Early Contemporary Age (1789-1900) Review PDF

4º ESO – REVIEW EARLY CONTEMPORARY AGE (1789 – 1900) What we study in the societies of the past Politics Society Economy Culture How the commodities that Di...

4º ESO – REVIEW EARLY CONTEMPORARY AGE (1789 – 1900) What we study in the societies of the past Politics Society Economy Culture How the commodities that Different social Official language, are important to life are How the groups of that religion, etc. in a produced (food, houses, important society. society. etc.) decisions that affect Those with power Science, Philosophy, How technology is applied. everyone are and wealth and world view made. those who work. How wealth is distributed Education system (fairly or unfairly) How the Degree of fairness and access to government is in the distribution of education (only the Big/small inequalities organized. wealth and power elites? For between the rich and the among people. everybody?) poor POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS 1. GREAT BRITAIN (17th century – between 1642 and 1688): A Civil War between the supporters of parliamentarianism and the supporters of Absolutism. It ends with the establishment of a PARLAMENTARIAN (OR CONSTITUTIONAL) MONARCHY. 2. AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1776 – 1787): The 13 colonies of the East Coast of today’s United States rise up against the British colonisers. CAUSES: the English monopoly of trade that left out the American white settlers and the lack of representations of these in the British Parliament. CONSEQUENCE: US independence. An entire new nation if born based on the principles of LIBERALISM. 3. FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789 – 1799): Revolution against Absolutism. Extremely violent. It goes through several stages: a. National and legislative assemblies (CONSTITUTINAL MONARCHY) b. Republican conventions (GIRONDIN CONVENTION between 1792 and 1793, that executes king Louis XVI and JACOBIN CONVENTION, between 1793 and 1794, the one that imposed THE TERROR) c. THE DIRECTORIO (1795 – 1799): Conservative period ruled by a directory of 5 members.  d. 1799: NAPOLEON IMPOSES THE CONSULATE (3 consuls, being him the most important) e. 1804: NAPOLEON CROWNS HIMSELF EMPEROR. 1 st French Empire. Napoleon spreads the most conservative ideas of the French Revolution through war against other European nations. He creates a large empire. f. 1815: Defeat of Napoleon in the battle of Waterloo. The Absolutist powers (Prussia, Rusia, Austria, with the support of Britain), meet at the CONGRESS OF VIENNA. They try to BRING BACK ABSOLUTISM. 4. REVOLUTIONS OF 1820, 1830 and 1848 a. 1820: Independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Failed revolutions in Spain (Trienio Liberal), Portugal… b. 1830: Independence of Belgium from the Netherlands. France deposes the absolute monarch and replaces him with Luis Felipe (supposed to be a liberal) c. 1848: France deposes Luis Felipe and proclaims the 2nd Republic. Short afterwards, Napoleon III (family of Napoleón I) stages a coup d’etat and proclaims the II French Empire (1852 – 1871). 5. NATIONALISM a. Ideology according to which every people with a shared identity, language, traditions, etc. is entitled to build a state for themselves. b. TYPES OF NATIONALISM: ✓ UNIFYING: several territories with a shared identity come together to make their own state. ✓ SEPARATIST: the people from a territory feel oppressed by the nation they are ascribed to and try to segregate to proclaim their own independent state. c. THE 2 GREAT UNIFYING NATIONAL PROCESSES OF THE 19 th CENTURY: ✓ GERMAN UNIFICATION (1864 – 1871) ✓ ITALIAN UNIFICATIN (1859 – 1870)  ECONOMIC REVOLUTION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: 1ST) 1850 – 1870: Textile, iron, coal, steam, development of railways, steamboats. 2nd) 1870 – 1945: Oil, electricity, cars, planes, big multinational corporations, etc. POLITICAL + ECONOMIC REVOLUTIONS = SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION Old Regime society (divided in 3 states, clergy, nobility and commoners, peasants, urban workers, bourgeoisie, LOW SOCIAL MOBILITY etc.) gives way to the Industrial Class Society (high bourgeoisie, middle classes / petit – bourgeoisie and proletarians, peasants, etc. HIGHER SOCIAL MOBILITY, at least in theory) SOCIAL CLASS THAT COMMANDS THESE REVOLUTIONS: the bourgeoisie. Once they add political power to the economic one that they already had, they become conservative. INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS (proletarians) do not see many changes in their lives. Political freedom is not enough if most of the wealth is in the hands of a minoritarian group. This leads to the WORKER’S MOVEMENT, which can be: REFORMISTIC if it seeks changes within the capitalism system without destroying it and changing it for other, or REVOLUTIONARIES: when the workers come to the conclusion that capitalism is evil by definition and can only be radically eliminated through a revolutionary process. REVOLUTIONARY IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORKING CLASSES: MARXISM: the workers must seize the power of the state and use it to build communism. ANARCHISM: the state and capitalism must be replaced at the same time by a society based on the ideas of direct democracy and self – organisation of the workers by themselves. IMPERIALISM European countries were going through a Industrial Revolution and need more and more resources. Besides, they had been exploring and conquering new territories since the 16th centuriy. Portugal and Spain were the 1st ones, but then the Netherlands, Sweeden, Russia, France, the UK and others followed them. By the turn of the 19th century to the 20th one, the British Empire was the World dominating power. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM Cheap raw materials to supply the Industrial Revolution. Sell in the colonial territories those products that couldn’t be sold in the country (open new markets)  Political nationalism. A competition among the countries for the prestige (“my empire is bigger than yours! ha, ha, ha”!!!) Excuse: bring civilization to “inferior”, non-white and European peoples. Racism. EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISM Explotation and abuses against the indigenous populations. Imposition of Western culture to the colonised indigenous populations. Destruction of their own cultures. ESPAÑA 1808 – 1815: Guerra de la Independencia contra los franceses. 1812, Cortes de Cádiz. 1ª constitución (“La Pepa”). 1815 – 1821: Sexenio Absolutista; Fernando VI vuelve a imponer la monarquía absoluta. 1821 – 1823: Trienio liberal. Pronunciamiento del general Riego. Aplicación de medidas liberales. Derrocado por la intervención de la Santa Alianza y el Congreso de Viena (100 000 hijos de San Luis) 1833: muere Fernando VII. Cambia la Ley Sálica por la Pragmática Sanción para que su hija Isabel pueda ser reina. Su hermano, Carlos María Isidro se rebela y crea el ejército Carlista (defensores del Absolutismo). 3 guerras Carlistas a lo largo del siglo XIX. Diversos cambios de gobierno y conflictos (II Guerra Carlista, Década Moderada, bienio progresista, etc.). Isabel II llega al trono (1843 – 1868). Bajo su reinado se consolida un liberalismo moderado. 1868: Revolución “Gloriosa” y Sexenio Democrático. Se intenta consolidar un liberalismo más amplio y progresista en el país. Reinado de Amadeo de Saboya (1871 – 1873) 1873: Abdicación de Amadeo: proclamación de la I REPUBLICA. III Guerra Carlista. 1874: Golpe de estado que pone fin a la I República. COMIENZA LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA MONARQUÍA PERÍODO DE LA RESTAURACIÓN (1874 – 1923) 2 REYES: Alfonso XII (1875 – 1885) y Alfonso XIII (1886 – 1931) MANIPULACIÓN ELECTORAL (CACIQUISMO, PUCHERAZOS) 2 partidos se suceden en el gobierno mediante el llamado “turno pacífico” a base de amañar las elecciones. Partido Conservador (Cánovas del Castillo) y Partido Liberal (Sagasta) Conclusión final del siglo XIX español: una tímida e incompleta Revolución Industrial, y una revolución liberal también incompleta. Todo ello generará muchos conflictos en el siglo XX (de ahí la Guerra Civil 1936 – 1939)