PHIL 2ND QTR Reviewer PDF

UNIT 5 - LESSON 1 & 2 STEM 12 Y1-4P 1 ST SEM QUATER 2 Reviewer by: Paulyne The Will: Its existence, nature, and object The will is an intellectual tendency, or a...

UNIT 5 - LESSON 1 & 2 STEM 12 Y1-4P 1 ST SEM QUATER 2 Reviewer by: Paulyne The Will: Its existence, nature, and object The will is an intellectual tendency, or a ౨ৎ WILL tendency toward an intellectual known good. – John Kavanaugh (Human Freedom) ‹𝟹 The mental faculty that enables us to make choices and decisions. Lesson 2: Human Acts and voluntariness ‹𝟹 It reflects our desires, intentions, and ౨ৎ Human Acts determination ‹𝟹 Are those acts that man does, that is, of Personal faculty/function. which he is properly master because he does ‹𝟹 (Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes them with full knowledge and his own will. and Kant) ‹𝟹 Acts that proceed from a deliberate Externalized result of the interaction will. of conflicting elements. ౨ৎ Acts of Man ‹𝟹 (Spinoza, Leibniz, Huma) ‹𝟹 Those acts that man performs without Manifestation of personality. being master of them through his intellect and will. ‹𝟹 (Hobbes, Nietzche, Schopenhauer) ౨ৎ The Existence of the Will ‹𝟹 Not concern of morals, since they are not voluntary. ‹𝟹 The existence of the will can be demonstrated philosophically and confirmed ➤ Acts of Man includes these: by data derived from everyday experience. ⤿ The natural acts of vegetative and ‹𝟹 Will - we exercise our freedom of action sense faculties. Every act of real self-control is an Example: Digestion, beating of the heart, implicit manifestation of the will. growth, corporal reactions, and visual or auditive perceptions. ‹𝟹 Animals may exhibit self-control but that is not real self-control. ⤿ Acts of person who lack the use of reason. Example: A well-trained dog which will not eat the meat it sees on the table. This, Example: Children or insane person. however, is not real self-control. ⤿ Acts of people who are asleep or An object which is repulsive to under the influence of hypnosis, alcohol, our body and sense tendencies. or drugs. ‹𝟹 When we swallow medicine, or submit to ‹𝟹 In this case, however, there may still be a painful operation or tooth extraction. some degree of control by the will. Also, there is indirect responsibility if the ‹𝟹 In all these cases we are not attracted by cause of the loss of control is voluntary. a material sensible good, but some good presented by our intellect. ⤿ Quick, nearly automatic reactions. The phenomenon of voluntary Example: Reflex and nearly instantaneous attention. reactions ‹𝟹 Spontaneous attention - present in ⤿ Acts performed under violence or animals; it is the concentration of the senses threat of violence. and of the mind on some object which appeals to one of the lower drives. Example: This includes physical or – in some cases – moral violence. ‹𝟹 Voluntary attention - we concentrate our senses and our mind on some object which does not spontaneously interest us. UNIT 5 - LESSON 2 & 3 STEM 12 Y1-4P 1 ST SEM QUATER 2 Reviewer by: Paulyne ౨ৎ Acts of Man ౨ৎ Human Acts Involuntary act the doer is not Actions performedconsciouly with morally responsible for them. awareness of their consequences. Free without eternal factors Willfully decided by the agent ౨ৎ Modifiers of Human Acts ౨ৎ Consequent Concupicence ⤿ Ignorance = Lack or absence of knowledge in a person capable of knowing a The doer of the act is fully certain thing of things. responsible because voluntariness is present Invincible Ignorance - Cannot be dispelled by ordinary diligence. ⤿ Violence - an external force applied by Eliminates moral responsibility or someone on another in order to compel culpability. him to perform an action against his will. Vincible Ignorance - can and should be ⤿ Habits - are inclination to perform some dispelled. Does not eliminate culpability particular action acquired by repetition, but lessens it. and characterized by a decrease power of ⤿ Fear - a mental agitation of resistance and an increase facility of disturbance brought about by the performance. apprehension of some present or imminent danger. Lesson 3: Actions have consequences ౨ৎ ACTIONS Grave fear - Aroused by the presence of a danger that is regarded by most ‹𝟹 Refers to the behavior that a person has people as serious. and whether or not it is willful or out of one's Slight Fear - aroused by a danger that control. is not serious. ౨ৎ CONSEQUENCES ⤿ Concupiscence/Passion - A movement ‹𝟹 The outcome of the actions made. of the sensitive appetite which is produced by good or evil as apprehended by the mind. ౨ৎ HOW TO MAKE DECISIONS (Barry Schwartz’s The Paradox of Choice: = Strong tendencies towards the possession Why More is Less) of something good or towards the avoidance of something evil. 1. Determine your goal. 2. Determine its value. Antecedent passion - Arises 3. Arrange and examine the options spontaneously before the will controls available to reach it. the situation. Sudden feelings. 4. Determine the likelihood of each Consequent passion - deliberately option meeting your goal. aroused by the will to ensure a more 5. Choose the option with the highest prompt and willing operation. likelihood of meeting it. 6. Use the outcome of this experience to ౨ৎ Antecedent Concupicence adjust your future goals and The doer of the act is less the way which you make future decisions. responsible because voluntariness is lessened. UNIT 5 - LESSON 4 STEM 12 Y1-4P 1 ST SEM QUATER 2 Reviewer by: Paulyne Lesson 4: Freedom of the Will ౨ৎ Why we are not free? ౨ৎ Freedom ‹𝟹 Many modern philosophers andpsychologists who deny the freedom of the will are called ‹𝟹 Generally means the absence of “determinists” and their system is known as resistant. “determinism”. ➤ Kinds of Freedom ‹𝟹 They claim that in spite of some contrary Physical Freedom - is the absence of appearances, man is forced or “determined” physical restraint. in all his actions. Moral Freedom – is the absence of ౨ৎ Determinism moral restraints, of an obligation, of a ‹𝟹 Is the philosophical concept that every event, law. including human cognition and behavior is causally determined by an unbroken chain of Psychological Freedom – it allows prior occurences or by number of forces which the subject to choose freely to the compel us to act as we do. different course of an action. ౨ৎ Hard Determinism ౨ৎ Argument from Common Consent ‹𝟹 The theory that because determinism is true, ‹𝟹 The great majority of men believe that no one is free; no one has free will (or choice) their will is free. This conviction is of the and no one truly acts freely. utmost practical importance for the whole of human life. ‹𝟹 The “will” or person doing the choosing and acting would have to be a primum mobile (first ౨ৎ The Psychological Argument mover), a new beginning, or an original creative source of activity. ‹𝟹 This argument holds that we are free since we are directly and indirectly ౨ৎ The Argument from Biology aware on the freedom of our decision. ‹𝟹 Also known as biological determinism Direct Awareness of the freedom of maintains that physiological factors exert a our decision compelling influence inman’s life. Indirect awareness of the freedom of ‹𝟹 We do what we do because of the body will that we have. ౨ৎ The Psychological Argument ౨ৎ The Argument from Psycho-Social Direct awareness of the freedom of ‹𝟹 Psycho-social determinists argue that human our decisions - In this argument we behavior is shaped by psychological drives claim that at the very moment we are and social pressures. They believe individuals excercising our freedom we are aware do not make free decisions but are influenced by of it. internal impulses and their social environment. Indirect awareness of the freedom of will - We deliberated before taking a decision, we weigh the reasons for or against it, and we regret some of our past choices. ౨ৎ The Ethical Argument ‹𝟹 If there is no freedom, there is no moral responsibility, no virtue, no merit, no moral obligation, no duty, no morality. ‹𝟹 The necessary connection between freedom and the spiritual realities is quite obvious and is demonstrated in ethics. UNIT 6 - LESSON 1, 2 & 3 STEM 12 Y1-4P 1 ST SEM QUATER 2 Reviewer by: Paulyne Lesson 1: Accepting Me, Accepting You ౨ৎ Paternalistic Leader Intersubjectivity - Mans’ being with Acts as ‘Father Figure’ others; accepting others and their Makes decision but may consult differences. Believes in the need to support staffs Example of Paternalism: ‹𝟹 Some people treat others as mere In everyday life are laws which require objects because they only look at others seat belts, wearing helmets while riding a as bodies like motorcycle and banning a certain drugs. machines. ౨ৎ Legal Moralism Acceptance - understanding that there are aspects of your life that you can and ‹𝟹 The view that the law can cannot change legitimately be used to prohibit behaviours that conflict with society’s Accepting yourself - realizing that you collective moral judgement even when are a unique human being those behaviours do not result in physical ౨ৎ The Positive Side of Me and psychological harms to others. ‹𝟹 Accepting who you are as an individual with moral potential begins with evaluating how you think about yourself and your abilities. LESSON 2: Accepting Others is Not to Impose on Others ౨ৎ Harm Principle ‹𝟹 A theory by British Philosopher John ‹𝟹 Thus, legal moralism implies that is Stuart Mill permissible for the state to use its ‹𝟹 States that a government or coercive power to enforce society’s society does not have the right to prevent collective morality. people from actions unless the actions LESSON 3: Accepting People for What are harmful to others in Society. they are is Loving Them Example: Society should arrest the ౨ৎ Basic Elements of Love murderer because he has harmed others. Care - Love implies care is most evident in a mother’s love for her child. Responsibility - is often meant to denote duty, something imposed upon one from the outside Respect - respect means the concern that the other person should grow and ౨ৎ Principle of Paternalism unfold as he is. ‹𝟹 Paternalism comes from the Latin Knowledge pater, meaning to act like a father, or to treat another person like a ‹𝟹 CARE, RESPONSIBILITY, RESPECT AND child. KNOWEDGE are mutually interdependent. ‹𝟹 In modern philosophy and jurisprudence , it is to act for the good of another person without that person’s consent, as parents do for children. UNIT 7 - LESSON 1 & 2 STEM 12 Y1-4P 1 ST SEM QUATER 2 Reviewer by: Paulyne Lesson 1: Man: The Social Animal ‹𝟹 This society was ruled by the Philosopher King that should be assisted by equally and ‹𝟹 “Man is a social animal and must satisfy intellectually gifted “guardians”. certain natural basic needs in order to survive.” - Aristotle ౨ৎ Aristotle ౨ৎ Social Philosophy ‹𝟹 His famous work was; “The Politics” ‹𝟹 Is the philosophical study of question about ‹𝟹 Man is a social animal and he must satisfy social behavior. certain natural basic needs in order to survive. ‹𝟹 Attempts to understand the patterns, ‹𝟹 Man cannot live as man without society. changes and tendencies of societies. ౨ৎ St. Thomas Aquinas ‹𝟹 As define by the Webster dictionary, sociology is the study of human social behavior, ‹𝟹 He teaches that man is naturally a especially the study of the origins, political being and as such seeks to live in organizations, institution, and development the community or society. of human society. ‹𝟹 Aquinas believes that man must live in the ‹𝟹 Socius (companion/associate) and Logos community or society for the purpose of a (Science/study) common good and brings people to live Father of sociology - Auguste Comte together under one ruler. ౨ৎ Society ౨ৎ Machiavellianism ‹𝟹 a group of people involved in persistent ‹𝟹 A modern philosopher name Nicolo social interactions, or a large social grouping Machiavelli gave his thoughts on society sharing the same geographical or social ‹𝟹 In his treatise “The Prince”, he emphasized territory etc. on the need of absolute monarch. ౨ৎ Development of Society ‹𝟹 In summary , Society should be ruled Pre-industrial societies - Simplest and absolutely by powerful person and individual earliest hunting and gathering. members of the society must follow in order to establish an orderly community. Agricultural Societies - Agricultural ౨ৎ Thomas Hobbes activities, such as farming, fishing, and herds raising, as primary source of life. ‹𝟹 The Theory of Social Contract is This societies were usually nomadic and essentially a morally justified agreement made uses tools that are ordinary. amongst individuals through which an Industrial Societies - Use science and organized society is brought into existence. technology, division of labor ‹𝟹 The Social contract obliges citizens to Post-Industrial - Scientific and highly respect and obey the state , in exchange for advanced technology stability and security that only a system of political rule can provide. Virtual Society - Internet and Social media Lesson 2: Theories of Society ౨ৎ Plato ‹𝟹 His famous book was, “The Republic”. ‹𝟹 He presented his theory of an ideal society. According to him, the society must group into three social classes: 1. The Producing Class - farmers, merchants, and laborer 2. The Guardian Class- soldiers and police force 3. The Ruling Class- philosophers, rulers and king UNIT 7 - LESSON 3 & 4 STEM 12 Y1-4P 1 ST SEM QUATER 2 Reviewer by: Paulyne Lesson 3: Social Influences Flexibilty, Adapitibility and Creativity Hard Work and Industry ‹𝟹 Social Influence occurs when one’s Faith and Religiosity emotions , or behaviors are affected by Ability to survive others. ౨ৎ Three basic domains how persons are influence in their social behavior Genetics - genetic traits determine our physiological attributes. Genetic traits of parents can be transmitted to their children including biological made up and personality. Family - Is a primarily social institution. Society and Culture- Culture is the cumulative behavior of a society that is passed on from generation to generation. Lesson 4: The Filipino Society ‹𝟹 Bonds of ritual kinship sealed on any of three ceremenial occasions (baptism, confirmation and marriage) ‹𝟹 This Mutual kinship system known as compadrazgo, meaning godparenthood or sponsorship. ‹𝟹 It is a primary method of extending the group from which one can expect help in the way of favors , such as jobs , loans or just simple gifts on special occasions. ౨ৎ Family orientation ‹𝟹 To the Filipinos , one’s family is the source of personal identity , the source of emotional and material support and one’s man commitment and responsibility. ౨ৎ Pakikipagkapwa-tao ‹𝟹 The filipino on knocking at the door of another says “Tao Po”, “It is a human being” –Filipno Hospitable. ‹𝟹 Pakikiramay - his generosity and helpfulness in times of needs ‹𝟹 Utang na loob his deep sense of gratitude. ‹𝟹 Bayanihan - his spirit of cooperation.