Brown and Beige Aesthetic Modern Group Project Presentation.pdf

SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES  SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES Anthropology Psychology Sociology Economics Political Science History ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY The science of human beings According to wikipedia, Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concern...

SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES  SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES Anthropology Psychology Sociology Economics Political Science History ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY The science of human beings According to wikipedia, Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans.  THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Fairly wide and diverse, reflecting the numerous techniques and concepts that anthropologists study. Evolutionary Theory Originating from Charles Darwin’s work implies that humans and their ancestors developed throughout time through natural selection and genetic variety. Is foundational in biological anthropology, which studies human evolution, primatology, and human genetics. Cultural Relativism It introduced by Franz Boas. This concept posits that cultures should be understood and evaluated based on their own values and contexts rather than from the perspective of another culture.  Structuralism Developed by Claude Lévi-Strauss. It analyzes human culture through underlying structures and systems of meaning. Lévi-Strauss focused on the ways that human minds structure cultural phenomena such as myths, kinship, and social organization. Symbolic Interactionism This theory, which draws from the work of George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer, emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of human interaction and social organization. Postmodernism Emerging in the late 20th century, postmodernism in anthropology challenges the idea of objective knowledge and universal truths. Political Economy This approach examines how economic and political processes shape cultural practices and social structures.  Feminist Anthropology This framework critiques traditional anthropological methods and interpretations from a feminist perspective. It seeks to address gender biases and highlight the experiences and contributions of women and other marginalized groups in various cultures. Postcolonial Theory This approach examines the effects of colonialism on societies and cultures, focusing on issues of power, identity, and resistance. Practice Theory Associated with theorists like Pierre Bourdieu, practice theory focuses on the ways that social practices are both shaped by and shape individual agency and social structures. MODERN-AGE PROPONENTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY The science of human beings Charles Darwin (February 12, 1909 - April 19, 1882) theory of evolution Darwinian anthropology Lewis Henry Morgan (November 21, 1818- December 17, 1881) Pioneered the field of scientific anthropology Theory on social evolution one of the founding fathers of modern anthropology MODERN-AGE PROPONENTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY The science of human beings Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (October 2, 1832 - January 2, 1917) Study of cultural anthropology Analysis of small-scale society Evolution of culture The religion of animism. 20TH-CENTURY PROPONENTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY The science of human beings Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) Pioneer of modern anthropology "Father of American Anthropology" Historical particularism Cultural relativism Margaret Mead (1901–1978) Also a pioneer in cultural anthropology Ethnographic studies Pioneered fieldwork on topics such as childhood, adolescence, and gender. SIGNIFICANCE OF ANTROPOLOGY Anthropology provides valuable insights into the human condition, contributing to a more informed and empathetic worldview it is significant for several reasons such as ; -Understanding Human Diversity -Studying Human Evolution -Preserving Cultures -Applying Knowledge  SOCIOLOGY THEORETICAL BACKGROUND A collection of principles that allows us to explain an aspect about the world. Aside from that, it is concerned with the nature of social order or the kind of processes or mechanisms that impact social change and development. Sociology has a primary perspective that helps for further exploration. Interactionist Perspective The interactionist perspective is a good example of micro-sociology. This theory is sometimes called the symbolic interactionist perspective because it argues that our behavior is deeply influenced by definitions and symbolic meanings. Functionalist Perspective It is a more traditional example of macro-sociology. It has a heavy emphasis on the interconnected relationships between various systems within society. And those parts have to cooperate and work together in order to keep society in a state of balance. Conflict Perspective The conflict perspective looks at society as being composed of groups with their own distinct interests. This theory originates from Karl Marx, who viewed human society as undergoing a series of different stages of economic development. PROPONENTS OF SOCIOLOGY Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) He is a British philosopher, applied Darwinian principles of evolution to the social world, a concept known as social Darwinism. He believed that societies evolve through a process of natural selection, with the "fittest" individuals and institutions surviving and prospering. Spencer's work influenced the development of functionalism, a perspective that views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and order. Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) a French sociologist who is credited with helping to establish the functionalist viewpoint, which sees society as a complex system of interrelated pieces that cooperate to uphold social order. Social facts, or behavioral patterns that affect an individual's actions, are important, according to Durkheim. He also looked into the idea of anomie, which is a disordered and normless state of society that can leads to social problems. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND POLITICAL SCIENCE Political science is the methodical study of government via the use of empirical and broadly scientific analytical techniques. Political science, as it has been defined and studied historically, looks at the state and its institutions. But the modern field goes far beyond this, including analyses of all the sociological, cultural, and psychological elements that interact to affect how the political system functions as a whole. PROPONENTS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 1.Plato (427–347 BC) One of the earliest thinkers in Western political philosophy Plato’s "Republic" outlined his vision of a just society ruled by philosopher-kings. 2.Aristotle (384–322 BC) Often referred to as the "Father of Political Science," Aristotle analyzed different types of government and advocated for a constitutional government in his work "Politics".  SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL SCIENCE Political science is important for a number of important reasons: Comprehending Governance and Power, Political science investigates the workings of governments, the allocation of power the processes involved in social decision-making. It facilitates understanding of political institutions methods: procedures such as voting, passing laws, and formulating public policy. Encouraging Informed Citizenship  SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL SCIENCE People are better able to take part in the democratic process, make educated decisions, and fight for their rights and interests when they have a thorough understanding of political systems and beliefs. Analyzing Political Behavior: Political science looks at how public opinion develops, why people act in certain ways in political situations, and how social, cultural, and economic variables affect political choices and actions. Taking Care of Global Issues: Political science investigates global governance, diplomacy, and international relations to aid with problems like human rights, war, and peace. Pychology The scientific study of mind and behavior Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind, or mental processes. It explores both internal cognition and emotions as well as outward, observable behaviors.  THEORETICAL BACKGROUND made up of many ideas and views that serve as frameworks for understanding behavior and mental processes. These ideas are fundamental to the study and application of psychology, evolving throughout time as new research and insights arise. Some key theoretical approaches in psychology are: 1. BEHAVIORISM Behaviorism prioritizes visible behavior above interior mental processes. It indicates how environmental inputs and reinforcement influence behavior. This viewpoint is based on Skinner's operant conditioning research and Watson's classical conditioning research. 2. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY emphasizes individual potential, personal development, and people's innate goodness. It emphasizes growth as an individual and the value of free choice and self-concept. Key concepts use are the Maslow’s hierarchy needs and Roger’s person-centered therapy, which are the main contributors to this perspective. 3. Cognitive Psychology teaches internal mental functions including perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving. It considers the mind as an information processor and use models to comprehend cognitive operations. 4. Biological Perspective investigates the physiological basis for behavior and mental processes. It investigates how brain shape, neurochemicals, and genetics affect behavior and cognition. 5. Psychoanalysis An approach to analyzing human behavior that stresses the importance of unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts. It began with Sigmund Freud's study and has since developed via many modifications. Freud introduced concepts like the id, ego, superego, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages of development. Proponents of Pychology The scientific study of mind and behavior Wilhelm Wundt (August 16, 1832 - August 31, 1920) Founder of experimental psychology as a discipline Pioneer of cultural psychology Created a research program in empirical psychology Developed a system of philosophy and ethics William James (January 11, 1842 - August 26, 1910) Helped Wilhelm Wundt to found pychology as a formal discipline Established the school of functionalism in psychology Advancing the movement of pragmatism in philosophy SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY psychology enhances our understanding of human behavior and mental processes, providing valuable insights that contribute to improving individual and societal well-being. -Understanding Behavior -Personal Development -Improving Education and Workplaces -Scientific Research  ECONOMICS THEORETICAL BACKGROUND A collection of concepts and principles that describe how various economies work. It also focuses on the production, distribution, consumption, and allocation of products and services. And it has been suggested that they are solely dependent on physical or external conditions.  Economics proponents ADAM SMITH (1723-1790) Is also known to be the "father of economics", because of his famous theories on capitalism, free markets, and supply & demand. CLAIM: “Individuals would invest a resource for example, land or labor so as to earn the highest possible return on it. Consequently, all uses of the resource must yield an equal rate of return, adjusted for the relative riskiness of each enterprise” (this theory is also known as the Imaginary Hand”) Exp. It says that, Wealth is created through productive labor, and self-interest motivates people to put their resources to the best use. He is one of the philosophers to point out that profits flowed from capital investments, and that capital gets directed to where the most profit can be made. Significants of Economic Decision making Help us to be informed citizen Distribute resources Understanding market failures Forecasting  History Theoretical Background It refers to the foundational concepts, theories, and methods that underpin the study and interpretation of past events. It includes the principles and frameworks that historians use to analyze historical data, understand historical processes, and construct narratives about the past. This theoretical background guides how historians approach their research, interpret sources, and explain historical developments.  Proponent of History 1. Herodotus (c. 484–425 BCE) - The "Father of History," Herodotus was one of the first historians to systematically collect and document historical events. His work "Histories" is one of the earliest surviving records of historical inquiry, focusing on the Greco-Persian Wars and the customs of various peoples. 2. Thucydides (c. 460–400 BCE) -Thucydides is another foundational figure in the study of history, known for his work "History of the Peloponnesian War." He emphasized a more rigorous and analytical approach to history, focusing on cause and effect and the role of human agency, rather than divine intervention.  History significant The significance of history lies in its ability to provide insights into human experiences, societies, and events over time. key reasons why history is important: To Understand the Present: History helps us understand the origins and development of current events, cultures, institutions, and conflicts. By studying the past, we can better comprehend the present and make informed decisions about the future. To Learn from Past Mistakes: History offers lessons from past successes and failures. By examining historical events, societies can avoid repeating mistakes and build on previous successes, leading to more thoughtful and effective decision-making. Context in Identity and Culture: History shapes our collective and individual identities. It connects us to our ancestors, traditions, and cultural heritage, helping us understand who we are and where we come from. Give Inspiration and Role Models : Historical figures, (People contributed particularly to one’s field or philosophers) and Historical events can inspire us by demonstrating resilience, creativity, and leadership in the face of challenges. These stories can serve as powerful examples for future generations. Provide Critical Thinking: Studying past discoveries encourages critical thinking and analytical skills. It requires evaluating sources, understanding context, and recognizing bias, all of which are valuable skills in any field. THANK YOU SO MUCH