UCSP Reviewer 1 PDF

UCSP REVIEWER 1 A. Anthropology - Socialization takes place called - Anthropology - “Man”. It is the study social institutions. of people through the world, their - A group/organization that has evolutionary his...

UCSP REVIEWER 1 A. Anthropology - Socialization takes place called - Anthropology - “Man”. It is the study social institutions. of people through the world, their - A group/organization that has evolutionary history, how they specific rules, norms, and behave, adapt to different expectations, which functions to environments, communicate and meet the social needs of society. socialize with one another. They - Interdependent and continually have to interpret tools that are interact, interact and influence one retrieved from works. another. - Sociology - Study of Social Behavior - Social institutions have both: or society, including its original, 1. Manifest Functions - Those developments, organization, that are explicitly stated networks, and institutions. (mandated roles) - Political Science - It deals with 2. Intent Functions - systems of governance, and the - Examples! School: (1- Manifest) analysis of political activities, political Provide academic skills & thoughts, and political behavior. knowledge. (2 - Latent) Develops personality, character & values. Personality and Identity 1. Identity - “It relates to the 5 Basic Social Institutions understandings, people, or someone 1. Family hold on and believe to what is - Most important agent of meaningful to them as it may be socialization. sourced from different sources - Basic unit of society. (gender, sexual orientation, - As infants, we are completely nationality, or ethnicity, and social dependent on others to survive. class)” (Giddens, et al; 2007) - It teaches us about close 2. Personality - (Personality = relationships, life, and how to share Personal). It is the totality of a resources. person’s characteristics, attitudes, - Provide a first system of values, and behavior. norms, and beliefs — a system that 3. Social Identity - It is the is usually a reflection of their own characteristics that other people social status, religion, ethnic group, attribute to an individual. These and more. characteristics can be based on a 2. School social group where we belong to or - Agent of transfer/promotion of the associated with, as a common culture — being nationalism. observable characteristic. - The next importance of socialization. - Official purpose is to transfer B. Social Institutions subjects, knowledge and teach life Social Institutions 1  skills such as discipline, capitalist, corrupting the poor. independence, perseverance, etc. Kumakapit lang sila sa mayayaman. - Also learn social skills through our (PRO Rich) interactions with teachers, staff, and - Parliamentary. other students. 4. Government - We learn other behaviors or values - Responsible for maintaining order, such as the importance of obeying protecting citizens from harm and authority, learn to be quiet, to wait, providing for the common good. and sometimes to act interested Through police and militaries. even when we’re not. - Also provides social services, such - Education may also help to reduce as education and healthcare, crime rates. (Latent Functions) ensuring the general welfare of a a. Development of Social country or regions’ citizens. Networks 5. Economy b. Improving the ability for - Responsible for the production and students to work in groups. distribution of goods and services. c. Creation of a generation gap, Also responsible for the exchange of and money. d. Political and Social a. Primary Sector - Concerned Integration. with the extraction. - School is also the agent of transfer Responsible for production of of culture promotion of the culture natural resources, such as (This is where you learn being agriculture, forestry, fishing, Nationalistic) and mining. 3. Religion b. Secondary Sector - - Instill moral values and socialize Manufacturers, concerned individuals into a community, and with processing of raw play a significant role in shaping the materials into finished way people view themselves and the products such as world around them. manufacturing & - Provides comfort and security to construction. those in need. c. Tertiary - Service Sector, - Large religions may also provide a provides services to basis for community support, individuals and businesses, establishing institutes of its own such as education, such as hospitals and schools. healthcare and tourism - Max Weber believed that “It can be a Example: Supermarket. force of social change.” (Optimistic) 6. Media - Karl Max, believed that, “He viewed - Most influential social change. religion as a total tool used by - Impersonal communications directed capitalist societies to perpetuate to a vast audience. inequality.” (Negative because of the experience of his country and C. Determinants of Personality and others. He thinks that catholicism is Identity Formation 2 Determinants of Personality 3. Social Change/Social 1. Biological Disorganization - Includes changes 2. Environmental (Nature) in culture and social relations, as a. Geographic Environment well as social disruptions. b. Cultural Environment 4. Human Ecology - Deals with the c. Social Environment nature and behavior of a given population and its relationship with “No Man is an Island” other social groups and with the D. Society existing institutions. - Society - Group of people. Location 5. Population and Demography - or territory interacting with each Number, composition, changes, and other. Product of human interaction quality of a given population as they and interconnectedness. Symbolizes affect the economic, political, and the group within which human social systems. beings can live a total common life 6. Social Theory and Method - This to achieve a common goal — area is concerned with how the survival. principles and theories of group life - Significance: Represents identity, may be applied and utilized for the characterizes the totality of a regulation of territory, symbol of political 7. Applied Sociology - Concerned with independence, avenue for economic the findings of pure sociological interdependence. research in various fields (such as: - Independence - freedom criminology, community - Sovereignty - Absolute power development, education, - Sociology - Logos “Science” or marriage…) “Study. The Latin word socius means “group” or partner”. Scientific E. Culture study of the patterns of human - Total way of life that is shared by behavior, which deals with the life of members of a community. It includes a group. Its focus is not on individual not only language and values but and individual behavior but on social also technology and other material behavior. objects. - Refers to the complex whole which 7 Areas of Sociology includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, 1. Social Organization - Studies morals, laws, customs, and any institutions, social groups, social other capabilities and habits stratification, social mobility, acquired by man as a member of the bureaucracy, ethnic groups and society. relations. 2. Social Psychology - Deals with the Significance/Patterns of Culture study of human nature resulting from 1. Adaptation and Integration - Through group of life, social attitudes, material culture, man also was able collective behavior, and personality to adapt to change in the formation. environment. 3  2. Social Behavior - Do what the as graves, buildings, tools, and Romans do in the Roman concept. pottery. 3. Conveys and Facilitates Meaning - 4. Linguistic Anthropology Cultural patterns etc and even - The study of language in its social material culture has social meaning. and cultural context across space Example: Pagmamano means and time. personal child is magalang. - Linguistics reconstruct ancient 4. Production of man-made things - languages and study linguistic Material Culture variation through time. 5. Human Satisfaction - When cultural - Sociolinguistics investigates patterns, practices, etc, are done industries between social and resulting in individual satisfaction, linguistic variation. social acceptance. G. Politics F. Anthropology - Politics - defined as the use of power - “Anthropos” — “man” or “human to determine whose values will being” predominate, how rewards and - “Logos” — “Knowledge” resources will be allocated, and in - Studies behavioral, biological, and what manner conflicting interests in socio-cultural aspects of man as well society will evolve. his works and achievement. - Power to influence is already a power. Fields of Anthropology - Power at play in every level of social 1. Physical Anthropology life and not only in governance. - Engaged in understanding humans - Power = Influence and their nature as an animal species. Political Science - Concentrates on the non-cultural - The study of politics and aspects of human and near-humans. government. - Human variations/evolution & - Political Science developed domains physical characteristics. which style and dictate human 2. Cultural Anthropology interaction and behavior in society. - Also known as socio-cultural - This cultural context can be utilized anthropology/social anthropology. by anthropology in examining - Focuses on the cultural aspects of government structure and system to human societies. develop understanding of the world - Study of people living in present-day in general and sociopolitical systems societies and their cultures. in particular. - Field works are casually done. 3. Archaeology - The systematic study 3 Branches of Government of past human life, and culture by - Check + Balance - 3 branches are the recovery and examination of equal. No hierarchy. Because it has remaining material evidence, such its own responsibilities. If one is higher it’s going to be abusive. It 4  checks kung tama yung ginagawa - Before decision making or in any nila. social issues, we people as a society - All branches of Government are have different viewpoints or equal, because each branch has standpoints. their own task to create, review, - Administration vs Government analyze, and execute. - What are the advantages and 1. Executive - Composed of the disadvantages? President and the Vice President 3. Reconciliation of Differences who are elected by direct popular - Despite the differences mentioned in vote and serve a term of six years. #2, what is important is the The Constitution grants the reconciliation and it is manifested President authority to appoint his through meetings, negotiations, Cabinet. These departments form a debate, etc. large portion of the country’s 4. Authoritative Policy bureaucracy. (Executes) - When differences are settled and we 2. Judiciary - holds the power to settle arrive at a decision agreeable or controversies involving rights that agreed upon by both sides. are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines Possible Outcome whether or not there has been a - Peace and Contentment or Social grave abuse of discretion amounting Unrest/Discontentment (in a form of to lack or excess of jurisdiction on protests, civil disobedience, the part and instrumentality of the revolution) government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts. Take Note! (Interpret) - These social phenomena are natural 3. Legislative - Authorized to make in a democratic society. Because, if laws, alter, and repeal them through not, authoritarianism and the power vested in the Philippine dictatorship may be in place. Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of H. Goals of Anthropology Representatives. (Creates Law) Goals of Anthropology 1. Discover what all people have in Four points Interest to Politics common - By studying 1. Collective Activity commonalities. (Folklore, traditions, - Everyone participates in the practice language, etc.) In all humanity, we of power (or called politics) could understand more about the - Citizen participation does not end in human’s nature. Election. 2. Produce new knowledge and new - Everyone remains vigilant and theories about humankind and watchful. human behavior - This new - People are the power. knowledge is then applied in real life. 2. Initial Diversity of Virtues 5  3. Discover what makes people - Provides socially acceptable different from one another in order to patterns for meeting biological and understand. social needs. 4. Look at one’s own culture more - A Distinguishing Factor objectively like an outsider. - An established pattern of behavior (Jeepney Evolution) Goals of Sociology - Cumulative - Accumulation. 1. Obtain possible theories and Padagdag na padagdag ng cultures. principles about society as well as - Meaningful to human beings. various aspects of social life. - Leslie A. White - “It transcends 2. Critically study the nature of anong different groups, regardless of humanity, which also leads to age, gender, economic status and examining our roles within the affiliations.” society. 3. Appreciate that all things (in society) 3 Layers of Culture are independent with easy others. 1. Cultural Universals An individual’s personal history is - Also called an anthropological connected to his/her environment’s universal or human universal. history, which is also tied. - An element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all Goals of Political Science known human cultures worldwide. 1. Education for Citizenship - the - Examples: Language, community primary objective of the political organization, education, etiquette, science curriculum is to equip family, festivities, cultural students to discharge. expression, folklore, mourning 2. Essential Parts of liberal education - music, justice system. Intelligent, responsible citizenship 2. Mainstream Culture - General can save democracy; ignorance and prevailing culture in a community negligence can lose it. which differentiates societies apart such as: Filipino values, traits, food, Function and Importance of Political national costumes & anthems. Science 3. Subculture - Culture that is unique to - To discover the principles that respective groups of people in should be adhered to in public society that identify & distinguish affairs. them from the rest. Examples: Gender, Gothic, Political, and I. Aspects & Types of Culture Millenial Cultures - Culture - Group of people that share a common culture. Take Note! - Culture is a product of human - Always remember that culture is interaction. relative. It depends whether others - A social heritage that is complex and find it acceptable or not. socially transmitted. 6  - Culture is a blueprint for society that - They are everyday behavior defines socio economic & political that people follow for the systems. sake of tradition or - Culture is imprinted on women/or convenience. men. - Breaking them does not - It is a continuing accumulation of usually have serious achievement which aims to improve consequences. himself and the quality of life. - Kaugalian na paniniwala ng ninuno natin. J. Elements of Culture - Examples: Eating together at Norms the dining table, Going to our - They are most commonly defined as grandparents’ house during rules or expectations that are holidays, Greeting parents socially enforced. before leaving and after - They are important for their arriving at home, Celebrating contribution to social order. and preparing food for - 2 Types of Norms: Fiestas, and Making the sign a. Prescriptive - encouraging of the cross when passing by positive behavior; for the Church. example, “be honest”. - Consequence - b. Proscriptive - discouraging Pinagsasabihan negative behavior for 2. Mores example, do not cheat. - They are strict norms that control moral and ethical Examples of Filipino Norms: behavior. - Saying po and opo. - They are based on - Addressing older people properly definitions of right and wrong like Lolo, Lola, Ate, Kuya, Mam, Sir, (Arcinas, 2016) etc… - The violation of mores will - Taking off shoes when entering result in severe someone else’s house. consequences/sanctions. - Examples: Talking back to Examples of Social Norms parents, NOt keeping what - Greeting people when you see them. they have promised, (Unwritten penalty: they will think of Japanese have high regards you as not respectful person) for punctuality especially in - Saying “thank you” for favors. the business world, In - Holding the door open for others. Singapore there was a ban imposed by the government Types of Norms: on the chewing of gum. 1. Folkways 3. Laws - Also known as customs - Formalized and more “customary/repetitive ways of established norms are doing things” considered as laws. 7  - Laws are imposed regularly Husbands/fathers There are house to counter all forms of threats are breadwinners husbands and and to establish stability and women share in order. household - Consequence: You can be expenses imprisoned. Wives/Mothers stay Women are well - Provides for the protection of at home to take educated and have women and children against care of family skills violence by defining violence and providing penalties Marriage is a Couples divorce, including imprisonment and life-long annul their fines. commitment marriage K. Elements of Culture & Cultural 1. Subculture Variation - Frequently, a subculture will develop Cultural Variation an argot. Ideal & Real Culture - Argot - it is a specialized language - Ideal Culture - It is what being or code, which distinguishes it from expected from the members of the wider society. It also allows society. It is the general description members of the subculture to of “what must be” in a particular understand words with special society. meanings and provides patterns of - Real Culture - is “what actually communication which cannot be occurs” in everyday life. understood by the nonmembers of - Utopian Society - Described as a the subculture. Therefore, argons perfect society provide belongingness and a feeling - Expectation VS Reality - In a culture cohesion for the members and there may be a right and wrong way contributes to the development of a to do something, but there are group identity (Halliday, 1978) always exceptions that can be - Take Note! No subculture is greater made. or lesser than the other subcultures. - No society on Earth is truly an ideal - Example: During the 1960’s, a society, so while certain ideals might youth-oriented counterculture in the be perceived or expected, there is Western countries, rejected always room for the rules to be bent mainstream culture as overly or even broken in some cases. As competitive, self-centered, and such, a lot of gray areas exist. materialistic. The hippies favored a cooperative lifestyle in which “being was more important than “doing” and Ideal Reality the capacity for personal growth was Filipino women are Many Filipinos are prized over material possessions. Maria Clara more independent 2. Counter Culture - Rejecting and empowered mainstream culture as overly 8  competitive, self centered, and desirable. It helps to determine the materialistic. Opposing. character of its people. 3. High Culture - “Cultural patterns that distinguish a M. Characteristics of Culture society’s elite, the rich and wealthy. - Culture has its own characteristics or It is also known as elite culture.” also known as aspects of culture. - Cultural patterns that distinguish a - There are six common aspects of society’s elite, the rich and wealthy it culture and these will help us is regarded as such. It is also known understand in general. as elite culture. Such practices 1. Culture is learned and transmitted attributed to high culture are through socialization and watching ballets in theaters, listening Enculturation. to classical music, traveling to - Enculturation - Nakagisnan o different countries, playing golf or nakaugalian. Values that are polo, exclusive membership to embedded by your families, peers, country clubs, bars, organization, institutions, and media. No one VIP passes etc. inherits it biologically. 4. Popular Culture - Also known as Socialization - As one Mass Culture “Cultural Patterns that interacts with their immediate are attributed and practiced by the family members, classmates, masses. It is also known as mass friends/peers, he/she learns culture or pop culture.” the values and accepted behaviors of the society. L. Knowledge Family - Agent of - Knowledge - Refers to any enculturation. Transfer of information practiced, received to be culture. true. Schad - Second agent of - Technology - The practical socialization, preserver of application of knowledge in culture. converting ideas, raw materials into 2. Culture is a set of patterned social finished products. interactions - Symbols - It is anything that is used - Culture provides us with socially to represent, express and/or stand acceptable behaviors and practices. for an event, situation, person, or - We learn these normative elements idea. of culture through our interactions - Language - a standardized system with people. of symbols, either written, spoken or - These patterns of behavior are gestured, that individuals utilize to sometimes regarded as etiquettes. communicate, interact, shareviews, - Phonetiquette or the etiquettes in and create an understanding among using and telephones. members of the society. - It provides us with a set of socially - Values - Anything held to be acceptable behaviors and practices. relatively worthy, important, or These patterns of behavior are sometimes regarded as etiquettes. 9  3. Culture requires language and other - State of a society or the world in forms of communication - In the which there exists numerous distinct process of learning and transmitting ethnic. culture, symbols and language are needed to communicate with others Polyculturalism in society. - It is the view that cultures influence one another over time, and that N. Attitudes and Orientation towards cultural content and borrowing are Cultural Differences the norm. Mainstream Culture - It is a perspective recognizing the - Whether high culture or pop culture, cultural diversity of a particular as long as both adheres to the social society, promoting equal standing for norms, traditions, customs, beliefs, all cultural traditions. and most especially values, they are considered as mainstream culture. Attitudes toward Cultural Variation 1. Ethnocentrism - It is a perception Culture Shock that arises from the fact that cultures - Happens when a person does not differ and each culture defines reality expect or accept cultural differences differently. Judging another culture or adaptation that they get solely by the values and standards disoriented or disorganized. of one’s own culture. “Colonial Mentality” Culture Lag 2. Xenocentrism - Preference for the - It is a time lag between an products, styles, or ideas of innovation and the social and someone else’s culture rather than cultural adaptation that innovation of one’s own. requires. Society cannot immediately catch up with a culture due to disparity in the rate of change between the material and non material cultures. - Does not happen between material and non material cultures. - New theories, ideas and behaviors which are difficult to understand and to accept can also result. Multiculturalism - It is a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of a particular society, promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions.” 10