Unit 1.1 Basic Principles in Pathology PDF

Subject : PATHOLOGY Code: MIPT 2022 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PATHOLOGY 1.1 Basic Principle In Pathology Learning Outcomes: LO 1: Explain the various terms used in general pathology including prefix and suffix. LO 2: Explain classification (pengelasan) of disease. LO 3: Define th...

Subject : PATHOLOGY Code: MIPT 2022 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PATHOLOGY 1.1 Basic Principle In Pathology Learning Outcomes: LO 1: Explain the various terms used in general pathology including prefix and suffix. LO 2: Explain classification (pengelasan) of disease. LO 3: Define the causes of disease. LO 4: Describe acute (akut) and chronic (kronik) disease. LO 5: Define common nomenclature in pathology related to radiological procedures.  PATHOLOGY ○ Pathology deals with knowledge of what causes disease, how disease starts, progresses & it explains the reason for signs and symptoms of patient. ○ Study of causes and effect of disease or injury. 1. TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY  Terminology in pathology 1. Disease Abnormal conditions that negatively affect the structure & function of the organism. 2. Epidemiology Studies on epidemic (epidemik) diseases- finding ways to control and prevent them in the future. 3. Etiology/ sebab Study of cause / causative agent of disease. 4. Syndrome A collection of signs (which can be observed) & (Sign & symptoms (complained of by the patient) that occur symptoms) together, which indicate the presence of a disease. 5. Manifestation/ Is a condition that is an extension of the primary Manifestasi illness in question.  Terminology in pathology 6. Diagnosis The process of identifying the disease condition (general characteristics) involving the signs, symptoms as well as through the results of examinations carried out e.g. blood test, urine test, sputum test. 7. Prognosis Is an estimate of the future of someone or something, especially about whether a patient will recover from an illness. 8. Treatment/ Procedure that carried out after the diagnostic to cure the patient. rawatan 10. Morbidity The rate of disease in a population eg: heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. The rate of disease in a population. 11.Mortality Is the number of deaths due to a specific illness or condition.  PREFIX, ROOTS, SUFFIX Prefix: Beginning (descriptive). Location, direction, number, quantity, amount, size, color etc. Eg: Anti- Against, A-/An- Without; Lacking, Bio- life, Dys- Difficult; Abnormal Root: central part of a word (subjective). Often pertain to a body part/system. Suffix: Ending.(meaning) Often refer to procedures, conditions, disorder, test or disease processes. Eg: -cyte, -cytic: cell, -dynia: pain/swelling, -emia: blood condition, -ism: condition All medical terms have a root word. They may also have a prefix, a suffix, or both a prefix and a suffix https://pressbooks.uwf.edu/medicalterminology/chapter/prefixes-and-suffixes/ PREFIX, ROOTS, SUFFIX 2. CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE  Disease/ penyakit 1. Abnormal conditions that negatively affect the structure & function of the organism. 2. Includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, symptoms, strange behaviors, structural & functional variations Disease classification 1. Congenital disease 2. Acquired disease 3. Neoplastic disease 4. Inflammatory disease  i. CONGENITAL DISEASE  Structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life/pregnancy.  AKA birth defects, congenital disorders, or congenital malformations, these conditions develop prenatally and may be identified before or at birth, or later in life.  Eg: cleft lip and cleft palate (sumbing), congenital heart disease, Colorblindness, Haemophilia.  ii. ACQUIRED DISEASE  Acquired diseases are a type of primary disease that develops after birth and continues throughout one's life.  It could also be a congenital disease passed down from the mother during childbirth.  iii. NEOPLASTIC DISEASE  AKA tumor.  Uncontrol growth of abnormal cell, benign or malignant  Benign- grow large but do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues or other parts of the body.  Malignant (cancer)- can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Cancer can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.  iv. INFLAMMATORY DISEASE  or INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS - excess inflammation occurs without a good reason and/or continues over an extended period of time. TYPE:  Acute inflammation: begins within seconds to minutes following injury to tissues and its usually sudden & temporary. It can be triggered by injury, infection, or exposure to substances, and presents itself as pain, redness, swelling, loss of function, and heat.  Chronic inflammation: can go on for months or years. It also refers to a response by your immune system that sticks around long after infection or injury. It occurs when the immune system is over-stimulated all the time. It can damage healthy cells, tissues and organs, and may cause internal scarring, tissue death and damage to the tissues. 3. ETIOLOGY  ETIOLOGY 1. Physical: (trauma, extreme temperatures, radiation, electric shock, changes in atmospheric pressure) 2. Chemistry: cause by chemical reaction. 3. Microbiological: bacteria/viruses 4. Vascular: blood vessels 5. Immunological: defense mechanism 6. Metabolic: biochemical changes 7. Idiopathic: unknown causes 8. Iatrogenic: medical procedures / treatment 9. Nosocomial: hospital infection/medical facility  Etiology Definition Examples Physical Noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, Temporary or permanent electricity and extremes of temperature hearing loss, motion sickness, Ionizing radiation damages Chemistry Chemical agents are the main cause of Aplastic anemia, asbestosis, occupational skin disease and can act as asthma, silicosis either irritants or sensitizers. Microbiological Bacteria/viruses Chickenpox (virus-Varicella zoster), TB (Tuberculosis)- bacteria- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Vascular Blood vessels Hypertension, stroke, aneurysms, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) Immunological Defense mechanism Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Etiology Definition Examples Metabolic Biochemical changes Heart disease, stroke and type i & ii diabetes Idiopathic Unknown causes Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic scoliosis Iatrogenic A disease induced by a drug Radiotherapy- hair loss prescribed by a physician; or after a medical or surgical procedure Nosocomial Hospital infection/ medical facility Central line-associated healthcare-associated infections (HAI) bloodstream infection (CLABSI) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) Surgical site infections 4. Disease Nomenclature  Disease Nomenclature System of classifying & naming diseases Nomenclature standards → (WHO-International Classification of Diseases) Nomenclature 1) Primary & Secondary Primary Root cause/ primary disease Occur on its own Secondary Complication Related to primary disease 2)Time; Acute & Chronic Acute Progress quickly and respond quickly. Colds & Measles Chronic May occur after the Acute stage development occurs slowly (Month or Year) Eg TB  Disease Nomenclature akut kronik Asthma attack, Broken Arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart bone, Bronchitis, Burn, disease, high blood pressure, and chronic COVID-19 kidney disease  Disease Nomenclature Nomenclature Cancer: benign & Benign : Limited to the original tissue Rarely harmful malignant Malignant : Spread Harmful Eponymous Named after a person Ex: Grave Disease. Hodgkin’s Disease Syndrome The combination of clinical signs/symptom that must be present to classify a disease (Hypertension) Iatrogenic Diseases caused by medical methods or treatments. This also involves errors during surgery (Surgical errors) and drug reactions Ex: Penicillin (allergy)  Cell modification to disease Atrophy 1. Loss of organs/cells due to cell degeneration undernourishment/disuse/aging. 2. Decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue. Hypertrophy 1. Increased tissue/ organ size → cell enlargement not cell multiplication (in tumors) Muscle cells etc. heavy work/extreme exercise.  Cell modification to disease Hyperplasia Increased production & growth of cells in tissues/organs. The part involved grows but does not change the original shape.  Cell modification to disease Metaplasia 1. Metaplasia is the change from one differentiated (mature) type of cell into another differentiated (mature) type of cell. 2. Transforms a cell from one form to another; caused by external stimulus; can be reversible; less likely to lead to cancer. 3. Another word for metaplasia is metaplastic.  Cell modification to disease Dysplasia 1. Abnormal growth @ formation that is "bad" /abnormal on the skin, bones @ other tissues. 2. Transforms a cell into an abnormal version of itself; caused by internal stimulus; is not reversible; more likely to lead to cancer  Cell modification to disease cell degeneration Increased tissue/ organ size Increased production & growth Transforms a cell from one form to another of cells in tissues/organs Transforms a cell into an abnormal version of itself Uncontrol growth of abnormal cell  References  Bhattacharya, G.K. (2016). Concise pathology for Exam Preparation. (3rd ed) Elsevier: New Delhi.  Goljan, E.F. (2019). Rapid Review Pathology. (5th ed). Elsevier: Philadelphia.  Kumar, V., Abbas, A.K. & Aster, J.C (2015). Robbins And Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. (9th ed). Elsevier: Philadelphia.  Sattar, H.A. (2018). Fundamental Pathology: Medical Couse and Step I Review. Pathoma LLC: Chicago  Schneider, A.S. & Szanto, P.A. (2014). Pathology (5th ed). Lippinicott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia.