Studies on Cultural Differences PDF

One example of a study is the one by Kashima & Triandis. The aim of the study was to see the relationship between individualism and collectivism & the shelving bias and modesty bias. A sample of Japanese students from the University of Illinois volunteered, while American students wanted a course...

One example of a study is the one by Kashima & Triandis. The aim of the study was to see the relationship between individualism and collectivism & the shelving bias and modesty bias. A sample of Japanese students from the University of Illinois volunteered, while American students wanted a course requirement. The participants were given 15 unfamiliar slides from places such as Israel and Greece. They had to recall what they remembered about the slides in 5 minutes, as a memory recognition test. 5 slides were then given to them about life in India, later a 3 minute recognition test was given about that. Participants were assigned to the success group (12/15) or the failure group (5/15). To assess for attribution, participants were given a questionnaire. The findings of the study show that Japanese participants would blame their failures on themselves and would blame their successes on outside factors. American participants would blame their failures on outside factors and blame their success on themselves. One example of a study is the one by Bond and Smith. The aim of the study was to use the Ash paradigm in seeing conformity cross culturally. A sample of people from different cultures were from various conformity studies where the Asch paradigm was done. Each study was done in various countries. The researchers found these published studies by looking at psychology databases, with one being PsycINFO. The researchers obtained data on conformity rates by looking at the percentage of which participants conformed to the major population. Additionally, each culture present in each study was categorized as collectivist or individualist, which was based on values and norms. The findings suggest that conformity is highest in collectivist cultures such as in Asia, and lowest in individualistic cultures such as the US. Additionally, the larger a group who shares beliefs and values, the more likely they were to conform. One example of a study is the one by Chen. The aim of the study was to see cultural differences on consumer impatience. A sample of Singaporean students from a university. They were instructed to look at a collage on American and Singaporean culture. The American college had Marilyn Monroe and the Singaporean college had an airline. They were then told to recall what they remembered of the college. After the recall test, the participants were told of an online shopping scenario, where they could buy a novel. They were told of the price of the standard delivery time, and had the option of getting quicker delivery time. As a measure of impatience, participants were told to rate how important it was to get the novel quickly or wait for it with standard delivery time. They then were told to list 3 politicians as a way to see cultural influence. The findings of the study show that participants with Western influence would be more likely to wait for the novel, as they would rather not have come early. Participants with Eastern influence would rather have the novel come early, as they would rather not have it come late. One example of a study is the one by Shah. The aim of this study was to see the relationship between enculturation and obesity. A sample of South Asian workers in the UAE were used, along with a baseline comparison group of other native men. To assess for obesity and how that differed across all participants, a mandatory health screening was issued, which looked at weight, blood pressure, and BM. Looking at various forms of measurements gave better and clearer insights on obesity. Then, participants did a questionnaire which looked at demographics like age and gender, along with lifestyle like physical activity and diet. The findings of the study show that people who stayed longer in the UAE had higher rates of obesity. This means that they were heavier than the natives in the UAE. One example of a study is the one by Odden and Rochat. The aim of the study was to see how children learned from parents and peers by observing them. A sample of 28 children were included in the study, all from a village in Samoa. The entire study was 25 months. The researchers observed the children in different settings such as family events and community activities. This was so the researchers can see the children's behavior. Semi structured interviews were then used to see how parents viewed non interventionist practices, letting their child learn themselves. Lastly, a MCQ test was given to the children to see their knowledge on their society, such as who was in charge. The findings of the study show that children learned to fish even though they were never actually taught. They also learned important household skills such as chores. One example of a study is the one by Nisbett & Cohen. The aim of the study was to see if Southern male participants were more aggressive than Northern male participants. A sample of white male students, either Northern or Southern, from the University of Michigan were used. They were instructed to come to a laboratory and fill out a survey. After the participants finished it, they had to take it to the other end of the hallway. As the participants did this, a confederate would be walking out a room named Photo Lab. As the confederate was working on a file cabinet, they had to push in a cabinet so that the participant could walk and reach the end of the hallway. After returning,, the confederate would slam the file drawer shut and bump the participant on the shoulder. The confederate then said a curse word to the participant, with their reactions being observed and cortisol/testosterone levels being measured by saliva and blood tests. The findings of the study show that Southerners had almost an 80% increase in cortisol levels and had visible aggressive behaviors, while Northers had close to a 30% increase in cortisol.. One example of a study is the one by Yelsma & Athappilly. The aim of the study was to see if there is a difference between arranged marriage and love marriages in their level of marital satisfaction. A sample of American married couples from Michigan and Indian couples from Kerala were used. The couples were instructed to complete a survey on how happy they were in their marriage and how they practice communicating to one another. As a measure of communication practices, The Primary Communication Inventory was used. It likely includes things such as frequency of communication, and how verbal and nonverbal actions were shown.. As a measure of marital satisfaction, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale was used. It showed how intimate the people in relationships were and how committed they were. The findings of the study show that Indians who got married as arranged by parents, were more satisfied with their relationship. Americans who got married due to love were less likely to be satisfied with their marriage.