Individualism vs Collectivism Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Describe how individualism/collectivism affects the behavior of attribution with reference to ONE research study. (Kashima & Triandis)

Individualist cultures, like the US and France, emphasize personal responsibility and self-reliance. Collectivist cultures, like Japan and Mexico, prioritize the group and helping others. Kashima & Triandis conducted a study involving Japanese and American students. They were presented with 15 unfamiliar slides and then tested on their recall. The study found that Japanese students attributed their failures to themselves and their successes to external factors, while American students attributed their failures to external factors and their successes to themselves. This demonstrates the influence of individualism and collectivism on attributions.

Describe how individualism/collectivism affects the behavior of conformity with reference to ONE research study. (Bond and Smith)

Individualistic cultures focus on personal autonomy and self-reliance, while collectivist cultures place a strong emphasis on group harmony and conformity. Bond and Smith's study analyzed data from various conformity experiments across different cultures. They found that conformity rates were higher in collectivist cultures, like those in Asia, than in individualistic cultures, like the US. This suggests that collectivist individuals are more likely to conform to group norms because they value group unity and cohesion.

Describe ONE cultural dimension other than individualism/collectivism with reference to ONE behavior and ONE research study. (Chen)

The cultural dimension is long-term vs. short-term orientation. Long term orientation is focused on planning for the future and delaying gratification, while short-term orientation prioritizes immediate rewards and enjoyment. Chen's study investigated consumer impatience in Singaporean students. They were exposed to images of either American or Singaporean culture before being presented with a scenario about buying a novel. The study revealed that Singaporean students were more willing to wait for standard delivery, indicating a long-term orientation, while American students were more likely to choose expedited shipping, reflecting a short-term orientation.

Describe acculturation with reference to ONE research study. (Shah)

Acculturation describes how individuals change their cultural practices and values when exposed to a new culture. However, maintaining aspects of their original culture can be challenging. One example of this is Shah's study on South Asian workers living in the UAE. The study found that these workers, upon spending extended periods in the UAE, exhibited higher rates of obesity compared to local Emirati natives. This was attributed to the adoption of UAE food and lifestyle practices, indicating acculturation and its impact on physical health. Signup and view all the answers

Describe enculturation with reference to ONE research study. (Odden and Rochat)

Enculturation refers to the process of learning and internalizing the cultural values, beliefs, and behaviors of one's society. Odden and Rochat conducted a study on young children in Samoa, observing their social interactions and learning. They discovered that the children, without direct instruction, learned essential fishing skills by observing their parents and peers. This highlights the power of observation and indirect learning in shaping cultural knowledge and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Describe ONE cultural factor that impacts aggression with reference to ONE research study. (Nisbett & Cohen)

Honor killing is a cultural factor that can influence aggression. This concept prioritizes protecting one's reputation and honor, often leading to violence to defend against perceived threats. Nisbett and Cohen's study explored the impact of culture on aggression among Southern and Northern American males. The researchers provoked participants and measured their physiological responses. They observed that Southern participants, who tend to hold stronger beliefs about honor, exhibited significantly higher levels of cortisol and aggression in response to the provocation, unlike those in the North. This supports the idea that cultural factors can influence physiological and behavioral responses to situations like aggression. Signup and view all the answers

Describe ONE cultural factor that impacts attraction with reference to ONE research study. (Yelsma & Athappilly)

One cultural factor influencing attraction is the type of marriage: arranged or love. Arranged marriages are often chosen by parents, seeking compatibility for their child, while love marriages are based on personal choice and attraction. Yelsma and Athappilly compared the marital satisfaction of American (love marriages) and Indian (arranged marriages) couples. The results showed that Indian couples reported higher satisfaction, despite an initial lack of romantic connection, likely because of the cultural value placed on arranged marriages. American couples, though initially passionate, often ended up less satisfied, possibly due to the fading of romantic excitement over time. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how individualism/collectivism affects the behavior of attribution with reference to ONE research study.

Individualist cultures, such as the US and France, tend to emphasize personal responsibility and self-reliance. This means individuals are more likely to attribute their successes to their own efforts and their failures to external factors. Collectivist cultures, such as Japan and Mexico, prioritize group harmony and interdependence. Individuals in these cultures are more likely to attribute their successes to external factors (such as help from others) and their failures to their own shortcomings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the modesty bias?

The modesty bias is a tendency to attribute successes to external factors and failures to internal factors. This is more common in collectivist cultures, where people are more likely to focus on the group's well-being and avoid individual praise. Signup and view all the answers

What is the self-serving bias?

The self-serving bias is a tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors. This bias is more common in individualistic cultures, where people are more likely to focus on personal achievement and maintain a positive self-image. Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of the study by Kashima & Triandis?

The aim of the study by Kashima & Triandis was to examine the relationship between individualism/collectivism and the self-serving bias/modesty bias. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how individualism/collectivism affects the behavior of conformity with reference to ONE research study.

Individualistic cultures, like the US, emphasize personal autonomy and independence, making individuals less likely to conform to group norms. Conversely, collectivist cultures, such as Asia, prioritize group harmony and social cohesion, leading individuals to be more likely to conform to group norms. In the research study by Bond and Smith, the findings demonstrate a strong correlation between collectivism and conformity rates. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of collectivist cultures?

Prioritization of group harmony (A), Strong emphasis on family ties (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of individualistic cultures?

Focus on individual autonomy (B), Emphasis on personal achievement (C), Prevalence of self-reliance (E) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Asch paradigm?

The Asch paradigm is a classic experiment in social psychology used to study conformity. It involves a participant being shown a series of lines and asked to identify which line matches a target line. However, the participant is placed with a group of confederates who deliberately select the wrong line, creating social pressure to conform. Signup and view all the answers

What is the long-term orientation in cultures, and how does it differ from the short-term orientation?

Long-term orientation refers to a cultural focus on future rewards and emphasizes delayed gratification, perseverance, and thrift. It prioritizes the long-term benefits of actions over immediate satisfaction. In contrast, short-term orientation prioritizes immediate gratification, emphasizes tradition, and focuses on fulfilling short-term needs and expectations. Signup and view all the answers

Describe ONE cultural dimension other than individualism/collectivism with reference to one behavior and one research study.

One cultural dimension beyond individualism/collectivism is long-term vs. short-term orientation. This dimension reflects a society's emphasis on future rewards versus immediate gratification. In the study by Chen, Singaporean students exhibited a short-term orientation by preferring immediate gratification in the form of receiving a novel quickly, while American students showed a long-term orientation by preferring to wait for the novel to arrive. Signup and view all the answers

What is acculturation?

Acculturation is the process of cultural change that occurs when individuals or groups from different cultures interact and adapt to each other's values, beliefs, and practices. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of acculturation according to Barry's model?

The four stages of acculturation according to Barry's model are integration, assimilation, marginalization, and separation. Integration involves adopting elements of both your original culture and the new culture, often leading to biculturalism. Assimilation involves adopting the new culture and leaving your original culture behind. Marginalization occurs when individuals fail to engage with either their original or the new culture. Separation involves maintaining your original culture and avoiding significant interaction with the new culture. Signup and view all the answers

What did the findings of the study by Shah show?

The study by Shah showed that South Asian workers who had spent longer periods in the UAE had higher rates of obesity compared to native Emiratis. This suggests that acculturation and exposure to new dietary habits and lifestyles can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is enculturation?

Enculturation is the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, behaviors, and norms of one's own culture, starting from childhood and continuing throughout life. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three aspects of enculturation?

Enculturation can occur through three key aspects: direct tuition, participatory learning, and social cognitive theory. Direct tuition involves explicit instruction and teaching from parents, educators, or community members. Participatory learning involves learning by actively engaging in cultural practices and observing others. Social cognitive theory involves learning by observing the behaviors and actions of others, particularly role models. Signup and view all the answers

What did the findings of the study by Odden and Rochat show?

The study by Odden and Rochat showed that Samoan children learned important skills like fishing and chores through observing their parents and peers, even without explicit instruction. This demonstrates the power of observational learning in enculturation, highlighting how children naturally acquire knowledge and skills by observing and imitating others. Signup and view all the answers

What is honor killing?

Honor killing is a form of violence, often motivated by cultural norms and perceptions of honor, in which a person, usually a woman, is killed by a family member or other close relative, often for perceived acts that have brought shame or dishonor to the family. Signup and view all the answers

What did the findings of the study by Nisbett and Cohen show?

The study by Nisbett and Cohen showed that Southern male participants exhibited higher levels of cortisol, a hormone associated with stress, and displayed more aggressive behaviors compared to Northern participants. This difference was attributed to the 'culture of honor' prevalent in the Southern region, where individuals are more likely to react aggressively to perceived threats to their reputation or status. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an arranged marriage and a love marriage?

An arranged marriage is a marriage where parents choose a spouse for their child, often based on factors like family background, social status, and compatibility. A love marriage, on the other hand, is a marriage where individuals choose their spouse based on personal preferences, love, and attraction. Signup and view all the answers

What are the findings of the study by Yelsma and Athappilly?

The study by Yelsma and Athappilly found that Indian couples in arranged marriages reported higher levels of marital satisfaction compared to American couples in love marriages. This suggests that arranged marriages, despite potentially starting with less personal connection, can lead to greater long-term satisfaction, likely due to the importance of family and social approval in maintaining the relationship. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Individualism

A cultural perspective emphasizing personal independence, self-reliance, and individual goals.

Collectivism

A cultural perspective emphasizing group harmony, interdependence, and common goals.