Unorganized Drugs Lecture 1 Summer 2023-2024 PDF

Unorganized drugs are crude drugs of plant or animal origin that have no definite cellular structure. They are either: 1- Mixtures of chemical substances. 2-The decomposition products of substances originally present in the biological source of the drug.  They are produced in plants or animals,...

Unorganized drugs are crude drugs of plant or animal origin that have no definite cellular structure. They are either: 1- Mixtures of chemical substances. 2-The decomposition products of substances originally present in the biological source of the drug.  They are produced in plants or animals, either: Normally: e.g. plant mucilages (intracellular formation) Pathologically as a result of certain processes as injuries, incisions, etc (extracellular formation). e.g. Gums Unorganized drugs can be classified based upon their origin and nature into: 1-Gums 2-Dried Extracts 3-Dried Juices 4-Latex 5-Resins 6- Resin combinations. I- Gums:  Gums are obtained from trees and shrubs. They are abnormal products, resulting from pathological conditions brought about either by:  Injury.  Or by unfavorable conditions of growth e. g. drought. They are usually formed by changes in the existing cell walls.  The conversion of cell walls of a tissue into gum is known as Gummosis. General characters: Amorphous, translucent or transparent solids. Solubility: 1- Insoluble in alcohol and in most organic solvents. 2-Soluble in water, yielding viscous usually adhesive colloidal solutions or swelling by the absorption of water into a jelly - like mass. C.f. Gums: XXXXXXXX  Pectin, hemicelluloses (insoluble in water) and mucilages (soluble in water) yield on hydrolysis sugars and uronic acids. But they are normal products of cell activity.  Artificial gums (e.g. Dextrin): are produced from starch by enzymatic or incomplete acid hydrolysis. They differ from gums in being entirely converted into dextrose (glucose) by dilute mineral acids. Differencs Gum Arabic Gum tragacanth (Gum acacia) ‫صمغ الكثيرة‬ ‫الصمغ العربي‬ 1- Shape Tears Ribbon-shaped flakes 2- Origin Is the dried gummy Is the dried gummy exudation exudation obtained from obtained by incision from the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer Acacia senegal Fam. Leguminosae. Fam. Leguminosae. (Fabaceae) (Fabaceae)  Differences Gum Acacia Gum Tragacanth 3- Collection 1- The formation of gum 1- when the stem is incised the gum and is greatly increased by exudes and dries. Preparation wounding the stems (in 2- The form that it assumes being young phloem and dependant on the form of the cambium) incision: 2- later, peeling the bark Vertical slits→ flat ribbon- shaped to expose the cambium. pieces. 4- after 3-6 weeks the punctures→ vermiform tears. gum which forms in tears It is produced by the is collected. transformation of the cell walls of N.B. gum is also the pith and medullary rays into spontaneously exuded gum. from wild trees, but is gum easily absorbs water and darker in color and not swells exerting a pressure on the so valuable. surrounding tissue and go out when the stem is wounded.  Bark Gum acacia Phloem Cambium Gum tragacanth Medullary ray Pith T. S. in old stem (of a tree) Bark Differences Gum Acacia (Arabic) Gum tragacanth 4- Description Rounded or ovoid tears. thin, curved, ribbon- shaped Color: yellowish white flakes. Occasionally spirally Odor: odorless twisted linear pieces. Taste: mucilaginous Color: white Texture: brittle Taste: mucilaginous Texture: horny 5- Solubility: Almost completely soluble Sparingly soluble in water but in water, giving adhesive swells into adhesive gelatinous solution mass. Insoluble in alcohol. Insoluble in alcohol. Difference Gum Acacia (Arabic) Gum tragacanth 6- Tests for Aq. Soln. of gum Arabic + few Neither blue colored identity: drops of H2O2 + few drops of particles (indian benzidine T.S.→ Shake and Tragacanth) allow to stand→ deep blue or a Nor a blue colored soln. oxidase greenish- blue color is (Gum arabic) enzyme developped. test: Lead sub Aq. Soln. of gum Arabic + 1 ml No flocculent white ppt. acetate test: of lead sub - acetate soln.→ flocculent white ppt. Difference Gum Acacia (Arabic) Gum tragacanth Lead acetate No flocculent white ppt. flocculent white ppt. test: Iodine test 1 g of powdered gum + 1 ml N/50 iodine solution→ yellowish brown color. The particles are colored yellow and may show minute scattered blue points due to starch.  Aldobionic acid (Galactose + glucuronic acid Difference Gum Acacia (Arabic) Gum tragacanth 7- Mainly Arabin Mainly two polysacharides: - Constituents (Mix. of Ca, Mg and K Bassorin, (a complex of salts of arabic acid). polymethoxylated acids), which swell Acid hydrolysis produces in water but does not dissolve. rhamnose, galactose, -Tragacanthin arabinose and aldobionic (water soluble) acid (glucuronic acid Acid hydrolysis produces disaccharide) galactose, arabinose, xylose and galacturonic acid. Oxidase enzyme. 8- Uses Suspending agent for insoluble powders, Emulsifying agent for oils. Hand lotions, cloth printing. Demulcent in cough, diarrhea preparations and lozenges,  II. Dried Extracts This group includes crude drugs which are prepared by evaporating the aqueous decoction of parts of certain plants or animals e.g. Agar-Agar and gelatin. Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin 1- Origin Is the dried mucilaginous Is the protein obtained by substance prepared from red boiling the collagenous tissues algae. of animals (skin, tendons, bones) with water, evaporating the aqueous extract and drying the residue in air. Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin 2- shape Translucent strips Sheets or powder Or granulated powder Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin 2- Color Greyish white with Pale yellowish yellowish tint. 3- Texture Tough (hard to break) Brittle 4- odor Marine algae odor slight 5- Taste Salty mucilaginous taste slight 6- Solubility - Insoluble in cold water - Insoluble in cold - - Soluble in boiling water water→stiff jelly on - soluble in hot - cooling water →translucent jelly on cooling Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin II- Constituents It is a galactan chiefly of protein and (polysacharide) formed of polypeptides. 1,3- linked D-galactose which is partially sulphated III- Tests for identity: Stiff jelly translucent jelly 1- cooling of hot soln. Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin 2- Microscopical Boil agar with HCl→ set aside10min No cellular examination →decant→ examine the residue structure microscopically→ cellular residue (diatomite) 3- Tannic acid test: No precipitate is formed Brown ppt. Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin 4- Barium Agar +H2O→boil + HCl and heat for No ppt. 30 min. on water-bath +1 ml BaCl2 chloride test T.S.→white ppt. 5- Millon’s No ppt. Brick-red ppt. reagent 6- Rhuthenium Particles stained deep red No color red test 7- Soda lime test No NH3 gas evolved. Heat gelatin with soda lime → NH3 gas evolved. Difference Agar- Agar Gelatin IV- Uses: -Suspending agent - bulk laxative - as gel in bacteriological culture media and plant tissue culture. - for making emulsions - for thickening ice creams. -Nutrient jelly - bases for glycerine suppositories. Plant Tissue Culture Agar diffusion method