Unit 5 Short Answers (2) PDF

1. Describe how individualism/collectivism affects the behavior of attribution with reference to ONE research study. (Kashima & Triandis) Individualist culture (US and France) emphasizes the person and focuses on speaking out, asserting what you want, and self reliance. It says you are...

1. Describe how individualism/collectivism affects the behavior of attribution with reference to ONE research study. (Kashima & Triandis) Individualist culture (US and France) emphasizes the person and focuses on speaking out, asserting what you want, and self reliance. It says you are in control of your own destiny and your life. In nuclear families there are just the immediate family, and after they turn 18, they move out and go to college. Collectivist culture (Japan and Mexico) are focused on helping each other, and specifically helping your family as it is the most prominent thing. There is not just immediate family, but extended family. According to the self-serving bias, individualists would blame success on themselves. According to the modesty bias, collectivests would accept failures of the environment and take it as an opportunity to learn from that. They want to uplift the group and build each other up. One example of a study is the one by Kashima & Triandis. The aim of the study was to see the relationship between individualism and collectivism & the shelving bias and modesty bias. A sample of Japanese students from the University of Illinois volunteered, while American students wanted a course requirement. The participants were given 15 unfamiliar slides from places such as Israel and Greece. They had to recall what they remembered about the slides in 5 minutes, as a memory recognition test. 5 slides were then given to them about life in India, later a 3 minute recognition test was given about that. Participants were assigned to the success group (12/15) or the failure group (5/15). To assess for attribution, participants were given a questionnaire. The findings of the study show that Japanese participants would blame their failures on themselves and would blame their successes on outside factors. American participants would blame their failures on outside factors and blame their success on themselves. This study relates to the behavior of attribution because it shows how the participants blamed their success and failures on either dispositional factors or situational factors. Dispositional factors are characteristics of oneself such as intelligence, in this study. Situational factors are situational characteristics such as not having enough information to remember slides. This links to the behavior of attribution, self serving bias and modesty bias. Americans tended to be more proud of themselves, while Japanese people tended to be more modest and not show pride.  2. Describe how individualism/collectivism affects the behavior of conformity with reference to ONE research study. (Bond and Smith) Individualist culture emphasizes the person and focuses on speaking out, asserting what you want, and self reliance. It says you are in control of your own destiny and your life. In nuclear families there are just the immediate family, and after they turn 18, they move out and go to college. Collectivist culture is focused on helping each other, and specifically helping your family as it is the most prominent thing. There is not just immediate family, but extended family. Conformity is how Affects behavior of conformity in collectivist cultures would want to belong to the group their in and sticking out wouldn’t achieve that effect. One example of a study is the one by Bond and Smith. The aim of the study was to use the Ash paradigm in seeing conformity cross culturally. A sample of people from different cultures were from various conformity studies where the Asch paradigm was done. Each study was done in various countries. The researchers found these published studies by looking at psychology databases, with one being PsycINFO. The researchers obtained data on conformity rates by looking at the percentage of which participants conformed to the major population. Additionally, each culture present in each study was categorized as collectivist or individualist, which was based on values and norms. The findings suggest that conformity is highest in collectivist cultures such as in Asia, and lowest in individualistic cultures such as the US. Additionally, the larger a group who shares beliefs and values, the more likely they were to conform. This study relates to how one cultural factor affects the behavior of conformity, because it shows that individualist cultures who focus more on themselves are more likely to not conform, while collectivist cultures who focus more on the group are more likely to conform. This links to the fact that groups of people want to agree with one another to see what's best for the entirety of the group. If something is bad, or does not benefit the group, then they would agree to do what is best for them. Individualists favor themselves and do what's best for them. They don’t need a consensus with other people, and only rely on themselves. 3. Describe ONE cultural dimension other than individualism/collectivism with reference to ONE behavior and ONE research study. (Chen) Another “ONE behavior” - long term or short term orientation Asian cultures are different from western cultures in this dimension. Long term orientation is sacrificing the present of the future. They focus on growing over time, and perseverance. Short term orientation is sacrificing the future for the present. They focus on pleasure and things that are enjoyable. One example of a study is the one by Chen. The aim of the study was to see cultural differences on consumer impatience. A sample of Singaporean students from a university. They were instructed to look at a collage on American and Singaporean culture. The American college had Marilyn Monroe and the Singaporean college had an airline. They were then told to recall what they remembered of the college. After the recall test, the participants were told of an online shopping scenario, where they could buy a novel. They were told of the price of the standard delivery time, and had the option of getting quicker delivery time. As a measure of impatience, participants were told to rate how important it was to get the novel quickly or wait for it with standard delivery time. They then were told to list 3 politicians as a way to see cultural influence. The findings of the study show that participants with Western influence would be more likely to wait for the novel, as they would rather not have come early. Participants with Eastern influence would rather have the novel come early, as they would rather not have it come late. This study relates to long term or short term orientation as the cultural differences in the participants showed whether they were impatient or not. Peoplewho were impatient, were more likely to want the novel to come quicker while the people who were patient, were more likely to wait for the novel. This links to long term and short term orientation because people of Western influence would be long term orientation, meaning they would sacrifice the present for the future. People of Eastern influence would be short term oriented, meaning they would sacrifice the future for the present.  4. Describe acculturation with reference to ONE research study. (Shah) Acculturation is how a culture changes due to encountering another culture and learning its values and traditions, but maintaining their own respective cultural aspects. At times, it gets hard for people to experience acculturation because of obstacles that can include learning a new language. Acculturation stress occurs because of the new changes people have to adapt to which are completely different than the culture they’re in. There are four parts to acculturation, according to Berry’s acculturation model: integration, assimilation, marginalization, and separation. Integration is adapting to both your own culture and a new culture, also known as biculturalism. Assimilation is wanting to leave your culture and learn a completely new one. Marginalization is not having interest in your own culture and learning a new one. Separation is being isolated from encountering new cultures, keeping your own. A sample of South Asian workers in the UAE were used, along with a baseline comparison group of other native men. To assess for obesity and how that differed across all participants, a mandatory health screening was issued, which looked at weight, blood pressure, and BM. Looking at various forms of measurements gave better and clearer insights on obesity. Then, participants did a questionnaire which looked at demographics like age and gender, along with lifestyle like physical activity and diet. The findings of the study show that people who stayed longer in the UAE had higher rates of obesity. This means that they were heavier than the natives in the UAE. This study relates to acculturation because of how the UAE workers changed their culture. This was due to allocation which is a change to one's own culture. The UAE workers adapted to eating behaviors in the UAE which added to their weight, leaving their own culture and dietary factors. Acculturation may have prompted the men to assimilate, leaving their culture and learning a new one. Because the UAE has a high obesity rate, the workers learned that changing their eating behaviors to match that of the UAE, would allow them to adapt to that culture. 5. Describe enculturation with reference to ONE research study. (Odden and Rochat) Enculturation is how a culture or someone learns behaviors, traditions, and beliefs of a culture. This can occur by 3 aspects of which enculturation happens: direct tuition, participatory learning, and social cognitive theory. Direct tuition is where we learn by being taught something, such as parents teaching their children manners they should have at dinner tables. Participatory learning is how one is taking action in a behavior and learning by that, which lets us experience the behavior, such as kids learning table manners themselves. Social cognitive theory is when we learn from observing others. We look at how other people perform the behavior and then we learn from them. One example of a study is the one by Odden and Rochat. The aim of the study was to see how children learned from parents and peers by observing them. A sample of 28 children were included in the study, all from a village in Samoa. The entire study was 25 months. The researchers observed the children in different settings such as family events and community activities. This was so the researchers can see the children's behavior. Semi structured interviews were then used to see how parents viewed non interventionist practices, letting their child learn themselves. Lastly, a MCQ test was given to the children to see their knowledge on their society, such as who was in charge. The findings of the study show that children learned to fish even though they were never actually taught. They also learned important household skills such as chores. This study is related to enculturation due to the child in the Samoan village, who relied on observing others. It can be seen that they observed others such as their parents fishing, and began to learn how to do it themselves. Also, children were capable of chores and seemed to know the importance of education as well. On the MCQ test, children showed some level of knowledge about their society, traditions, and who was in charge. This links to enculturation because how the children observed others and how they also participated in actual behaviors such as fishing and chores.  6. Describe ONE cultural factor that impacts aggression with reference to ONE research study. (Nisbett & Cohen) university of michigan One cultural factor that impacts aggression is honor killing. This is the idea that one's reputation must be protected at all costs. This would reinforce peoples beliefs of themselves that they are strong and honorable, and that any threat against that will result in violent actions. Naturally, men typically have high testosterone, this causes a need for them to be dominant. Honor killing occurs in places such as South Asia and East Africa. The people who live there practice honor killing because men tend to be the main leaders or dominant people in a society which requires hard work and providence for family. They have the idea that they are people of respectable value. One example of a study is the one by Nisbett & Cohen. The aim of the study was to see if Southern male participants were more aggressive than Northern male participants. A sample of white male students, either Northern or Southern, from the University of Michigan were used. They were instructed to come to a laboratory and fill out a survey. After the participants finished it, they had to take it to the other end of the hallway. As the participants did this, a confederate would be walking out a room named Photo Lab. As the confederate was working on a file cabinet, they had to push in a cabinet so that the participant could walk and reach the end of the hallway. After returning,, the confederate would slam the file drawer shut and bump the participant on the shoulder. The confederate then said a curse word to the participant, with their reactions being observed and cortisol/testosterone levels being measured by saliva and blood tests. The findings of the study show that Southerners had almost an 80% increase in cortisol levels and had visible aggressive behaviors, while Northers had close to a 30% increase in cortisol.. This study is related to honor killing because it shows when the southerners were told the curse word, they were more likely to show visible aggressive actions. This is because Southerners have the idea that their reputation shouldnt be disrespected because they are valuable people who should be respected. In relation to the northerners, they may not have the same belief. This links to aggression because statistically, southerners were more aggressive and had higher homicide rates compared to Northerners. This shows that Southerners have higher testosterone, which prompts them to protect their reputation as much as possible, diminishing any threat that they encounter.  7. Describe ONE cultural factor that impacts attraction with reference to ONE research study. (244-249, 370-378) (Yelsma & Athappilly) One cultural factor that impacts attraction is arranged marriages or love marriages. Arranged marriages are where parents find a compatible person for the person in the family that's getting married. It may not be what that person in the family desires, but it is what the parents think is best. This relationship may start off cold as these people do not know each other well. Love marriages are where peop-le get married simply due to passion and romance. This relationship may start off hot as these people want to be with each other and greatly desire each other. Arranged marriages are seen in places such as India, while love marriages are seen in palaces such as the USA. India sees divorce as disrespectful, because people see it as a failure to hold commitment to someone. America does not follow the same perspective, as people follow their own desires. One example of a study is the one by Yelsma & Athappilly. The aim of the study was to see if there is a difference between arranged marriage and love marriages in their level of marital satisfaction. A sample of American married couples from Michigan and Indian couples from Kerala were used. The couples were instructed to complete a survey on how happy they were in their marriage and how they practice communicating to one another. As a measure of communication practices, The Primary Communication Inventory was used. It likely includes things such as frequency of communication, and how verbal and nonverbal actions were shown.. As a measure of marital satisfaction, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale was used. It showed how intimate the people in relationships were and how committed they were. The findings of the study show that Indians who got married as arranged by parents, were more satisfied with their relationship. Americans who got married due to love were less likely to be satisfied with their marriage. This study relates to arranged marriages and love marriages because it shows the values of both cultures. This links to Indians having less rates of divorce because they end up having higher marital satisfaction, while Americans have higher rates of divorce because they end up having less marital satisfaction.Reason for why Indians were more happy with their marriage, even though it may not be what they wanted at first, is because they value waiting for the right person. They start off cold due to no lack of emotional intimacy but as the relationship goes on, they begin to build chemistry between one another which is far different than the temporary love feelings American couples have in marriage. The American couples value love and romance more, which starts the marriage as hot. As the relationship goes on, the temporary feelings of love and romance fade which causes less marital satisfaction.  Citations Bond, R., & Smith, P. B. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychological bulletin, 119(1), 111. - https://quizlet.com/ae/261346437/bond-and-smith-1996-flash-cards/ Chen, H., Ng, S., & Rao, A. R. (2005). Cultural differences in consumer impatience. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(3), 291-301. - (N.d.). Google.com. Retrieved October 8, 2024, from Master Study List Cohen, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1994). Self-protection and the culture of honor: Explaining southern violence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 551-567. - (N.d.). Google.com. Retrieved October 8, 2024, from Master Study List Kashima, Y., & Triandis, H. C. (1986). The self-serving bias in attributions as a coping strategy: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17(1), 83-97. - https://quizlet.com/gb/83862486/kashima-and-triandis-1986-flash-cards/ Odden, H., & Rochat, P. (2004). Observational learning and enculturation. Educational and child psychology, 21(2), 39. - https://quizlet.com/gb/392161938/odden-and-rochat-2004-flash-cards/ Shah, S. M., Loney, T., Dhaheri, S. A., Vatanparast, H., Elbarazi, I., Agarwal, M.,... & Ali, R. (2015). Association between acculturation, obesity and cardiovascular risk factors among male South Asian migrants in the United Arab Emirates–a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 15, 1-11. - https://quizlet.com/475371410/shah-et-al-2015-flash-cards/ Yelsma, P., & Athappilly, K. (1988). Marital satisfaction and communication practices: Comparisons among Indian and American couples. Journal of comparative family studies, 19(1), 37-54. - (N.d.). Google.com. Retrieved October 8, 2024, from Master Study List