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Unit 1: Ch.1-5 Colonial and Revolutionary War Chapter 1 ​ Maize - from Mexico to American Southwest: Maize, also known as corn, is a staple crop that originated in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America) and was later introduced to the Americ...

Unit 1: Ch.1-5 Colonial and Revolutionary War Chapter 1 ​ Maize - from Mexico to American Southwest: Maize, also known as corn, is a staple crop that originated in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America) and was later introduced to the American Southwest. It became a vital source of food for indigenous peoples in the region. ​ Columbian Exchange: The Columbian Exchange was the widespread exchange of plants, animals, cultures, ideas, and technologies between the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World (the Americas) following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century. It had a profound impact on both hemispheres. ​ Spanish Colonization - how were the Spanish towards the natives?: Spanish colonization in the Americas was characterized by a complex relationship with indigenous peoples. While some Spanish settlers were harsh and exploitative, others attempted to convert Native Americans to Christianity. The Spanish also established the encomienda system, which subjected indigenous peoples to forced labor. ​ Encomienda System: The encomienda system was a labor system in Spanish America where Spanish settlers (encomenderos) were granted the right to extract forced labor from indigenous people in exchange for protection and religious conversion. It was often exploitative and led to the mistreatment of Native Americans. ​ Mestizo: Mestizo refers to people of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry. It reflects the blending of cultures and populations that occurred during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. ​ Bartolome de las Casas: Bartolomé de las Casas was a Spanish Dominican friar, historian, and advocate for the rights of indigenous peoples in the Americas. He wrote extensively about the mistreatment of Native Americans by the Spanish and advocated for their humane treatment. ​ Treaty of Tordesillas: The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain. It established a line  of demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean, with Portugal gaining rights to lands east of the line and Spain to lands west of the line. ​ Pueblo Revolt: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was a successful uprising by Pueblo Native Americans against Spanish colonization in present-day New Mexico. It resulted in the temporary expulsion of the Spanish from the region. ​ Atlantic World: The Atlantic World refers to the interconnected web of commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in the Atlantic Ocean basin during the Age of Exploration and colonization. It transformed societies and economies. ​ Mercantilism: Mercantilism was an economic theory and practice in the 16th to 18th centuries that emphasized a nation's wealth and power through accumulating precious metals, promoting exports, and controlling colonial trade. ​ Richard Hakluyt: Richard Hakluyt was an English geographer and author in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He advocated for English exploration and colonization of North America and published works promoting colonization. ​ Puritans: Puritans were English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England from perceived Roman Catholic influences. Many settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony, seeking religious freedom. ​ Pilgrims/Separatists: The Pilgrims were a group of English Separatists who sailed to North America on the Mayflower in 1620. They established Plymouth Colony in what is now Massachusetts, seeking religious freedom. ​ French Colonization - how were the French towards the natives?: French colonization in North America was often characterized by more cooperative and mutually beneficial relationships with Native American tribes. The French engaged in the fur trade and often established trade alliances with indigenous peoples. ​ Dutch Colonization - how were the Dutch towards the natives?: Dutch colonization in the New World, especially in New Netherland (parts of present-day New York and New Jersey), had mixed relations with Native Americans. While they engaged in trade, there were also conflicts, such as the Dutch-Indian Wars. ​ English Colonization - how were the English towards the natives?:  English colonization had a range of interactions with Native Americans. Some English settlers, like those in Jamestown, had difficult relations marked by conflicts. Others, like the Pilgrims and Puritans, had more cooperative interactions with local tribes. ​ Roanoke: Roanoke was an early English settlement in what is now North Carolina. It mysteriously disappeared between 1587 and 1590, earning it the nickname "The Lost Colony." The fate of its inhabitants remains a historical mystery. Chapter 2 Chesapeake: The Chesapeake region, during the colonial era, generally refers to the area around the Chesapeake Bay, including parts of present-day Virginia and Maryland. It was one of the earliest regions settled by English colonists. Virginia Company: The Virginia Company was a joint-stock company that was established in 1606 with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. It played a significant role in the founding of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America. Jamestown: Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in what is now Virginia. It was founded by the Virginia Company and faced numerous challenges, including conflicts with Native Americans and harsh living conditions. House of Burgesses: The House of Burgesses, established in 1619 in Virginia, was one of the first representative assemblies in the American colonies. It allowed colonists to have a voice in their government and played a role in the development of self-government in America. Headright system: The headright system was a land distribution system used in Virginia and some other colonies. It granted a certain amount of land to individuals who paid for their own or others' passage to the colony. This system encouraged immigration and the establishment of large landholdings. Bacon’s Rebellion:  Bacon's Rebellion, in 1676, was an armed rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial governor, William Berkeley. It was a response to perceived injustices and frustrations with colonial government policies, particularly concerning Native American relations and land distribution. William Berkeley: William Berkeley was the colonial governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion. He was criticized for his handling of Native American conflicts and his close ties to the colony's wealthy elite. Nathaniel Bacon: Nathaniel Bacon was the leader of Bacon's Rebellion. He represented the frustrations of many small farmers and settlers who felt marginalized by the colonial government's policies. Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, Cecilius Calvert: Lord Baltimore, also known as George Calvert, and his son Cecilius Calvert, were English noblemen who played a key role in the founding and establishment of the Maryland colony as a refuge for Catholics. Royal colony vs. Charter colony: A royal colony was directly controlled by the British Crown, with a governor appointed by the king. A charter colony, on the other hand, was granted a charter by the king, allowing it a greater degree of self-government. Pilgrims/Separatists: Pilgrims, also known as Separatists, were a group of English religious dissenters who sought religious freedom and separated from the Church of England. They are famous for their voyage on the Mayflower and the founding of Plymouth Colony. Mayflower Compact: The Mayflower Compact was a document signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620. It established a form of self-government and a commitment to majority rule among the male passengers, laying the foundation for democratic principles in America. Plymouth Colony - William Bradford: Plymouth Colony was one of the earliest English colonies in America, founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. William Bradford was one of its leaders and served as governor for many years. His writings, like "Of Plymouth Plantation," provide valuable historical insights. Puritans: Puritans were English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England from within. Many of them settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony and played a significant role in shaping its religious and political character.  Great Migration: The Great Migration refers to the period between 1620 and 1640 when tens of thousands of English Puritans migrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other parts of New England to escape religious persecution in England. Massachusetts Bay Company - John Winthrop: The Massachusetts Bay Company was a that established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. John Winthrop was its first governor and a key figure in the colony's early history. He delivered the famous "City upon a Hill" sermon, emphasizing the colony's religious mission. Anne Hutchinson: Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter from the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. She held religious meetings in her home, which challenged the religious authorities, and she was banished from the colony due to her views. Antinomianism in regards to Anne Hutchinson: Antinomianism is the belief that faith alone, rather than strict adherence to moral law, leads to salvation. Anne Hutchinson was accused of promoting antinomianism, which was seen as a threat to the religious and social order in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Roger Williams: Roger Williams was a religious dissenter who founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636. He advocated for the separation of church and state, religious tolerance, and fair treatment of Native Americans. Pequot War: The Pequot War was a conflict in 1637 between English settlers and Native American tribes, primarily the Pequot tribe, in the Connecticut area. It resulted in the near destruction of the Pequot tribe. King Philip’s War: King Philip's War, also known as Metacom's War, was a conflict in 1675-1676 between Native American tribes, led by Chief Metacom (King Philip), and English colonists in New England. It was one of the deadliest and most devastating conflicts in the colonial period. Quakers: Quakers, also known as the Religious Society of Friends, were a religious group that believed in direct personal religious experience, equality, and pacifism. They faced persecution in England and established settlements in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. William Penn: William Penn was a Quaker who founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for religious freedom and tolerance. He also established the city of  Philadelphia and played a pivotal role in the development of the colony. Carolinas: The Carolinas were originally one colony but were later divided into North Carolina and South Carolina. They were known for their plantation economy, which relied heavily on the cultivation of rice and indigo. Barbados: Barbados was a Caribbean island colony of England that had a significant influence on the development of the plantation system and slave-based economy in the American colonies, particularly in the southern colonies. James Oglethorpe: James Oglethorpe was the founder of the colony of Georgia in 1733. He established Georgia as a haven for debtors and a buffer against Spanish Florida. Characteristics of the three colonial regions: The three main colonial regions were New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. Each had distinct characteristics, including New England's focus on trade, the Middle Colonies' diversity and agriculture, and the Southern Colonies' reliance on cash crops and slavery. Mercantilism: Mercantilism was an economic policy in which the colonies existed to benefit the mother country. It emphasized the accumulation of wealth through a favorable balance of trade, the acquisition of colonies for resources, and the regulation of colonial commerce. Navigation Acts: The Navigation Acts were a series of English laws in the 17th century that regulated colonial trade and commerce. They aimed to ensure that most colonial trade was conducted with England, benefiting the English economy. Chapter 3 Indentured Servitude: Labor system in the American colonies. Individuals worked for a specified time in exchange for passage to America and future freedom. Middle Passage: The middle leg of the triangular trade route.  Enslaved Africans transported to the Americas under brutal conditions on slave ships. Slave Codes: Laws in the American colonies defining the legal status and rights of enslaved people. Typically denied basic rights and restricted activities of enslaved individuals. Tobacco: A significant cash crop in the Southern colonies. Crucial to the economic development of regions like Virginia and Maryland. Indigo: Another cash crop, primarily grown in South Carolina and Georgia. Used to produce a valuable blue dye. Northern Economy = More Diverse: The economy in Northern colonies was characterized by greater diversity. Included industries like shipbuilding, fishing, trade, and manufacturing alongside agriculture. Triangular Trade: Trade system connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Involved the exchange of goods, including enslaved Africans, across these regions. Stono Rebellion: A slave rebellion in South Carolina in 1739. Enslaved Africans revolted, seeking freedom and causing violence. Colonial Cities: Urban centers in the American colonies for trade, commerce, and governance. Examples include Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Charleston. Great Awakening: Religious revival movement in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s. Emphasized personal religious experience and emotional worship. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards: Prominent preachers of the Great Awakening. Whitefield known for powerful sermons; Edwards famous for "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." Harvard/Yale - Why Originally Started?: Harvard and Yale were founded as colleges in the American colonies. Established to educate ministers and promote religious education. Enlightenment:  Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights. Influential in shaping American political thought. John Locke: Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas influenced American political thought. Advocated for natural rights and government by consent. John Peter Zenger: Colonial newspaper publisher in New York. Known for his trial that helped establish freedom of the press in America. Chapter 4 Salutary Neglect: A British colonial policy during the 17th and 18th centuries. It involved the British government's lax enforcement of trade regulations and colonial governance, allowing the American colonies to largely govern themselves. Weekly Journals/Newspapers: Periodic publications in the 18th century. They disseminated news, opinions, and information to colonial populations, shaping public opinion during the American Revolution. Albany Congress/Albany Plan of Union: The Albany Congress was a 1754 meeting of colonial representatives during the French and Indian War. The Albany Plan of Union, proposed by Benjamin Franklin, aimed to create a unified colonial government for common defense and Native American relations but was not adopted. Iroquois Confederation: A powerful alliance of Native American tribes, including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and later the Tuscarora. Played a significant role in colonial and early American history as they negotiated with European powers and colonists. Seven Years War/French and Indian War: A global conflict (1756-1763) between Great Britain and France, with its North American theater known as the French and Indian War. The war had significant implications for the American colonies and increased tensions with Britain. Peace of Paris of 1763: The treaty that ended the Seven Years War. Resulted in Britain gaining control of Canada, Florida, and other territories in North America, impacting the American colonies. Pontiac’s Rebellion: An armed conflict (1763-1766) between Native American tribes and British colonists in the Ohio River Valley. A response to British policies and mistreatment of Native Americans following the Seven Years War. Proclamation of 1763: A British decree that prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Intended to prevent conflicts with Native Americans and maintain control over the western territories. Sugar Act (Revenue Act of 1764): A British law that imposed taxes on sugar and other imports into the American colonies. Part of Britain's efforts to raise revenue from the colonies. Writs of Assistance: Legal documents allowing British officials to search colonial homes and businesses for smuggled goods without a specific warrant. Controversial and seen as an infringement on colonial rights. March of the Paxton Boys 1764: An uprising by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in Pennsylvania in 1764.  They protested against Native American attacks and the colonial government's response. Regulator Movement: A series of protests and uprisings in North and South Carolina in the 1760s. Led by backcountry farmers demanding fairer taxation and better representation in colonial government. Stamp Act - 1765: A British law imposing a tax on printed materials in the American colonies. Sparked widespread protests and the slogan "no taxation without representation." Stamp Act Congress: A gathering of colonial representatives in 1765 to protest the Stamp Act. Demonstrated colonial unity against British taxation. Sons of Liberty/Daughters of Liberty: Secret societies formed by colonists to protest British policies. Engaged in acts of resistance and boycotts of British goods. Mercy Otis Warren: A prominent American playwright, poet, and historian in the late 18th century. Known for her writings supporting the American Revolutionary cause. Declaratory Act - 1766: A British law passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act. Asserted British parliamentary authority over the American colonies. Townshend Act - 1767: A series of laws imposing taxes on various imported goods in the American colonies. Increased tensions and boycotts. Quartering Act - 1765: A British law requiring colonists to provide housing and supplies for British troops. Resented by colonists as an infringement on their rights. Boston Massacre: A violent confrontation in 1770 between British soldiers and colonists. Resulted in several deaths and heightened anti-British sentiment. Sam Adams: A Founding Father and leader of the Sons of Liberty. Played a key role in organizing protests against British policies. Virtual vs. Actual Representation: A debate over whether colonists should be represented in the British Parliament or have their own colonial legislatures. A central issue in the dispute over taxation and representation. Tea Act - 1773: A British law granting the British East India Company a tea monopoly in the colonies. Led to the Boston Tea Party in protest. Boston Tea Party: An act of protest in 1773 where colonists, dressed as Native Americans, dumped tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act. Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) - 1773: A series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party. Aimed to punish Massachusetts and restrict colonial autonomy. First Continental Congress:  A meeting of colonial representatives in 1774 in response to the Coercive Acts. Marked a step toward colonial unity and resistance against British oppression. Committees of Correspondence: Local groups formed to communicate and coordinate colonial resistance efforts. Played a vital role in organizing opposition to British policies. Lexington and Concord: The first military engagements of the American Revolution in April 1775. British troops attempted to seize colonial weapons stores, leading to armed conflict between colonists and British forces. Chapter 5 Olive Branch Petition: ○ The Olive Branch Petition was a peace proposal sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III of Great Britain in 1775. It expressed the colonists' desire for reconciliation and a peaceful resolution to their grievances with Britain, though it was ultimately rejected by the British government. Thomas Paine - Common Sense: ○ Thomas Paine was an influential pamphleteer and writer during the American Revolution. "Common Sense" was a pamphlet he published in 1776 that argued for the American colonies' independence from British rule. It had a significant impact on public opinion and helped galvanize support for independence. Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence: ○ Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, a document adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The Declaration of Independence declared the colonies'  independence from British rule and outlined the principles of freedom and equality. Articles of Confederation: ○ The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1777. They created a weak central government with limited powers, as many of the Founding Fathers were wary of centralized authority following their experience with British rule. Revolutionary War: ○ The Revolutionary War, also known as the American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that took place between the American colonies and Great Britain from 1775 to 1783. It resulted in the colonies gaining independence and becoming the United States of America. Saratoga: ○ The Battle of Saratoga, fought in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, was a significant American victory. It is often considered the turning point of the war because it led to France formally entering the conflict as an ally of the United States. Yorktown: ○ The Siege of Yorktown, which took place in 1781, was the final major military engagement of the Revolutionary War. American and French forces, led by General George Washington, besieged and defeated British General Cornwallis, leading to the British surrender and effectively ending the war. Paris Peace Treaty of 1783: ○ The Treaty of Paris of 1783 formally ended the Revolutionary War. It was signed in Paris and recognized the independence of the United States from Great Britain. It ○ established the boundaries of the new nation and settled various post-war issues. Loyalists: ○ Loyalists, also known as Tories, were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the Revolutionary War. They opposed the movement for American independence and often faced persecution or had to flee to British-held territory. Abigail Adams - "Remember the Ladies": ○ Abigail Adams was the wife of John Adams, one of the Founding Fathers and the second President of the United States. In a letter to her husband in 1776, she famously wrote, "Remember the ladies,"  advocating for women's rights and gender equality during the early days of the American Republic. Republicanism: ○ Republicanism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of a government in which the people elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. It played a significant role in shaping the American system of government during the Revolutionary era. Articles of Confederation - Limited Power: ○ The Articles of Confederation established a decentralized form of government with limited powers. The central government created by the Articles had little authority and was primarily designed to coordinate efforts among the states. Land Ordinance of 1784 and 1785: ○ The Land Ordinance of 1784 and 1785 were laws passed by the Continental Congress to govern the settlement of western lands acquired from Great Britain after the Revolutionary War. These ordinances established a system for surveying and selling public lands in the Northwest Territory. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: ○ The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was another law governing the Northwest Territory. It provided a framework for the orderly settlement and organization of new territories, including the eventual admission of new states to the Union. Battle of Fallen Timbers: ○ The Battle of Fallen Timbers, fought in 1794, was a decisive conflict between American forces and Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory. The American victory led to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which ceded significant Native American lands to the United States. Daniel Shays and Shays' Rebellion: ○ Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786-1787 led by Daniel Shays and other farmers. It was sparked by economic grievances and debtors' issues. The rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and contributed to the call for a stronger federal government, leading to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. SCRATCH NOTES, FROM HEIMLER’S HISTORY UNIT 1 REVIEW ON YOUTUBE: UNIT 1  There was a great variety of Indian cultures on the American continent Pueblo ○ Maize, beans, squash… ○ Urban clay centers (cliff dwellings) ○ Irrigation systems ○ Southwest Great Plains / Basin Indians ○ Small bands, hunter-gathering and nomadic ○ Example: Ute people Northwest Coast ○ Permanent settlements; diverse plantlife and abundance of natural resources ○ Chumash, Chinook (plank houses!) Northeast ○ Iroquois: farmers Communal, lived in longhouses for settlement Abundant timber in NE Mississippi River Valley ○ Farmers, rich soil of region ○ Trade up and down waterways Cahokia: large civilization, centralized govt. Around chieftains NATIVES OF AMERICA DEVELOPED INCREASINGLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES SHAPED AND INFLUENCED BY THEIR ENVIRONMENTS Why were the Europeans exploring? ○ Stronger, more centralized states being formed between 1300-1400s ○ Taste for luxury goods from Asia, led them to seek out easier sea-based routes ○ New maritime technologies ○ Spain had just finished reconquest of Iberian Peninsula, increased religious spread of Catholic Christianity and seeking economic opportunities ○ Christopher Columbus lands on the Caribbean, news creates competition between European powers to conquer this new land Columbian Exchange: biological exchange Food ○ Americas to Europe: Tomato, potato, maize ○ Europe to Americas: Rice, soybeans, wheat Animals ○ Americas to Europe: Turkeys  ○ Europe to Americas: Horses, cattle, pigs(Swine) ○ Gold and Silver found in Americas and sent to Europe ○ Europeans introduced enslaved Africans to American continent Disease ○ Smallpox introduced, huge population decimation in the Americans ○ Europeans picked up syphilis from Americas Wealth from American resources like gold and silver induced societal and economic makeup changes in European states Feudalism shifts to a more capitalistic structure of society Joint-Stock companies founded to fund more economic ventures to the Americas ○ First major European colonizer: SPAIN Pursuit of wealth through agriculture in the Americas Encomienda System ○ Issue 1: issues keeping the natives subservient to their colonizers ○ Issue 2: susceptibility of natives to European diseases and tendency to die early on Solved these issues by importing slaves from Africa; knew the land far less and were more resistant to the aforementioned diseases Casta System: reordered societal structure of the Americas to great degree Racial ancestry-based hierarchy. Peninsulares (European-born Europeans) on top, and Native Americans at the very bottom ○ Each side of Natives and Europeans acculturated to each other to some degree Europeans adopted the Natives’ forms of agriculture in the context of British colonization of North America Americans adopted European weaponry and warring methods ○ Europeans viewed the natives as subhuman and even sometimes stated that harsh treatment was better for them and civilized them, etc. to justify their actions Bartolome de las Casas: a priest who defended the human rights of natives, convinced the king to pass laws in favor of the natives (repealed later) Book of Genesis and the curse of slavery mentioned is used as another form of religious justification of slavery, holding that dark/black skin is the “cursemark” and that Africans were destined to be slaves no matter what