Unit 1 Lesson 1 - A Glimpse of the Cordillera Region PDF

The word cordillera is derived from the Spanish word *cordilla* which means 'little cord.' In geography, *cordillera* refers to "a series of parallel mountains that run along the backbone of a continent or an island like a twisted cord." (Buendia, 1987, pp. 158-159) Hence, Buendia's description of t...

The word cordillera is derived from the Spanish word *cordilla* which means 'little cord.' In geography, *cordillera* refers to "a series of parallel mountains that run along the backbone of a continent or an island like a twisted cord." (Buendia, 1987, pp. 158-159) Hence, Buendia's description of the north-central region of Luzon can explain why the old Mountain Province is called the *Gran Cordillera* (big littlle cord) and why the term *cordillera* is a neutral term that is used as the name of the region: On July 15, 1987, Executive Order (EO) 220 created the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) which includes Abra and the former sub-provinces of the old Mountain Province, namely, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Mountain Province. Bontoc was the name of the former sub-province but is now the name of the capital town of Mountain Province. The region also includes one chartered city (Baguio) and one component city (Tabuk). **Composition of CAR** The subsequent paragraphs are general descriptions of the profile of the six provinces and the two cities. A sample of each of the six provinces' response to colonialism and the dominant ethnolinguistic groups in these provinces and cities are included. **Abra**. This province that has a total land area of 4,199.72 square kilometers regained its status as a province in March 1917 through the passage of Act 2683 after a 12-year period of being a sub-province of Ilocos Sur. It is bounded in the North by Ilocos Norte and Apayao, in the East by Kalinga, in the South by Mountain Province, and in the Southwest by Ilocos sur. (History, n.d.) It has 27 municipalities and was integrated into the Cordillera Administrative Region through EO 220. The indigenous peoples of Abra are called **Itneg** (the term probably was derived from: *I* \[from\] *tineg* \[major river system\] or *iti uneg* \[from inside\]) or **Tingguian** (*tinggi* or *tingue* - Malay root word for mountains). The term indicates the river system and mountainous territory of these IPs who are generally categorized as lowland and upland Tingguians (Begnalen et al., 2023). Table1 presents the sub-groups of the Tingguians: Table 1 ***Sub-groups of Tingguians and the Municipalities Where They Live*** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Tingguian | **Municipalities | | | Sub-groups** | where they | | | | Predominantly Live** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | **Upland** | **Lowland** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Adasen\* | Tineg\*, Lacub ^\#^, | Danglas ^\#^, | | | Licuan-Baay ^\#^, | Lagangilang\*,San | | | | Juan\* | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Agta^※^ | | Marugnoy of | | | | Villaviciosa^※^ | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Baclingayan-Belwang | Tubo ^\#,^ Dao-angan | | | ^\#^ | of Boliney, | | | | Baklingayan of | | | Belwang^※^ | Tubo^※^ | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Balatoc\* | Boliney^\#,^ Amti, | | | | Kilong-olaw, and | | | | Danak of Boliney^※^ | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Banao\* | Malibcong\*, | | | | Daguioman\* | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Bangilo-Gubang ^\#^; | Malibcong\* | | | Gubang^※^ | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Binongan\* | Lacub\*, | Lagangilang^\#^ | | | Licuan-Baay\* | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Inlaud^※^ | | some barangays of | | | | Lagangilang, | | | | Penarubia, Bucay, | | | | Langiden, Sain Isdro, | | | | San Quintin, and | | | | Danglas, Lumaba of | | | | Villaviciosa^※^ | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Mabaka\* | Malibcong\*, Lacub\* | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Masadiit\* | Sallapadan\*, | Bucay ^\#^ | | | Bucloc\*, | | | | | | | | Barangays of Bawiyan, | | | | Dumagas of Boliney^※^ | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Maeng\* | Luba\*, Tubo\* | some barangays of | | | | Villaviciosa; | | | | barangays San Ramon | | | | and Ayyeng of | | | | Manabo^※^ | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Muyadan\* (considered | | Manabo ^\#^, | | subtribe of Maeng)/ | | Barangays Catacdegan | | Ammutan^※^ | | and Nuevo of | | | | Manabo^※^ | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Sources: Verzola Jr., P. (2007), Begnaden et al. (2023) Legend: \* - cited by both sources; ^\#^ - cited only by Verzola; ^※^ - cited only by Begnaden et al. The Itnegs/Tingguians had their share in resisting Spanish colonial rule. Dumagat (2001) posited that: **Apayao**. It was through RA 7878, which was signed on February 14, 1995, that Apayao became a regular province. It has seven municipalities with a total land area of 4, 502.33 square kilometers. On its East and North is the province of Cagayan, on the West are the provinces of Abra and Ilocos Norte, and on the South is the province of Kalinga. (Caban et al., 2023) During the Spanish colonial period, the people were called *los Apayaos* or *los Mandayas.* The term *los Apayaos "*refers to the river along whose banks the people live" and it stuck to be the name of the province while the term *los Mandayas* is related to an Isneg word meaning 'upstream'." (Reynolds & Grant, 1973, p. 12). Reynolds and Grant added that in the past, the indigenous people of Apayao had no specific name for their group. They usually identified themselves according to where they resided like *Imandaya* (people living upstream) or *Imallod* (people living downstream). Their ethnic identity as *Isneg* or *Isnag* was probably given by outsiders because while the term *Isneg* plausibly came from an Ilocano term that means "from Tineg," (a town and a river in Abra), it later gained the connotation of an "enemy." However, over the years, the negative meaning was cast-off and the indigenous people of Apayao call themselves as *Isneg.* Coben (2009) noted that the Isnegs, like their fellow highlanders of northern Luzon, resisted the Spanish colonial rule. While the Spaniards were able to establish three missions in the outskirts of Apayao, such was short-lived due to the constant raids by the Isneg warriors. The Isnegs' reputation of being fierce headhunters and their frequent attack of the Cagayan Valley discouraged lowlanders from migrating to the territory of the Isnegs. It was only after the success of the pacification campaign by the American colonizers that people from the Christianized Ilocos region migrated to the Isnegs' territory. (Coben, 2009) **Baguio City**. It is bounded on the north by La Trinidad, on the east by Itogon, and on the west and south by Tuba. It has a total land area of 49 square kilometers (About Baguio, n.d.). It was originally called ***Kafagway*** (Ibaloi term which means grassy clearings) as identified in Quirante's report of his expedition to the mines of Antamok in 1624 (History: Events leading..., n.d.). Quirante noted that the grassy lands were used as pasture lands of the Benguet Igorots, the Ibalois in particular as they were the early settlers of Kafagway which was a *rancheria* or small settlement of La Trinidad. On November 22, 1900, the Philippine Commission enacted Act No. 48, which established civil governments in the towns of Benguet which included Baguio that absorbed what was once called Kafagway. The name Baguio was derived from the Ibaloi term *bagyu* or *bag-iw* (moss). *Bag-iw* "referred to the basin where moss grew year-round and located at the Guisad Valley (the wide expanse between La Trinidad and Kafagway)." (Boquiren, 2015a, para. 8) Other Ibaloi terms are used as names of the streets like: *Kayang* (high); *Chuntug* (mountain); *Chanum* (water); *Otek* (small); *Abanao* (from *ambanaw*, Ibaloy term for wide); and, *Chugum* (from *shagem*, Ibaloy term for wind). (Pacete, 2013) On August 9, 1909, Act 1963 which incorporated Baguio City and separated it from the direct administration of the province of Benguet was enacted and took effect on September 1, 1909 (which is celebrated every year as the Baguio day). The city, designed for 25,000 people, was also named by the second Philippine Commission as the Summer Capital of the Philippine Archipelago because it is where the colonial administrators retreat to escape the heat of the lowlands during summer (Boquiren, 2015b, para. 8). Luga (2022) added that America's interest in the city is not only to take advantage of its temperate climate for its tropically ill American troops and employees but also the lure of gold. Luga's assertion is similar to the comment of Cariño and Resabal, Jr. (1990) that: Based on the quoted narrative, the main factor that made Baguio a multicultural city is internal migration. Mayo and Dacawi (2009) present the order of migration during the American period: While the Ibalois were the original settlers of Baguio, migration had changed the city's demographic structure. The largest ethnic group in the city is the Ilocano ethnic group and is followed by the Kankanaey ethnic group. Three in every ten households in the city are of Ilocano ethnicity as of the 2020 census. (*Ethnicity in the Cordillera*..., 2020) **Benguet**. RA 4695 divided the old Mountain Province into four provinces, one of which is Benguet. The province has thirteen municipalities with a total land area of 2,769.08 square kilometers. On its north is Mountain Province, on its South is Pangasinan, on its East is Ifugao, and on its West are La Union and Ilocos Sur. Its three major ethnolinguistic groups are the **Ibalois, Kankanaeys**, and **Kalanguya** (History of Benguet, 2022). Verzola, Jr. (2007) earlier noted that while the Ibalois have significant presence in Atok, Baguio City, Bokod, Kabayan, La Trinidad, Sablan, Tuba, and Tublay, the Kankanaeys have significant presence in Mankayan, Bakun, Buguias, and Kibungan. There are scholars who identify these Kankanaeys in Benguet as southern Kankanaeys and those in Mountain Province as northern Kankanaeys. For Kapangan, it is estimated that the Kankanaeys comprise 2/3 and the Ibalois comprise 1/3 of its population. The minority ethnolinguistic groups of Benguet include the Karao whose domicile is "concentrated in the barangays of Karao and Ekip in Bokod" (Reginaldo, 2021, p. 81). While there are members of Kalanguya (Kalangotan/Kallahan), this ethnolinguistic group is predominant in Aritao of Nueva Vizcaya, Carranglan of Nueva Ecija, and Tinoc of Ifugao. As regards its name, the official page of the Municipality of La Trinidad claims that *benguet* is a "native term which refers to a lake where water does not drain, referring to the former swamp area where no natural drain existed" (La Trinidad history, 2018, para. 7). Benguet or *Valle de Benguet* referred only to what is now known as La Trinidad, it was renamed as Valle de la Trinidad in 1874. In addition, the official page of the province of Benguet claims that in one of the Spanish expeditions, These Igorots had been trading copper and gold with the lowlanders. The precious metals motivated the Spaniards to venture into the vastness of Benguet but was resisted by the Igorots. Scott (1970) added that what was done to Tonglo was a standard practice of the Spaniards to 'enter with fire and blood' in their attempt to subjugate the Igorots. However, the survivors of Tonglo and other Igorot villages that were burned neither surrendered nor submitted. Their standard response was to retreat deeper into the interior of the Cordillera where they endured a more miserable existence. Such is the considerable price the Igorots paid for fighting for their freedom from the Spanish colonial masters. The Benguet people's resistance to Spanish colonialism was also tested during the 1898 Philippine revolution. They **Ifugao**. Like Benguet, it became a province through RA 4695. It is bounded on the North by Mountain Province, on the East by Isabela, on the West by Benguet, and on the South by Nueva Vizcaya. It has eleven municipalities with a total land area of 2, 618.01 square kilometers. And its three major ethnolinguistic groups are **Ayangan** (Eastern area of Ifugao which includes Mayoyao, Aguinaldo, Alfonso Lista, and some parts of Banaue and Lamut), **Tuwali**, (Western area of Ifugao which includes Kiangan, Lagawe, Hingyon, Hungduan, and some parts of Banaue, Asipulo, and Lamut), and **Kalanguya** (mostly in Tinoc and some parts of Asipulo). (History of Ifugao, n.d.) Ifugao means people of the Earth. It comes from *Ipugaw*. The prefix *I* referring to place of origin and *Pugaw* which in Ifugao's cosmos refers to the Earthworld where people live separate from where their deities live (Acabado & Martin, 2022). For Dulay et al. (2023), Ipugaw or Ifugao also means 'from the hill' or 'people of the hill.' In response to Spanish colonialism, the Ifugaos, being veteran warriors, strongly resisted the Spanish military campaigns in their area. (History of Ifugao, n.d.) They attacked the Spaniards' base of operations in the nearby provinces of Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya inviting a punitive retaliation from the latter who burned crops and killed approximately three Ifugao for every head that the Ifugao warriors had taken (Coben, 2009). The Spanish punitive expeditions resulted in the destruction of the old Kiangan village and 18 other villages (Acabado & Martin, 2022). However, these punitive expeditions did not weaken the Ifugaos' resistance which was expressed through military attacks on Spanish military outposts (History of Ifugao, n.d.) and continued refusal of most of them of baptism and taxation (Coben, 2009). In addition, using their archeological data, Acabado and Martin (2022) explain one major factor of the Ifugaos' success in resisting the Spanish political control. During the 1898 Philippine revolution, Coben (2009) noted that: **Kalinga**. In the Gaddang and Ibanag languages, the term 'kalinga' means 'enemy', 'fighter', or 'headtaker'. Kalinga is not only the name of the indigenous people but also the province that was carved out from the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela in 1907 and was made a sub-province of Lepanto-Bontoc whose sub-provinces were all annexed to Mountain Province when it was created as a new province in 1908. In 1966, RA 4695 divided the old Mountain Province into four separate provinces. Kalinga and Apayao were made as one province. In 1995, RA 7878 converted the sub-provinces of Kalinga-Apayao into regular provinces. (Brief History, n.d.) It has seven municipalities with a total land area of 3,164.3 square kilometers. On its north are Cagayan and Apayao, on its East are Cagayan and Isabela, on its West is Abra, and on its South is Mountain Province. (Kalinga Profile, n.d.) Kalinga resistance against Spanish colonialism was illustrated in the short-lived 1787 Lagutao revolt. Against the backdrop of famine that resulted from a shortage of field labor caused by many deaths from smallpox that hit the four Christian towns of Carig, Camarag, Angadanan, and Cauayan in Isabela in 1786, Lagutao, a Kalinga, the general name given to mountain pagans during that time in the Cagayan Valley, led a group to confront his younger brother, Liban, who became a Christian and was the sitting mayor of Angadan. During that confrontation which happened during a Palm Sunday, he promised to the discontented "a free mountain life exempt from tribute, tithes and tobacco monopoly." In response, Mayor Onofre Liban said: Agitated, the Kalingas reached for their bolos, but Lagutao came between them. What abruptly ended the argument was the information of approaching government troops. Lagutao and his group retreated taking with them rice, cows, and carabaos. There were more than 1,200 local people who heeded Lagutao's words and followed him along with the children and many invalids carried in hammocks. However, on Holy Wednesday, Lagutao, his brother Meddanang, his son, and eleven others were killed when government troops opened fire at them in a place called Payac. Many more were killed the following day. Many of those who were carried in hammocks were left to die. The news of death greatly affected Mayor Onofre Liban who hardly slept or eaten since the confrontation with his elder brother. Consequently, he died after mass on Easter Day. (Scott, 1977, p. 159) ***Tabuk City***. Unlike Baguio that is a chartered city or a city that is independent from the jurisdiction of the province where it is located, Tabuk, with a total land area of 700.25 square kilometers, (History and Background, n.d.) is a component city, meaning it is still under the jurisdiction of the province of Kalinga where it is located and its voters participate in the election of Kalinga provincial officials. Tabuk City is the capital of the province of Kalinga. However, like Baguio, Tabuk is a multicultural city. It was repopulated before World War I by migrants from the Ilocos and ethnolinguistic groups from the region and who all contributed in making Tabuk as the rice granary of the Cordillera region. Its name is derived from ***tobog** ,* \"the name of a living stream with cool and fresh water flowing from Sitio Paligatto in Barangay Balawag down to the Chico River. The areas traversed by this stream were also called TOBOG." (Ecological Profile, n.d.) It became a city through RA 9404, *An Act Converting the Municipality of Tabuk into a Component City of the Province of Kalinga to be Known as the City of Tabuk,* which was ratified by the voters of Tabuk on June 23, 2007. Its constitutionality as a city was finally resolved on February 15, 2011. On its North is the municipality of Pinukpuk, on the northwest is the municipality of Rizal, on its east and northeast is the municipality of Quezon, on its east and southeast is Isabela, on its southwest are the municipalities of Lubuagan and Pasil, and on its south are the municipality of Paracelis, Mt. Province and the municipality of Tanudan (History and Background, n.d.). **Mountain Province**. The Philippine Commission Act No. 1876, created the old Mountain Province in 1908 with Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, Ifugao and Kalinga as its sub-provinces. In 1920, Amburayan was dissolved and parts of it were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union. In 1966, RA 4695 was enacted and it divided the old Mountain Province into four independent provinces. These are the provinces of Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, and Mountain Province whose town capital is Bontoc. Mountain Province has ten municipalities with a total land area of 2,389.43 square kilometers. (Geography, n.d.) Its major indigenous peoples are: **Applai/Aplai** who were originally called northern Kankanaey/Kankanay (southern kankanaey/kankanay for Benguet) are dominant in the municipalities of Bauko, Besao, Sabangan, Sagada, and Tadian; **Bontok** dominates Bontoc and Sadanga; **Balangao** and its two subgroups **Hak'ki** and **Majukayong** dominate Natonin; **Gaddang** and its subgroup Baliwon dominate Paracelis; ; and **Changyasan**/Lias, **Ifiallig**/Fialika, and **Kachakran** dominate Barlig (Pangket et al., 2023). **References** About Baguio (n.d). [[https://new.baguio.gov.ph/about-baguio/\#History]](https://new.baguio.gov.ph/about-baguio/#History) Acabado, S. 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