Basic Terminologies of Pathology PDF

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES Prof Dr Thidar Aung Learning Objectives Students will be able to: 1. Describe the basic terminologies of pathology (C2) a) Aetiology, b) Pathogenesis, c) Pathological and clinical manifestations, d) Complications & sequelae, e) Prognosis, f) Eponymous disease, g) Syndrome, h) les...

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES Prof Dr Thidar Aung Learning Objectives Students will be able to: 1. Describe the basic terminologies of pathology (C2) a) Aetiology, b) Pathogenesis, c) Pathological and clinical manifestations, d) Complications & sequelae, e) Prognosis, f) Eponymous disease, g) Syndrome, h) lesion, i) Pathognomonic abnormality 2. With reference to a disease, differentiate: (C4) a) Primary and secondary, b) Morbidity and mortality, c) Remission and relapse, d) Symptoms and signs 3. Explain the general principles of classification of disease (C2) Basic terminologies of Pathology Aetiology: The initiating cause of a disease Two broad classes: a. Genetic (e.g., inherited or acquired mutations, and diseaseassociated gene variants, or polymorphisms) b. Environmental (e.g., infectious, nutritional, chemical, physical) Pathogenesis: The sequence of molecular, biochemical, and cellular events that lead to the development of disease “Individuals are sick because their cells are sick” Virchow Pathological manifestation: The structural (morphologic changes) and functional alterations in cells and organs a.Features that can be recognized with the naked eye : gross or macroscopic changes b. Studied by microscopic examination of tissues: microscopic changes Clinical manifestation : The resulting clinical consequences (signs and symptoms) Complications & Sequalae: the secondary, systemic or remote consequences of a disease Prognosis: the anticipated course of the disease in terms of cure, remission, or fate of the patient More terms Eponym:A disease or lesion named after a person, or a place associated with it. Name: Graves disease Hodgkin lymphoma *Paget disease of bone *Virchow’s node, triad etc Place: Philadelphia chromosome - t(9:22) in CML Medical eponym Crohns disease Wilsons disease Burkitts lymphoma Buergers disease Churg-strauss syndrome Wegeners granulomatosis Reiters syndrome Wilms tumor Pathologic name Regional enteritis Hepatolenticular degeration Small non-cleaved NHL Thromboangiitis obliterans Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) Reactive arthritis nephroblastoma Syndromes: An aggregate of signs and symptoms or combination of lesions without which the disease is not diagnosed. E.g. Down Syndrome, Nephrotic Syndrome, Carcinoid Syndrome Lesions: the characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by disease in an individual or experimental animal. Pathognomonic abnormalities Features restricted to a single disease or disease category Primary versus secondary 1. Causation of disease Primary: Disease without antecedent cause ( idiopathic,spontaneous) Example: primary hypertension Secondary: Disease representing a complication or manifestation of another disease. Example: Secondary hypertension 2. Initial and subsequent stages of a disease Example: a.Primary TB and secondary TB b.Primary tumour and secondary tumour Morbidity and mortality Morbidity: Sum of effects of disease on patient Example : In myocardial infarction Mortality: Death is the end result Remission and relapse Remission Process of conversion of active disease to quiescence. (normal state ) Relapse State when signs and symptoms reappear. Example :Peptic ulcer,Acute leukaemia Symptoms and signs Functional implications of the lesion a. felt by the patient =Symptoms b. discovered by the clinician=physical signs Classification of diseases Devided into mode of acquisition, phatogenetic classification, subclassification with examples Acute versus chronic Acute: Rapid onset May or may not be followed by resolution Chronic: Insidious onset Prolonged course May follow an acute condition Benign versus malignant Tumours/Neoplasm: Benign: Localised No infiltration Rarely fatal Malignant: Spreads Infiltration common Commonly fata