CORDILLERA REGION.pdf

CORDILLERA REGION: robbers, wild, etc. Abra Apayao MID 1800s Benguet COMMANDANCIA-POLITICO-MILTARES Ifugao...

CORDILLERA REGION: robbers, wild, etc. Abra Apayao MID 1800s Benguet COMMANDANCIA-POLITICO-MILTARES Ifugao military posts Kalinga Benguet (1854), Tiagan (1847), Lepanto (1852), Bontoc Mt. Province (1857), and Saltan (1859). * Baguio City Amburayan, Kayapa, and Apayao (1891), Kiangan (1892) INDIGENOUS PEOPLES label is largely the result of colonial experience. The CPM did not entail colonization ORIGINS AND MIGRATION Spanish attempts and failure to colonize the highlanders The original inhabitants of Cordillera are a result of of Central Cordillera resulted to the differentiation migration (Keesing, 1962). between the lowland population and the highlanders, the former being hispanized and the latter unhispanized. Ibaloy: Pangasinan Kankanaey, Bontoc, Tingguian: Ilocos AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941) Isneg: Cagayan American pacification approach: Reasons: Military mining activities (Lepanto, Itogon) Civil to avoid Spanish rule Resistance were moderate when compared to Tribus Independientes responses to Spanish intrusion - scattered autonomous villages Reasons: SPANISH PERIOD A certain level of pacification has already been achieved by earlier Spanish campaigns Cordillera was penetrated by Spaniards from east to west (Scott). Guenned and Waga- last resistance against American Colonial interest: occupation... Held Americans away until 1913 gold proselytization Trail and road building accompanied military extension of territories expeditions (civil and military) Schools and political organization followed the declaration of pacification Igorot response: expression of refusal Eg. Baguio retreat into the deeper parts of the mountains -was identified ideal for a hill station or a territory resulted to population dispersion and ethnic where Americans spent time for rest and recreation distinctions - Sanitarium was built(Sept. 3, 1902) End of Spanish period: most highlanders remained pagans Bureau of Non- Christian Tribes (BNCT) Produced researches about Cordillera and the people GEOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATIONS: (Spanish Period) From these researches and ocular visits made by colonial adminstrators, the people of Cordillera were Ygolottes/ Igorottes perceived to be “less civilized” consistently applied to Benguet people (particularly, and distinct Ibaloi) “people from the mountain” American ethnology did not contest the “Igorot” identity as being backward, savage, and pagans. Tingguian AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941) “tinggi” meaning: high or elevated Itneg, Abra Other tags: Non- Christian (not purely along religion...refers to Mandaya those who cling to their indigenous culture and refuse “those up above” to submit to Spanish- American ways) Apayao Tribes Headhunters OTHER LABELS: (Spanish Period) Savages Infieles (pagans) Wild Salvajes (savages) bandits, murderes, lawbreakers, delinquents, 1900- Benguet province was organized Presidential Assistant on National Minorities (PANAMIN) 1902- Lepanto and Bontoc were merged into one overseer of the national minorities province Distributed goods and money to affected areas and 1907- Kalinga-Apayao became a single province facilitated meetings with government authorities 908- a single province was created, Mountain Offered scholarship grants Province Macliing Dulag Benguet, Amburayan, Alilem, Lepanto, Bontoc, Ifugao, 1980 was gunned down in his own home Bugnay, Kalinga and Apayao Kalinga “pangat” village elder Cervantes, Tagudin, and other parts of Lepanto and 1984- CRC’s operation stopped and the Dam project Alilem were added to Ilocos Sur ended a few years later World Bank 1930s- alternative label, “mountaineer” became more acceptable than “igorot” Abra Logging concession was granted by the government POST-WAR IDENTITY STRUGGLE to a corporation covering 200,000 hectares of Benguet Before the invasion of Japan pines Commonwealth Government Japanese period Cellophil Resources Corporation (CRC) the first time that an Igorot was appointed as Governor Without consultation with affected areas of Mountain Province, Dr. Hilary Pitapit Clapp Militarization of the logging areas Death: Arrested by guerilla NGOs, churches, media opposed the two projects Inter-tribal jealousy New People’s Army (NPA) Catholic priests like Conrado Balweg, Bruno Ortega, “Cultural Minority” Cirilo Ortega, and Nilo Valerio New term to refer to non-Christians Vochong- peace pact system that was utilzed by Official state lable affected communities to forge united resistance to the POST-WAR IDENTITY STRUGGLE two projects Commission for National Integration (CNI) Revived the Igorot term Was created for the purpose of integrating these Used to project the warrior spirit of the old groups into the mainstream Filipino population headhunting practices against a government enemy Offered scholarship programs Revived historic and successful Igorot resistance to Still, discrimination was present. Not because of Spanish colonialism intellectual inferiority but from their being Igorot Was used in communications, speeches, etc. “Kaigorotan” Negative connotations continue to haunt the * “Igorot” was redefined as an identity to a resistance term Igorot 1958- Luis Hora (Congressman, 3rd district of EO 220 REGIONAL AUTONOMY Mountain Province) filed a bill in Congress prohibiting the use of Igorot and Moro in printed REASONS TO SEEK FOR AUTONOMY: materials (Highlander and Muslim instead) The territories of minorities were viewed only as a resource base for the benefit of the majority. 1966-subdivision of Mountain Province into 4 new Absence of serious consultation and consent provinces Shared history of Spanish colonial resistance Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, Mountain Province Having distinct culture (covered Bontoc)Benguet leaders pushed for this action Cordillera People’s Alliance (CPA) 1972- Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under Led the activists in demanding for autonomy Cordillera Region II Peoples’ Liberation Army (CPLA) Benguet and Mountain Province under Region I. Led by Father Balweg A breakaway group of the NPA Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) Were unfairly portrayed in the past (historical marginalization) CORDILLERA Geographic jargon which refers to parallel mountains OPPOSITION TO DAM AND LOGGING AND REVIVAL OF IGOROT CONSCIOUSNESS (1970s- 1983) “CORDILLERA” competed with “IGOROT” as an Chico River Dam Project identity in the 1980s and 90s runs through Mountain Province and Kalinga Four dams from Sabangan to Tabuk...unadulterated meaning and history Did not secure consent from the affected areas...it is favored over its ethnic neutrality “development project”...inclusive to all residents of the Cordillera  Section 14 Article X of the Philippine Constitution Sipat (peace agreement)- Aquino government with Conrado Balweg’s CPLA (Sept. 13, 1986) EO 220 was signed on July 15, 1987 establishing a transition regional set up called Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) CAR included: Benguet Ifugao Kalinga-Apayao Mt. Province Baguio City Abra (first time to join its mountain neighbors since the American ethnic and administrative classification in the early 1900s) *1995- separation of Kalinga and Apayao (RA 7878) IPRA and ETHNICITY INDIGENOUS PEOPLES RIGHTS ACT 1997 (IPRA) Promises protection and advancement of the rights and privileges of IP, particularly to finally have a definitive ownership to their land Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titl (CADT)- collective right to land Certificate of Ancestral Land Title (CALT)- individual ADDITIONAL: Cagayan River- Longest river in the Phil. Chico River Dam- Largest dam Macliing Dulag-(village leader) he was murdered Vochong- peace pact Moro- muslim Kafagway- wide open space most dominant IP- Ibaloy Kennon Road- Benguet Road Baden Powell Hall- high ranking session Maharlika- strongest bldg. in baguio UNESCO- 2017