Unorganized Drugs Lecture 2 PDF

Unorganized Drugs Lecture 2 Dr. Suzy El-Sherbeni Pharmacognosy-2 Gum-Resin (Gamboge)  Gum-Resin gamboge It is the gum resin obtained from Garcinia hanburyi, F. Guttiferae. The yellow resinous emulsion is contained in secretory...

Unorganized Drugs Lecture 2 Dr. Suzy El-Sherbeni Pharmacognosy-2 Gum-Resin (Gamboge)  Gum-Resin gamboge It is the gum resin obtained from Garcinia hanburyi, F. Guttiferae. The yellow resinous emulsion is contained in secretory ducts in the cortex and phloem of the tree. Spiral incisions are made to exude this gum-resin. The drug is solidify after collection. It contains 25 % gum as acacia gum with oxidase enzyme, Resin (60-80 %) containing  , β and γ - garcinolic acids known as cambogic acid. It is used as Drastic purgative and as a pigment.  Oleo Resin Copaiba Copaiba & Canada balsam balsam Canada balsam Copaiba (Rashed and Salam Tree) Canada balsam 1-The oleo-resin obtained by 1- The oleo-resin obtained by incisions of Copaifera incisions in the stem of Abies langsdorffii and other species balsamea F. Pinacaea. F. Leguminoseae. The oleo- The oleo-resin is found in the resin is found in the schizogenous ducts in the bark only. schizogenous ducts in the When they filled with oleo-resin secondary wood. blisters are formed.  Copaiba (Rashed and Salam Tree) Canada balsam 2-It is viscous brown fluid 2- A pale yellow liquid (fresh), then (fresh). harden on keeping. 3- It contains V.O. 24 % 3-It contains a mixture of (mainly l-pinene) volatile oil and resin, a - Resin (70 %) composed of canadinic fluorescent substance and acid, alpha and beta canadinolic acids. bitter principle. 4- It is used as microscopical permanent 4- It is used as expectorant mountant, glue for optical glasses or and urinary anti-septic due to lenses. volatile oil portion.  Oleo-Gum-Resin Myrrh Myrrh and Asafoetida Asafoetida  Myrrh Asafoetida The oleo-gum-resin obtained from *The drug is obtained by incising the stem of Commiphora molmol the living rhizomes and roots of F. Burseraceae Ferula foetida and other species. F. Umbelliferae. It is found in schizolysigenous cavities in the phloem. It exudes *The drug obtained by cutting the spontaneously or by incisions. roots into slices (resin is found in It is reddish brown tears or schizogenous ducts) masses. *It is greyish white masses. Aromatic odor *Strong bad odor.  Myrrh Asafoetida It contains: 1- Volatile oil (up to 8 %) It contains: 1- Volatile oil (10-17 %) is responsible for the aromatic odor. responsible for the bad odor due to 2- Resin (25-40 %) containing ether disulphides and l-pinene. soluble acid commiphoric acid and 2- Resin (40-46 %) asaresinol ferulate ether insoluble alpha and beta- which is a phenolic substance changed heerabomyrrholic acid and phenolic to red then brown on exposure to air. compound. 3- Gum (25 %) 3- Gum (60 %) of the acacia type. 4-No free Umbelliferone  Myrrh Asafoetida *Triturate with water … yellow *Triturate with water … white emulsion emulsion *Extract with ether … evaporate *The fresh cut surface + HNO3 … … expose the residue to Br2 green color. vapour or HNO3 fumes … violet *……. + H2SO4 … red color + water color …. violet color *It is used as stimulant and *It is used as antispasmodic, antiseptic. Carminative and laxative. *As a mouth wash, carminative *As repellant against dogs, cats … and in perfumery. *As nerve stimulant in disorder related to hysteria.  Galbanum & Asafoetida Galbanum consists of: volatile oil, resin, gum & umbelliferone. The Resin when boiled with solution of KOH gives galbaresinotannol and umbellic acid. Umbelliferone is found in free state.  Galbanum & Asafoetida are both oleo-gum- resin belong to the same family (Umbelliferea). Asafoetida contains no free umbelliferone, which distinguishes it from galbanum. Asafoetida oleo-gum-resin + HCl , boil ….. filter on ammonia solution….blue fluorescence indicating the formation of free umbelliferone Ferulic acid by HCl (heat) Umbellic acid Looses water Umbelliferone ‫اللبان الدكر‬ Frankincense (olibanum) ‫الكندر‬ The oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stem of Boswellia species F. Burseraceae ‫شجر اللبان‬  Small trees in Somaliland. They contain schizogenous ducts in the bark Frankincense means pure high-quality incense. Arabic name means white color It consists of 60-70% resin, 27% gum and 5-7% volatile oil (pinene- phellandrene) It contains terpenoids as pentacyclic triterpenes: β-boswellic acid Frankincense Essential Oil is steam distilled from frankincense resin and is used for anxiety, asthma, bronchitis, extreme coughing and stress.  Both frankincense and myrrh have been used in herbal science for ages They have been used for centuries as incense. They have been burned and laid on charcoal to smoke. Both have also been used in mummification and preparing bodies for burial. The antibacterial properties of both compounds may help to purify the air and aid in preservation in both cases.  Myrrh and Frankincense *Frankincense is used as an aid in digestion. It can be chewed like gum or steam distilled. *Frankincense has also been used for arthritis. The tears can be infused in oil and made into a salve.  Myrrh and Frankincense * Like Frankincense, myrrh has also been used for arthritis. *Myrrh has long been used for oral treatments. It decreases inflammation in the mouth and can kill bacteria. This makes it a great aid in mouth ulcers, tooth problems and other oral issues.  Frankincense and Myrrh bioactive properties: 1- Anti-inflammatory 2-Protect GIT generally and against colon cancer *Carminative 3-Anti-oxidant and antitumor 4-Relaxation effect, so used in anxiety and insomnia 5-Antibacterial (antiseptic) 6-Protect the respiratory tract against microbial infections *Dissolve sputum, as expectorant and in cough therapy 7-Analgesic 8- Cause weight loss 9- Inhibit platelets aggregation (heart and circulatory diseases) 10-Neuroprotective  Tolu & Peru Tolu Balsams Peru balsam balsam  Balsams They Contain Aromatic acids (cinnamic and benzoic) and their esters Balsam of Tolu Balsam of Peru 1-It is obtained by incision of the It is obtained from the beaten trunk of Myroxylon toluiferum and scorched trunk of Myroxylon F. Fabaceae. pereirae F. Leguminoseae. 2-Althaugh schizogenous ducts 2- The same are present in the cortex of young twigs, but the balsam is obtained from the tree bark by wounds (pathologically).  Balsam of Tolu Balsam of Peru 3-It is a soft yellow mass.. On 3-It is heavier than water (used to keeping it becomes brown solid. detect adulteration) 4-It has agreeable odor (odor of 4-It is a brown viscoid liquid. vanillin). 5-It has agreeable odor (odor of 5-It adheres to surfaces. vanillin). 6-Shows crystals of cinnamic acid 6-It does not adhere to surfaces. under microscope. 7-Shows crystals of cinnamic acid 7-dissolves in alcohol and under microscope. chloroform 8-dissolves in alcohol and chloroform (not in water)  Balsams They Contain Aromatic acids (cinnamic and benzoic) and their esters Both balsams contain: Tests for both balsams: 1- Resin composed of 1- Alcoholic solution is acidic resinotannol phenols combined to litmus paper. with cinnamic and benzoic acids. 2- Alc. sol. + FeCl3 … green 2- Free aromatic acids mainly color (resinotannol) cinnamic acid. 3-Aqueous sol. + KMnO4 … 3- Esters (benzyl benzoate and benzaldehyde odor. cinnamate) 4- vanillin  Tolu Balsam Peru Balsam It is used as antiseptic and it is used as external expectorant internally. wounds antiseptic, As pleasant ingredient of ointment excipient, cough mixtures (syrup or tinctures). topically for burns, erythema, pruritus and In Perfumery is fixative for ulcers. )‫تقرحات‬- ‫ حكة‬-‫(إحمرار‬ volatile products.  Benzoin Balsam Siam Siam and Sumatra Sumatra Benzoin Benzoin  Balsam of Siam Balsam of Sumatra The balsamic resin obtained from The balsamic resin obtained by Styrax tonkinensis F. Styraceae. incisions of the tree of Styrax benzoin. F. Styraceae. Balsam is obtained by incisions in the trunk, secretions between wood and Balsam is obtained by injuries. bark. It is an opaque creamy tears imbedded It occurs as white masses imbedded in in brown matrix. Fracture is dull and brown transparent resin. uneven. It has vanilla like odor. It has agreeable odor.  Siam Balsam Contents: 39% total aromatic 1- Mainly esters (coniferyl benzoate 60-80%) acids 2- Benzoic acid 36%, total aromatic acids is 36% benzoic acid about 39% from which 3% is cinnamic acid; for this reason, it gives no benzaldehyde. 3% cinnamic acid 3- Siaresinol benzoate and siaresinolic acid (triterpenoid). 4- Vanillin and an oily aromtic liquid (esters of benzoic acid).  Sumatra Balsam 25% total aromatic Contents: acids 1- Mainly esters of cinnamic and benzoic acids 8% benzoic acid together with free acids (25 %), cinnamic acid is twice that of benzoic acid. 17% cinnamic acid 2- Benzoresinol ester & sumaresinolic acid (triterpenes). 3- Traces of vanillin, styrol and styracin.  Balsam of Siam Balsam of Sumatra Tests: Tests: 1- Dry heat … No white irritant 1- Dry heat … white irritant fumes evolves. fumes evolves. 2- Powder + KMnO4 solution … 2- Powder + KMnO4 solution … No odor of benzaldehyde. odor of benzaldehyde. Both Balsams are used as expectorant, antiseptic, in fumigating mixtures, in cosmetic formulations and perfumery.  Questions 1-Balsam of Peru, Tolu, Siam and Sumatra have vanillin odor…… is this 5-Could we obtain high true? quantity of Siam benzoin from natural secretions? 2-Asafoetide has bad odor due to …….. 6-Canada balsam 3-Myrrh contains volatile oil which has composed mainly of ……. effect cinnamic acid …is this 4-Cinnamic acid is found in a higher true? percentage in balsam of……..  Classification of resin according to chemical composition Resin acid As in colophony, copiaba, myrrh Resinol Guaiacum, Siam & Sumatra balsams Resinotannol Aloe, Peru balsam, Tolu balsam, galbanum Resin ester As in asafoetida, Benzoin, balsam of Peru & Tolu Resene mastic Glycosidal resin Jalap & podophylllum  Types of unorganized drugs according to nature of the drug 1-Extracts 2-Gums & saccharine substances Gambir Agar Gum Arabic Gum Gelatin Tragacanth Catechu Honey Manna Extracts Catechu Agar Gelatin Catechu is an extract obtained by boiling heartwood of Acacia species in water then evaporating this extract. It contains catechutannic acid. It is used as astringent, for tanning and dying. AGAR-AGAR Agar is the dried and bleached (by exposure to sun) product obtained by concentrating a decoction made by boiling marine algae of Gelidium species in water  AGAR-AGAR Agar consists mainly of calcium salt of sulphuric acid ester of a carbohydrate complex (mixture of agarose and agaropectin polymers). Acid hydrolysis gives galactose as the polymer unit. It is used to provide microbial growth culture media, as solidifying agent. After hydrolysis it reduces Fehling Mixture.  GELATIN It is obtained by evaporating an aqueous extract of skin and bones of animals. It is composed mainly of protein glutin. Gelatins sheets It is used as a base for glycerin suppositories & for preparation of nutrient media for bacterial growth  GELATIN We could distinguish between agar & gelatin by: *Heating gelatin with soda lime gives odor of ammonia. Gelatins sheets *Yellow ppt. is formed when picric acid is added to gelatin solution. Thank You