UCSP L1-2 Lesson 1 and 2 on Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science PDF

Lesson 1 Nature Goals and Perspective of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science Culture - learned patterns of perception, values, and behaviors, shared by a group of people, that are dynamic and heterogeneous...

Lesson 1 Nature Goals and Perspective of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science Culture - learned patterns of perception, values, and behaviors, shared by a group of people, that are dynamic and heterogeneous Political Science is for Anthropology is for culture Sociology is for society Politics ⮚ Anthropology and Sociology are dealing with commonalities in society and culture both of them study human behavior and the different factors that affect our social relation. Anthropology started a science during the time of exploration when European countries started to colonize what they considered to primitive societies where people were believed to be savages and barbaric study of people and culture Franz Boas - July 9,1858-December 21, 1942 was a German – American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology biological cultural linguistic archeology Sociology emerged as an academic field right at the height of industrial Revolution in Europe which mobilized the entire population in a way that had never been in human history these era had brought great changes in the way people live in history study of society patterns of social interactions, and culture of everyday life Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Xavier Compte - was a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism. Family background Social organization, socioeconomic status, social psychology, Social phenomena ethnicity, social classes, applied sociology, and issues and problems religion, gender beliefs, human ecology. traditions, norms among others Political Science social science that deals with human and their interactions a discipline that deals with several aspects such as the study of state and government Goals (Anthropology) 1. To understand the origin of man and the diverse forms and the diverse forms of his existence throughout time. 2. Observe the common things among people (traditions, language, and others). 3. Discover what make people different from each other. “ANTHROPOS” = MAN “LOGOS” = STUDY Deals with the scientific of man Goals (Sociology) 1. Study the nature of humanity. 2. Appreciate society.  3. To understand how human actions and consciousness both shape and are shaped by the surrounding cultural and social structures. Goals (Political Science) 1. Make people better citizens. 2. Keep social order and harmony among different groups of people. 3. Protect the rights of an individual. 4. Avoid conflict and promote cooperation. 5. Constantly deepen our knowledge about human relationships and governance. 6. Discover progress and protect the quality of life within a group community country and the world. Lesson 2 Social, Political, and Cultural Behavior and Phenomena Contemporary Experience RA 11210 or 105-Day Expanded Maternity Leave Law “In the Global Gender Gap Report released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2022, the Philippines was found to be the best-performing country in Asia that practices gender-parity measures to achieve gender equality based on four key indicators: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment." (Lee 2022). This study provided a significant change from the earlier findings of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in 2019, which declared that the female labor force participation in the country is the lowest in Southeast Asia (NEDA 2019). Going back to the current results, it can be said that due to the changing economic circumstances that families are facing, two-income households (where both parents are working) are becoming the norm in the family and society. There is also a changing opinion to support women to continue working even during their child-rearing years. These are some of the reasons why the state enacted the Expanded Maternity Leave Law. Based on this context, we can understand that the determinants of female participation in the labor market are shaped by cultural and social factors, as well as the economic and political opportunities for them.” Society group of individuals held together by enduring relationships in pursuit of common ends Culture society's way of life expressed through material and nonmaterial aspects Politics refers to a set of activities and actions that are used to hold power in a government Two Forms of Culture - sociologists and anthropologists have determined two forms of culture, namely material culture and nonmaterial culture - both play an essential role in the formation of a society’s identity Material culture set of physical objects made by the members of a society also known as artifacts Nonmaterial culture intangible aspect of culture, such as ideas Elements of Culture Values and Beliefs what is good and just ideas that people hold to be true Norms appropriate behavior within a culture or society Symbols and Language recognizable meanings system of communication The major elements of a culture are values and beliefs, norms, and symbols and language: Values understanding and agreement of society on what is good and just Beliefs convictions that people hold to be true every society has a specific belief system and they also share collective values for example, Filipinos normally believe elderly parents should live with the family and not in nursing homes. This belief is guided by the Filipino value of respect for the elderly. Norms defined as how we behave according to the expectations of society members of society learn norms by observing and imitating others and through general socialization Symbols recognizable meanings shared by societies, such as gestures, signs, signals, and words Language form of communication that can either be spoken or in a nonverbal action symbols and language are learned and transmitted through one’s culture Sociological Paradigms Structural Functionalism society functions as a whole because of the contributions of its separate structures Conflict Perspective social inequality is one of the basic characteristics of society Interactionist Perspective society is a product of the interactions of an individual with other people Socialization is made possible through social interactions. Here are three sociological paradigms that may explain how we interact with others: Structural Functionalism society is made up of interrelated parts known as structures each structure performs a function that contributes to the stability of society Conflict theory sees society as a stage for conflicts and tensions between the goals and values of people  there is always the prevalence of social inequality due to the unequal distribution of wealth and power Interactionist Perspective states that society is made from the social interaction of its members also emphasized that social interactions construct meanings in society Cultural Universals traits or patterns of behavior shared by all human cultures element, trait, or pattern that is globally common to all societies while societies have their own separate and identifiable unique cultures, there are common elements that exist in all cultures examples of these universals are having a family system and a government, the practice of having funerals, and the conduct of marriage Socialization process of immersing oneself in a particular society and culture, even at birth it is important because it allows a nation to continue to exist or transmit its social, cultural, and political identity from one generation to another Ethnocentrism judging another culture based on how it compares to one’s own culture Cultural Relativism practice of assessing a culture by its own standards How does our society view mothers and their families when a child becomes in conflict with the law and social norms? Characteristics of Culture It is dynamic. It is flexible and adaptive. It is shared and integrated. It is learned (enculturation). Cultural Processes in Cultural Change Cultural Diffusion dissemination of cultural components and traits from one group or society to another example: how our food is influenced by other cultures Acculturation process of adopting the practices and values of one group but still retaining the group’s original culture example: religion Transculturation merging and converging of cultures to create a new cultural phenomenon example: migration Agents of Cultural Change in the Society ⮚ family ⮚ school  ⮚ religion ⮚ media ⮚ leadership Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin’s Appeal for Peaceful Change Continuation: A Lot Has Changed Social and Political Changes innovation (discoveries and inventions) globalization of markets, information, and people Innovation affects society because it enables people to use new materials and new skills in place of older ways to do activities and interact with other people. Thus, the changes may create new norms and new laws to govern them. You may use the context of using a smartphone and online applications for the transfer of money. Because transferring money is no longer limited to banks or money transfer centers, a One Time Password (OTP) was introduced as a policy to protect users. As for globalization, it refers to the integration of various systems in the world which used to be divided by country or by region. Access to opportunities available in another country, such as jobs, is a good example. You may use the context of how the government creates directives to support the strong market for call centers in the country. Source: (Griffiths, Strayer, and Cody-Rydzewski, 2015)