Unorganized Drugs Lecture 1 PDF

Unorganized Drugs Lecture 1 Dr. Suzy El-Sherbeni Pharmacognosy-2  Unorganized drugs They are drugs with no cellular or definite structure. Mixture of chemical substances which are produced by plant or animal. May be the decompos...

Unorganized Drugs Lecture 1 Dr. Suzy El-Sherbeni Pharmacognosy-2  Unorganized drugs They are drugs with no cellular or definite structure. Mixture of chemical substances which are produced by plant or animal. May be the decomposition products of substances originally present in the biological source of the drug. They are produced either normally (secretory structures) or pathologically as a result of injuries.  Gum Latex benzoin Crude oleo-resin of pine tree Turpentine oil from a branch of Aloe juice pine tree  Types of unorganized drugs according to nature of the drug 1-Extracts 2-Gums & saccharine substances Agar Gelatin Gum Arabic Gum Tragacanth Catechu Honey Manna  Types of unorganized drugs according to nature of the drug 3-Dried juices (Aloe species) 4-Latex (Opium) Aloe Aloe Aloe Persian Indian (Cape) (Socotrine) (Curacao) Turkish  5-Resins 6-Fixed, volatile oil & fats combinations 7-Waxes & lard Oleo-resin 1-Copaiba Oleo-gum-resin Balsams 2- Canada balsam 1-Myrrh Siam, Sumatra, 3- Ginger 2- Asafoetida Tolu & Peru 3- Galbanum Gum-resin ex. Gamboge  Resins (chemical composition) Glycosidal resin Resin Resenes 1-Vera Cruz Jalap Resin acids Resin esters alcohols 2-Orizaba jalap 3-Podophyllum Mastic Colophony Benzoin, Balsams & Resinotannol in Galbanum asafoetida Resinols in Guaiacum Resenes Are oxygenated compounds, not affected by alkalis, acids, oxidizing agents & variant climatic conditions so resin containing them are used in manufacturing of varnishes  Resin Alcohols In general, resin alcohols are complex alcohols having higher molecular weight. These are of two types, namely: (A) Resinotannols: The resin alcohols which give a specific tannin reaction with iron salts are termed as resinotannols. It is a usual practice to name them according to the resins in which they are found, such as: Alo-resinotannol – From Aloe species. Galba-resinotannol – From Galbanum Peru-resinotannol – From Balsam of Peru Tolu-resinotallol – From Balsam of Tolu  (B) Resinols The resin alcohols that fail to give a positive reaction with iron salts are known as resinols. The following are some typical examples of resinols, for instance: Benzoresinol – From Benzoin of Sumatra Siaresinol – from Benzoin of Siam Guaiaresinol – From Guaiacum Resin obtained from the heartwood of Guaiacum officinale Linn. Resins  Resin is a mixture of different chemical types of substances, include acids, esters, glycosides & resenes. When a certain type predominates in resin, it is grouped under this type (acid resin & ester resin). If certain resin have no predominant group, it is called mixed resin.  RESINS ARE AMORPHOUS PRODUCTS OF A COMPLEX CHEMICAL NATURE (END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM) Resin is held in solution form They are studied according to their physical , chemical inside plant tissues by terpenes, characters and their volatile oil or esters which are solubility in different solvents. secreted with the resin. Physical characters of resins: - They are transparent or translucent brittle substances. - Generally, they are heavier than water. - They are amorphous. - On heating at low temperature they soften, melt then form sticky or adhesive fluids without volatilization or decomposition. - On heating in a closed vessel, they decompose and yield hydrocarbons. - They burn with a smoky flame.  Chemical characters Some Of resins They are rich in They differ On keeping, resins are in carbon and they darken acidic and chemical contain little in color and when properties oxygen but no become less heated due to nitrogen. soluble due with difference to slow alkalis in oxidation form chemical soaps. composition.  Resins are more or less soluble in alcohols, benzene, chloroform, ether, acetone, chloral hydrate, fixed and volatile oil. Generally: Resins are not dissolved in water and petroleum ether (except colophony). On keeping they darken in color and become less soluble due to slow oxidation.  Methods of obtaining the resin 1-Naturally Resins are either obtained as a normal physiological secretions from secretory structures or pathologically by injuries. 2-Prepared The powdered drug is extracted with alcohol. The concentrated alcoholic extract is either evaporated or poured into water where resin is precipitated, collected, washed and carefully dried.  RESINS 1- COLOPHONY Pine Tree leaves & cones Pine Trees  Resins 1- Colophony (Resin acid) Colophony (Synonym Rosin) Is the residue left after distilling off the oil of turpentine from the crude oleo-resin obtained from different species. of Pinus F. Pinaceae. It is collected as the exudate from incisions in the living tree. It is a translucent yellow to amber amorphous pieces which easily powdered. It has terbinthinate odor and bitter taste.  Pathologically Wounds (removing the bark in the winter) stimulate the formation of numerous new resin-ducts in the youngest wood in the spring.  The crude 1-water is 2-any debris oleo-resin is transferred to added and that float to copper stills the whole the surface wormed being Water skimmed off distillation 4-water is added during 3-Distillation this process is started to prevent the charring of the resin 6-The melted 5-the process resin is run is completed through wire till no more oil strainers into passes over barrels in which it cools  Colophony Characteristic features Colophony fuses gradually at 100oC and at a higher temperature it burns with a smoky flame. It dissolves in alcohols, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and ether. It gives white milky suspension on addition of water to the alcoholic solution. It is soluble in dil. solution of NaOH or KOH and give soaps by heating with these alkalis.  Chemical constituents Colophony resin is composed mainly from: 1- Abietic acids (84 %) crystalline isomers of α, β, and γ abietic acids. 2-Resene (an inert substance) Turpentine oil is formed mainly from α and β- pinenes.  CHEMICAL TESTS 1-The alcoholic solution is acidic to litmus paper. 2-Powdered resin is dissolved in petroleum ether … filter … add Cu acetate solution and shake … an emerald green color in petroleum ether layer is shown due to formation of copper salt of abietic acid.  Uses Colophony is used in: 1- Preparation of adhesive plasters and ointments. 2- Manufacturing of ink, rubber, varnishes, sealing wax. 3- As paint dries, cements, soaps, plastics and wood polishes. Turpentine oil has expectorant & rubefacient effects: ▪ 1- It is used in perfume and fragrance industry. ▪ 2-It is used in solvents, glues and detergents industries.  Questions 1-What do unorganized drugs refer to? 5-Why we need to distill the oil from crude oleo-resin of pine tree? 2-Compare between the natural and pathological secretions of 6-Resins are dissolved in water… is unorganized drugs? this true? 3-Turpentine oil is used as ……… 7-Colophony is used in soap industry due to presence of ………. 4-Abietic acids are found in ……….  Guaiacum Resin (Gum guaiac) Resin is found normally in all the cells and the vessels of the heart wood.  Guaiacum Resin (Gum guaiac) It is obtained from the heartwood of Guaiacum officinale or G. sanctum F. Zygophyllaceae The resin is obtained by cutting the tree. The log is suspended horizontally. The either ends of the log are set on the fire and the resin which oozes out is collected carefully in metallic cups and allowed to harden in shades. It is dark brown lumps. Fracture is brittle with glossy exposed surface.  Chemical constituents 70 % is alpha and beta guaiaconic acids 11 % is guaiaretic acid Guaiacic acid. Traces of guaiac-saponin  Chemical Tests & uses When a small quantity of the guaiac resin is oxidized it gives blue color (guaiac blue) due to the oxidation of alpha guaiaconic acid. An ethanolic solution of guaiac is used for the detection of oxidase enzymes. In chronic gout and rheumatism.  Glycosidal resin Podophyllum (May apple) It is the mixture of resins obtained from dried rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum peltatum (American) and Podophyllum hexandrum (Indian) F. Berberidaceae  Podophyllum (May apple) The resin is extracted from the powdered roots and rhizomes with alcohol. The alcoholic extract is concentrated and poured to 10 volumes of water, where the resin precipitates. It is light brown pieces.  Constituents Podophyllum peltatum Podophyllum hexandrum (American) (Indian) Resin (3-8%) of podophyllum is known Resin (about 6-12%) as podophyllin and composed of : 1- Podophyllotoxin (40%). 1- Podophyllotoxin (about 20%) 2- No Peltatin. 2-  and -Peltatin (about 15%) These occur both free or as glucosides. Resin is the purgative principle of podophyllum known as podophyllin Chemical tests to distinguish between American and Indian Podophyllum Podophyllum peltatum Podophyllum hexandrum (American) (Indian) a- Add few drops of 5% copper acetate a- Copper acetate test ------- green solution, a bright green color is developed, color with brown precipitate but no brown precipitate (c.f. Indian Podophyllum). b- Add water and few drops of 5% KOH → b- Gelatinization occurs. no gelatinization  uses Drastic purgative (toxic- not used internally) Externally in treating certain kinds of skin warts. Anti-tumor. ANTI-TUMOR EFFECT Podophyllotoxin has antitumor effect, so Semisynthetic compound etoposide is used in testicular and lung cancer. Thank You