to a hydrant or to the same nozzle. **Standpipe** - A vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water, frequently under pressure **Side Vent**-is a vent connecting to the drain pipe through a fitting at an angle not greater that 45 or to the vertical **Soil Pipe** Is any pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or fixture having similar functions, with Or without the discharge from other fixtures, to the building drains (house drain) or building, sewer (house sewer). **Stack**- Is the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipe **Stack Group** - Is a term applied to the location of fixtures in relation to the stack so that by means of proper fittings, vents may be reduced to a minimum. **Stack Vent** -- A stack vent is the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. It is sometimes called waste vent or soil vent. **Stack Venting**- is a method of venting a fixture or fixtures through the soil or waste stack. **Subsoil Drain-**Are underground drain pipes that receive sub-surface or seepage water only and convey it to a place of disposal **Sump**- A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid waste are drained **Trap** is a fitting or device so designed as to provide when properly vented a liquid seal that will prevent the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage through it. **Trap Seal- i**s the maximum vertical depth of liquid that trap will retain, measured between the crown weir and top of the dip of the trap **Vent Stack -** Is a vertical pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing circulation of air to different parts of the drainage system. **Vent System** -- Is a pipe or pipes installed to provide a flow or circulation of air within the plumbing system to protect trap seals siphoning and back pressure **Vertical Pipe --** Is a pipe installed in a vertical position or at an angle of not more than 45" with the vertical. **Waste pipe** -- is a pipe that conveys liquid waste from fixture that is free of fecal matter. **Water Distributing Pipe-**Water distributing pipe in a building or premises, is a pipe that conveys water from the water service pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets. **Water Service Pipe** -- Is the pipe from the water main or other source of water supply to the building served. **Water Supply System** The water supply of a building or premises consists of the water service pipe, the water distributing pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes fitting, control valves, and all appurtenance in or adjacent to the building or premises. **Wet Vent**- Is a vent that receives the discharge from wastes other than water closet