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Term Who What Where When Why Significant Unit 1 1. Maize Aztecs, Corn along with beans & Mexico, 6000 Transformed nomadic hunting Maya...

Term Who What Where When Why Significant Unit 1 1. Maize Aztecs, Corn along with beans & Mexico, 6000 Transformed nomadic hunting Maya squash became known as the America BCE - bands to settled agricultural villages 3 Sisters & were crucial to n Today b/c of less emphasis needed on NAI development as it Southwe hunting/gathering; increase in allowed for food surpluses. st health + population 2. Settlers & Exchange of goods between Europe, 1492- Disease unintended consequence Columbian Indigenous Europe & New World. Corn, New 1500s that wiped out natives. Animals Exchange people/ NAI potatoes, livestock. World changed native way of life. Led to demand for slaves: cash crops like sugar. 3. Native Spanish system where Spanish 1512 Led to enslavement, exploitation & Encomiend Americans, settlers were given authority colonies -1542 killing of NAI. Ended w/ creation of a System Spanish, over Indian land, gold & New Laws. Las Casas forced labor from natives Unit 2 4. Pueblo Pueblo Rebelled against Spanish America 1680 Most effective instance of Indian Revolt Indians, overlords, killing 400 & drove n SW resistance to colonization. Rejected Pope, out 2k settlers. Took 12 years Catholicism & killed priests, return Spanish for the Spanish to reconquer to traditional religious practices. the area. 5. Virginia London Joint stock company formed Jamesto 1607 1st successful British settlement in Company investors, to establish Jamestown wn NA. As a corporation, empowered explorers colony. to govern themselves, established precedent of self gov’t. 6. Frame of William Written constitution for PA Pennsylv 1682 Laws established in accordance Gov’t Penn that supported religions ania with Penn’s Quaker beliefs. tolerance, fair trade with NAI Reflected Enlight beliefs. Religious freedom, civil rights, self gov’t 7. Parliament, Defined colonies as suppliers British 1651 Mercantilism. Enumerated goods Navigation colonies, of raw materials & markets colonies (sugar, rum, tobacco, rice) must be Acts merchants for GB. No foreign merchants shipped to GB for re export. could trade in colonies. Only Salutary Neglect. Benefits England GB ships for colonial goods. & colonies economically. Leads to resentment when enforced. 8. City John Speech given on boat Boston 1630 Model of Christian charity for Upon a Hill Winthrop, Arbella. Colony would be a (Harbor), Puritans, start of American Puritans city on a hill watched by the Mass exceptionalism. Mentions by future world presidents: JFK, Reagan. Centrality of religion. Term Who What Where When Why Significant 9. Ann Ann Puritan banished from Mass Mass 1637 Challenged colonial gender roles Hutchinson Hutchinson Bay Colony for heresy in Bay and Church authority. Led to 1637. She preached the idea Colony foundation of more tolerant colonies that God communicated like Rhode Island (founded by directly to individuals instead Roger Williams). Ideas contributed of through the church elders. to foundational beliefs in Real issue was gender roles Constitution of separation of Church not religious heresy. and State. 10. King British, NAI War over land encroachment New 1675- Destroys power of the tribes. Philip's led by by British colonists England 1676 Continual disputes will be over land. War Metacom Most destructive war in US History in regard to population. 11. Iroquois Alliance & trade agreement New 1677 Established advantage for both: Covenant Confederac that gave Iroquois tribal York iroquois over other tribes, NY over Chain y supremacy & NY favorable other colonies. Shows agency of trading terms NAI using European powers for their own ends. 12. Locke, Intellectual movement Europe, 1600s Widespread ideas that were Enlightenm Montesquie thinkers tried to apply spread - separate from religion. Influenced ent u, principles of reason & to 1700s American political leaders & Rousseau, methods of science to all of colonies documents: Dec of I, Constitution, etc society Bill of Rights. Basis of Republicanism & Amer Rev. 13. Great George Religious movement that Northern 1730s Opposite the spread of Enligh Awakening Whitefield, emphasized emotional colonies, - ideas. 1st national movement. John aspects of religion spread 1760s Questioning authority, slaves first Edward, south intro to Christianity young people Unit 3 14. British, British Policy under which trade North 1700 - Salutary neglect contributed Salutary Colonists regulations for the colonies were America 1763 involuntarily to the increasing Neglect laxly enforced and supervision of n autonomy of colonial legal and colonial affairs was loose as long colonies legislative institutions, which as the colonies remained loyal to the British and contributed to its ultimately led to American economic profitability. independence. 15. Plan of Ben BF attempted to pass plan of Albany, 1754 Showed diverse interests + Union Franklin, intercolonial cooperation about NY sectionalism, not unified NAI defense, Plan that was initially (Iroquois), favored but shot down b/c fears of loss of power Albany Congress Reps 16. French Colonists, Conflict over Ohio River Ohio 1754- End of French power, some colonial & Indian NAI, Valley, resulted in loss of River 1763 unity, british debt, nai lose option play War France, GB French power in NA Valley the powers off each other, lots of  shifting property Term Who What Where When Why Significant 17. Pontiac + Ottowa Chief, Pontiac, led an Great 1763 Showcases the difference in NAI Pontiac’s NAI uprising in the wake of the Lakes relations b/w English vs French. Rebellion confederac French + Indian War to Region, Loss of agency. Demonstrated y, American oppose British expansion into Michigan viability of NAI alliances in struggle colonists, W. Ohio Valley. Led to the against European expansion & British Proclamation of 1763. Fort contributed to deteriorating relations Pitt: use of smallpox blankets b/w GB + colonies. Leads to against NAI forces. formation of vigilante groups (Paxton Boys) 18. Sons, American Sons used threats, protests, America 1765 - Sons and Daughters of Liberty were Daughters Colonists and acts of violence to n 1776 influential in orchestrating effective of Liberty intimidate those loyal to the Colonies resistance movements against British crown, and make their British rule in colonial America on grievances clear to the the eve of the Revolution, primarily British. ​They helped organize against what they perceived as and carry out the Boston Tea unfair taxation and financial Party. Daughters bolstered limitations imposed upon them. the cause by staging boycotts and producing homemade versions of products affected by non-importation. 19. Stamp Parliament, Taxes stamped, legal Colonies 1765 To raise revenue + pay off debt Act Sons of documents, and paper , GB, accumulated for F+ I war, Liberty, products. Affected all Boston americans use non-importation to Colonists colonists (not just merchants) hurt Brittain, act repealed in 1766 along w/ passing of Declaratory act, tensions, taxation without representation 20. Women Idea that women are the US 1770- Assigned gender roles, mothers Republican educators of the next 1830s had a civic duty in society, separate Motherhoo generation, must live spheres, men = public, women = d according to certain rules and private ideals 21. Parliament, Series of acts that unneces Colonies 1774 To punish colonies especially Coercive Colonists strain on colonists, like Boston after Tea Party, confirms Acts quartering act, admin of fears that GB wants to destroy justice act, etc. American Liberty 22. Articles Delegates Confederal system, very little Colonies 1777- Unstable due to confederal system, of at Cont. power vested in fed gov’t , US 1789 (federal power very limited can’t Confederat Congress tax) , shay’s rebellion proves this ion 23. NW Congress Legislation outlining gov’t in Territory 1787 One key success of A of C, gave Ordinance NW territory including how to NW of equal standing to new states of 1787 enter union, outlawing Ohio slavery, paired with Land Ord.  of 1785 Term Who What Where When Why Significant 24. Shays’ Daniel Shays, Armed march to courthouse Mass. 1787 Country in depression due to inflation, indebted attempting to shut down debtors induced by over printing of money, showed Rebellion farmers prison inability of gov’t formed by A o C to deal with crises, lead to constitutional convention 25. Great Congress: Bicameral legislature, compromise US 1787 Compromise between big and small states, small states vs between VA, NJ plans North and SOuth, commerce + slavery Compromi big states, se Madison 26. Hamilton, Collection of essays that supported US 1788 Division between federalists and Madison, Jay ratification of the constitution anti-federalists, addressed fears about Federalist constitution, said it would strengthen Papers government + preserve natural rights 27. Hamilton, G Set of measures: US 1790 Foundation of strong role of federal Washington 1. Assumption of states + government in economy Hamilton’s federal debt Economic 2. Establish a national bank Plan 3. Encourage manufacturing in the US 28. Jay’s British Gov’t, GB to withdraw all ships from US US 1794 To avert war over British seizure of US ships US Gov’t territory dual “most favored nation” required passage of Pinckney treaty w/ Treaty status, opposed by Jeffersonians Spanish (US gets navigation rights to Mississippi Riv) to appease Jeffersonians 29. George Letter written by GW at end of 2nd US 1796 Influenced US foreign policy until end of 19th Washington term, preservation of union, danger century Washingto of factions, and us should trade w/ n’s foreign countries but avoid political Farewell connections and alliances Address 30. XYZ John Adams, Caused by Jay's Treaty. American United 1797-8 Resulted in a limited, undeclared war known American and peace delegation in France, three States, as the Quasi-War. Raised anti-French Affair French agents of the French Foreign France sentiment which caused the passage of the Diplomats Minister (labeled as X, Y, and Z in Alien and Sedition Acts and the Adams' communications with establishment of Department of the Navy to Congress), and the French Foreign oversee naval affairs. Minister's demand for a bribe from US. 31. Alien & Congress, 4 acts passed by congress, curtailed US 1798 Suppression of civil liberties, an attempt by Adams, freedom of press + immigrants and the federalists to defeat Jeffersonians Sedition Jefferson foreigners Acts Unit 4 32. Market Entrepreneurs, Rapid development in transportation, US, 1800-1 Industrial regionalization, (North vs south) Slater (textile commercialization and especially 840 shift towards paid labor, factory work, and Revolution mills) industrialization in North more opportunity for women in industrial (Lowell) workforce 33. Marbury, Midnight judges instated by Adams, US 1803 Established role of supreme court, judicial Madison, Madison CTJ (sec of state) tries to review courts have duty to say what law is Marbury v Marshall remove, Marbury sues but cannot enforce it Madison 34. Henry Clay, Bank, tariff, internal improvements US 1816 - Gov’t sponsored economic development, est Madison (roads, canals). 1830 new industries, reduce dependence on American foreign made goods. Leads to Market System Revolution Term Who What Where When Why Significant 35. Slave Missouri added as a slave US, 1820 Senate stayed balanced between Missouri states, free state, Maine as free state, Missouri, free states and slave states Compromi states line established by congress Maine se dictates states of slavery 36’30 added in the future line 36. Monroe John Statement issued saying that US 1823 Could not enforce, Britain would Doctrine Quincy western hemisphere was have to. “Big bark from small dog” Adams, closed off to further Monroe colonization 37. 2nd Southerner Religious revival starts in South 1790s Democratized Christianity. Created Great s: slaves, Burned Out District of New - a distinctly African American brand Awakening white York and spread south 1830s of christianity, used by slave owners owners, amongst slaves and white to control slaves Finney & southerners. Leads to new Cartwright Protestant sects. (preachers) 38. Indian Jackson, Money to relocate tribes by Georgia 1830 NAI who assimilated were not free Removal congress, force if necessary Alabama from this, AJ ignores 2 supreme Act Southern , court cases that said Cherokees Civilized Mississip were “domestic dependent nations.” tribes pi, Results in Trail of Tears. Florida → Oklahom a 39. Nat Nat Turner, An armed rebellion of Virginia 1831 Ultimately unsuccessful. Turner was Turner enslaved people, led by Nat executed. Organized emancipation Rebellion Turner efforts dwindled and harsher punishments were instituted toward enslaved peoples. 40. South SC responds negatively to SC 1832- States rights, economic downturn, Nullificatio Carolina, the Tariff of 1832 and nullifies 1833 Compromise possible because of n Crisis Jackson it within their borders, Henry Clay. Avoidance of Civil War Jackson issues Force Bill. as a result. Eventually compromise reached with Tariff of 1833, SC ends nullification but nullifies Force Bill to spite Jackson 41. Bank Jackson, Jackson opposed the renewal US 1832 Effective end of American system, War Biddle of the bank charter, vetoed led to the formation of the Whigs recharter of bank, defeats who were opposed of Jackson. No Biddle Nat’l Bank until 1913. 42. 2nd AJ, Clay, Term used to describe party US 1828- Reflected and shaped political, American Democrats, system during Jacksonian era 1854 social, and cultural attitudes during Party Whigs Jacksonian era System Term Who What Where When Why Significant 43. Seneca Women, Women’s rights convention Seneca 1848 1st women’s rights convention, Falls Mott, Falls, resulted in declaration of Convention Stanton Upstate, sentiments, part of national reform NY community response to market revolution Unit 5 44. American Idea that said americans West 1845- Justified aggressive expansion, NAI Manifest Settlers, were destined to expand from 1900 removal, sparked war with mexico Destiny O’sullivan coast to coast 45. Polk War between mexico and us, NM, CA, 1846- Politically divisive, set precedent for Mexican resolved by treaty of Hidalgo, TX 1848 territorial acquisitions, reignites American mexico cedes CA and NM, slavery debate with Wilmot Proviso. War Rio grande becomes border between Texas and Mexico, pays 15 mil for SW 46. Henry Clay, Negotiated as last attempt to Western 1850 Last peaceful resolution of Compromi Calhoun, settle issue of slavery territorie disagreement between north and se of 1850 Daniel 1 CA becomes a free state s south, shows compromise is still Webster 2 People in NM and UT decide possible on slavery 3 Slave trades end in DC 4 Stricter Fugitive slave Laws 5 TX gives up land claims 47. Republican New political party, aftermath NE 1854 Became one of the two big parties, Republican s, mostly of whigs, free soil platform still today, ideology during this time Party those that is more aligned with modern used to be democrats whigs 48. Kansas Stephen Propose opening northern Kansas, 1854 Impetus for bleeding kansas and Nebraska Douglas, indian territory (KS, NE) Nebrask Lecompton constitution, overwrites Act Calhoun, allowing their position on a Missouri compromise by permitting Clay, slavery to be decided based slavery above Mason Dixon line. Webster on popular sovereignty 49. Know Whigs, The American party. Based US 1854 Shows intense nativism, Nothing disaffected on nativism: anti-catholic, anti-immigrant sentiment after Party Northern anti-irish, participates in increased immigration of the 40s democrats Bloody Kansas, later split and 50s because of slavery issue, many go to Republican party 50. Dred Dred Scott, Said slaves not citizens, but Supreme 1857 Heightens tensions, North is fearful Scott Justice property. Missouri comp Court Decision Taney declared unconstitutional, slaves cannot sue. Term Who What Where When Why Significant 51. Republican Congressional act by US, 1862 Large impetus for western Homestead Congress, congress, giving land sales in West expansion, example of legislation Act Lincoln the West. Could get 160 probably only because of the lack of acres for a small fee, promise southern representation to improve land in some ways 55. Lincoln, Abe’s threat to the US 1862 Precursor to 13th amendment, Emancipati Confederat confederate that he would confeder focused civil war more on slavery on e states free all slaves in states still in acy issue Proclamati rebellion on Jan 1st,1863. on Freed slaves where he didn’t have jurisdiction, kept them slaves where he could have freed them 56. Lincoln At a dedication ceremony for Gettysbu 1863 First time Lincoln connects the Civil Gettysburg the Gettysburg ceremony and rg, PA war to the fight for freedom and Address to honor those who died at equality, rather than simply a fight Gettysburg, Lincoln gives to preserve union. Invokes speech to rally morale in the connections to the Dec of Union to preserve the union Independence and that “all men are and its freedoms created equal” 57. Radical 13-15th amendments: US Ratifie Accomplished immediate goal of Reconstruc republicans slavery, citizenship, voting. d reconstruction (rights + tion , former Conflict between 1865, reunification) federal protection of Amendmen slaves congressional and pres 1868, rights for African Americans ts reconstruction 1870 Southern states: opposed by women 58. Freed System of farming which South Late Allowed further oppression of the Sharecrop slaves, owned by a white person, 1860s officially enfranchised freedmen, ping southern paid for the land, in some -1940 predominant farming system in post landowners percentages of the goods s civil war south produced 59. Black African State and local laws US 1880s Upheld and enforced a system of Codes/ Jim Americans, legalizing segregation - 1968 white supremacy and entrenched Crow Laws local throughout the US racism in the structures of society government s 60. Rutherford Compromise ending the South 1877 Formally ended military Compromi B Hayes, contested election of 1877 by reconstruction of the south, hinted se of 1877 congress, placing Republican Hayes in at the end of republican national south office but removing dominance oppressive Northern military influence in South  Term Who What Where When Why Significant Unit 6 61. Gilded Mark Twain, Conspicuous consumption, displays US Late Evidence of shifting morality, excesses of upper class of wealth, idolatry of a lavish lifestyle 19th 2nd industrial Revolution. Age Centur y 62. Political Boss Tweed, Corrupt political entities like NY, 1830s- Thrived off kickbacks and bribes from Thomas Tammany Hall controlled by a boss Chicago, 1930 businesses. Fraud, political domination and Machines Nast that wielded immense power over Philadelp graft in the Gilded Age. Made it difficult for local/state politics. Controlled tax good, qualified people to break into political hia rates, exchanged favors/votes for office (Teddy Roosevelt). Stole millions from jobs especially for immigrants taxpayers. Later faced scrutiny from critics like Nast and Pendleton Act of 1883. 63. The Former Term that described new South 1877 South was primarily slave based economy Confederacy, social/political/economic systems in and had to figure out how to create a new New South American the South post Civil War in an way to create revenue. Not very successful. attempt to rebuild the South - Share cropping, segregation continues. South industrialize, modernize