Unorganized Drugs Lecture 2 Summer 2023-2024 PDF

 DRIED JUICES Juices are fluid plant saps being usually aqueous liquids, containing dissolved substances and present in plant in special structures. They occur either in cells (Aloes) or in cavities (Eucalyptus). ALOE ‫الصبر‬ Aloes: is the solid...

 DRIED JUICES Juices are fluid plant saps being usually aqueous liquids, containing dissolved substances and present in plant in special structures. They occur either in cells (Aloes) or in cavities (Eucalyptus). ALOE ‫الصبر‬ Aloes: is the solid residue obtained by evaporating the liquid which drains from the cut leaves of Aloe ferox and Aloe vera and other species and varieties of Aloe Fam. Liliaceae. Alow vera Aloe ferox  ALOE Physical Characters: 1- Color: dark brown or nearly black. 2- odor: characteristic and disagreeable. 3- Taste: very bitter. 4- Fracture: hard. Solubility: - Partially soluble in water - Insoluble in ether, petroleum ether or chloroform. Constituents The principle constituents of all varieties of Aloes is yellow crystalline anthraquinone glycoside, barbaloin, resin, aloe-emodin (anthraquinone which is a hydrolytic decomposition product of barbaloin). Uses: 1- Purgative (used in certain forms of constipation as it improves the digestion and does not lose its activity by repetition). N.B. The fresh mucilagenous gel of Aloe vera leaves (present just under the skin of leaves) is used in treatment of burns, skin irritations and has emolient effects.  TESTS FOR IDENTITY 0.5 g powder + 50 ml water → boil for 2-3 min → cool add kieselguhr → shake and filter →clear filtrate The clear filtrate responds to the following tests for identification: 1- Borax test for anthranols: 5 ml filtrate + 0.2 g borax → Dissolve by heating → transfer 5-10 drops of this solution to a test tube nearly filled with water → green flourescence ( the green fl. Is produced due to the formation of aloe emodine- anthranol liberated from barbaloin by hydrolysis with borax) (Reductive hydrolysis) (Anthraquinone) Rose red colour with KOH 2- Test for barbaloin (Bromine water test): 1ml filtrate + 1 ml bromine T.S. → pale yellow ppt. is formed. 3-Test for free anthraquinones : 10 ml filtrate + 20 ml ether → shake 10 ml of ether layer with 10 ml of diluted Soln. of NH4OH → a rose red color is produced in ammoniacal layer. Resins and Resin Combinations Solubility Insoluble in water. Insoluble in petroleum ether except colophony resin. Soluble in alcohol, CHCl3 and ether → clear solutions (Evaporate) deposition of resin as a varnish- like film. Preparation Mainly by incision. Or by extraction with ethanol and precipitation in water. Occurrence in plants either: Alone → e.g Guaiacum resin In combination with: Gums → Gum-resins → Gamboge V.O. → Oleo-resins →Turpentine and Copaiba Gums and V.O. → Oleo-gum-resins → Myrrh and Asafoetida  Found either: In all elements of the drug → Guaiacum Resin is present in all elements of heart wood. In special structures (commonly) e.g. cells, ducts, cavities or external glands.  Colophony ‫راتنج التربنتينا‬ It is the residue left after distilling the volatile oil from the oleo-resin obtained from Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus (fam. Pinaceae). Distillation to separate resin from oil Method of preparation of Colophony resin (Rosin) Constituents: Abietic acids(α,β,γ, 84%), which are diterpenes. They are formed, by the effect of heat (Artifacts), from pimaric acid which is present in natural turpentine. Uses: some varnishes printing inks Stimulant and diuretic floor coverings ingredient of ointments Neo-abietic acid 300Co Distillation COOH COOH Abietic acid L-Pimaric acid Test for identity: (Test for abietic acid) 0.5 g colophony + 5 ml petroleum ether → shake →filter →filtrate + equal volume of dil. Copper acetate T.S. → the pet. Ether layer assumes emerald green color.  OLEO-GUM-RESIN Resin which is present in association with gums and volatile oil. 1- Asafoetida Halteet, Abu Kabeer (‫)حلتيت‬ Asafoetida is an oleo-gum-resin obtained by incision of the living rhizomes and roots of Ferula foetida , Fam. Umbelliferae The oleo-gum resin is formed in: large schizogenous ducts in the cortex of the stem and the root.  Organoleptic properties: Odor: alliaceous (garlic - like) Taste: bitter, alliaceous and acrid. Tests for Identity: on freshly fractured surface of the tear Test for combined umbelliferone: 1g Asafoetida + 20 ml (HCl+water) →Boil → filter into water made strongly alkaline with strong soln. of NH4OH →Blue fluorescence. Constituents: Resin (45-60%): containing mainly sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene- coumarins of the umbelliferone type (combined umbelliferone) Volatile oil (3-17%): pinene and sulphides asadisulphide, tri, tetra- sulphides. The sulphides content of the volatile oil is responsible for the characteristic alliaceous odor and taste of the drug. Gum: on acid hydrolysis produces glucuronic acid, galactose, arabinose and rhamnose. Uses: carminative, expectorant, antispasmodic and laxative 2- Myrrh ‫مر البطارخ‬ Is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from stems and branches of Commiphora molmol and other species of Commiphora (Fam. Burseraceae) Oleo-gum resin is formed in: schizogenous secretion reservoirs in the bark and pith. Constituents: Volatile oil : containing terpenes and sesquiterpenes (furanogermacranes, furanoguaiananes and furanoeudesmanes), esters and cuminic aldehyde. Resin: containing ,  and -commephoric acid and phenolic resins. Gum: containing galactose, arabinose and galacturonic acid associated with oxidase enzyme and protein. Uses: In perfumes, has local antiseptic and astringent action on mucous membranes (mouth washes and gargles). Its sesquiterpenes are reported to have antibacterial and antifungal properties.