PSY 301 Exam 1 Review Sheet - CH 1-4, 7.txt

PSY 301: Human Sexuality and Sexual Health Exam 1 Review Sheet Why a Course in Human Sexuality? 1. What is the definition of sexuality? all sexual attitudes, feelings, and behaviors 2. Describe what is meant by the term sexual philosophy. sexual philosophy: the exploration and examination of...

PSY 301: Human Sexuality and Sexual Health Exam 1 Review Sheet Why a Course in Human Sexuality? 1. What is the definition of sexuality? all sexual attitudes, feelings, and behaviors 2. Describe what is meant by the term sexual philosophy. sexual philosophy: the exploration and examination of beliefs, values, and attitudes regarding sexuality 3. Understand each of the different reasons why it is important to study human sexuality. 1. we are all sexual beings 2. sex is a huge part of our lives * necessary to prolong the human species * social activity * provides benefits (deeper connection, health benefits, stress release) 3. we are emotionally invested * sex is tied to emotions 4. to become more culturally aware 5. to develop your own sexual philosophy * allows to know yourself sexually, be in control of your sex life 6. typically provided very little info * most from social media or friends 4. People typically learn about sex and sexuality from which sources? 1. the media * ¾ of shows * ⅓ of music * very skewed info; explicit and unrealistic 2. culture * celebration and expression * children are important for survival (help at home or on farms in the past) 3. parents * favor personal beliefs vs. accuracy * often focused on consequences rather than info 4. peers * unreliable info and filtered through immaturity 5. What is the quality of the sources mentioned above? What type of information do we typically learn from those sources? We don't get quality and informative information based on sexual experiences. We get biased and unreliable information from the most popular sources. 6. How do harsh vs. flourishing times during human history differently influence the societal norms related to sexuality? Harsh times: children are important for survival → having kids to help on the farm or at home/shouldn’t waste time on pleasures (Thomas Aquinas and the church saw sex first seen as sinful and Queen Victoria thought sex was seen as a moral) Flourishing times: celebration and expression/indulgence 7. Be able to identify which types of research methodologies are considered descriptive and which are considered experimental. Be able to identify different types from examples. Descriptive: * Surveys and questionnaires (about the self) Experimental: * test cause and effect * different groups based on variables of interest (consistent groups, extraneous variables help constant) 8. Understand some of the important issues to consider with each type of methodology. descriptive methods issues: honesty, wording observational methods issues: time consumption, observer bias correlation methods issues: show patterns do not cause experimental methods issues: artificial setting, hard to capture natural responses 9. Be able to identify the difference between a positive and negative correlation. positive: as one variable increases the other increases or as one decreases the other decreases (ex. Height and weight often show a positive correlation; generally, taller individuals tend to weigh more) negative: as one variable increases the other decreases (ex. The amount of time spent studying and the number of errors made on a test may show a negative correlation; as study time increases, the number of errors typically decreases) 10. Under what situations might we be unable to conduct an experiment regarding variables of sex and sexuality? 11. Be able to identify the important ethical safeguards we utilize to protect research participants. 1. sex is a sensitive topic 2. protect from harm * no greater than minimal risk 3. informed consent 4. freedom to withdraw * possible self-selection bias 5. anonymity/confidentiality 6. debriefing * participants leaving in the same mood or better 12. What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity? Anonymity means that an individual’s identity is not known or recorded. Confidentiality refers to the obligation to protect personal information shared by an individual Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy 13. What does the vulva refer to? the entire external genital area on the female including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening 14. Which part of the female body refers to the slightly raised layer of fatty tissue on top of the pubic bone? What is its likely function? Mons veneris: cushion during sex and is covered in hair as an indicator of fertility 15. What are the likely reasons that people have pubic hair? reduce friction, protect from bacteria, and signal sexual maturity 16. Why might attitudes towards pubic hair be changing? personal preferences, social media influence, cultural trends 17. When women decide to shave their pubic hair, what are the majority of reasons they list dictated by? for the opposite sex/societal views; aesthetics; heigine 18. Be able to identify the main hormones produced by the ovaries and the testicles, respectively. Ovaries: * estrogen and progesterone Testicles: * testosterone 19. Describe the shape of the clitoris. small rounded and extends ~1in into the body and fans out 20. Be able to identify which parts of female anatomy stem from the same developing tissues as corresponding parts of male anatomy. the clitoris develops from the same tissue as the penis 21. What is the difference between the labia majora and labia minora? majoria: larger outer lips minora: smaller inner lips 22. What is a labiaplasty? cosmetic surgery on the labia, for aesthetic or comfort reasons 23. Can a hymen be reliably used to determine a person’s virginity? Why or why not? no because it can be torn or stretched from any impact that may include sex or not 24. Understand where the urethral opening is for both sexes. urethral opening: where urine exits the body female: between clitoris and vaganial opening male: head of the penis beneth the scrotum 25. What is the pathway that the egg takes (in other words, where does it originate from, what parts of the body does it travel through, and where does it end up if fertilized vs. not?) origin: ovary path: through the fallopian tube to the uterus fertilized: implants in the uterine lining unfertilized: exits during menstration 26. What are the three visible portions of the penis? 1. foreskin 2. shaft 3. glans 27. What are some of the controversies regarding the procedure of circumcision? ethical and cultural debates over health benefits vs bodily autonomy 28. What causes an erection of the penis? increased blood flow to penile tissues 29. Which is more sensitive, the clitoris or the glans of the penis? Why? the clitoris is more sensitive due ot a higher concentration of nerve endings 30. How does an erect penis size correspond to a flaccid penis size? erect: engorged wtih blood (longer and wider) flaccid: (unaroused) shorter and smaller in width 31. Why are testicles positioned outside of the body and how do they help regulate the appropriate temperature for sperm? outside body to regulate temperature for optimal sperm production 32. What is the pathway that sperm must take (in other words, where do they originate from, what parts of the body do they travel through, and where do they end up? origin: testes path: a. epidiymis b. vans deferens c. urethra 33. What is semen composed of and what are the functions of each type of fluid? semen is composed of fluids: 1. fructose: activiates motility (energy) 2. prostaglandis: contract the uterus 3. alkaline/base substance: neutralize vaginal acidity 4. fibrinogenase: solidify semen 5. antibiotics: reduce inflection 34. What is the function of the Cowper’s gland? small glands beneath the prostate gland to release alkaline/base substance → neutralizes the acidity of the urethra 35. What are some of the issues regarding the use of slang words to describe sexual and reproductive anatomy? can cause misinformation and contribute to body shame Hormones and Sexuality 36. What is the function of the endocrine system? ductless glands to secrete hormones, develop/maintain the reproductive system, and influence sexual behavior 37. What do hormones do and how do they typically travel? hormones can help with growth and development, control metabolism, affect mood, reproduction, ect. they travel through the bloodstream 38. Be able to thoroughly describe, in detail, the negative feedback loops (including the hormones that are released, their effects and what triggers their release) and processes involved in the menstrual cycle. 1. preovulation: (5-13 days after period begins) estrogen and progesterone at lowest points * GnRH tells pituitary gland to release FSH * follicle begins the final maturation and secretes estrogen * increased levels of estrogen triggers pituitary to turn of FSH * FSH turns off and estrogen keeps rising until it reaches the peak and stimulates an increase in GnRH * triggered LH release from the pituitary 2. ovulation: (~14 days after period) * LH release/surge * promotes growth of endometrium * triggers onset of ovulation * ovum: viable for 24 hours (can develop an embryo) * sperm viable for 5 days * corpus luteum: ruptured follicle 3. postovulation: (15-28 days after period) * corpus luteum secreates progesterone in large amounts * further promotes growth of endometrium (lining of uterus) * triggers decrease of GnrH * if implantation occurs: * corpus luteum continues to secrete hormones * if implantation does not occur: * corpus luetem degenerates * sharp decrease in hormones * endometrium begins shedding 4. menstruation: (1-4 days after period begins) * endometrium sheds (no more progesterone to keep it built up) * a sharp decrease in progesterone * no longer inhibits GnRH * GnRH triggers FSH * decrease in estrogen * no longer inhibits FSH * FSH triggers follicle maturation * the new cycle begins 39. Approximately how many eggs per ovary do female bodies possess at the time of puberty? 200,000 40. During what time frame is a female most fertile? (when are they most likely to be able to become pregnant?) ovulation: the ovum is viable for 24 hours and sperm is viable for 5 days 41. Be able to identify from examples, the different types of problems associated with menstruation. 1. amenorrhea: absence of period for 3 or more months 2. oligomenorrhea: unevenly spaced periods 3. dysmenorrhea: extremely painful cramping 4. menorrhagia: abnormally heavy bleeding 5. endometriosis: endometrium growth outside the uterus 6. tss: bacterial toxins; dead 7. pms: physical and emotional damages 42. Discuss the attitudes we currently have towards menstruation and from where they may have arisen. 43. Be able to thoroughly describe, in detail, the negative feedback loop and the processes involved in sperm production sperm production: fewer hromone spikes and less cyclic than females * GnRH is released from hypothalamus 1. triggers FSH release from pituitary * triggers the testes to both produce and mature sperm and to release inhibin (protien that inhibits SFH and reduces LH) * rising levels of inhibin turn off FSH 2. triggers LH release from pituitary * triggers the testes to produce testosterone * rising levels of testosterone turns off LH and GnrH * effects in testes The Sexual Response Cycle 44. Be able to thoroughly describe, in detail, each stage of the sexual response cycle for both male and female bodies. 1. Desire: often triggered by intimacy needs * often responsive 2. Excitement/arousal: * vaginal opening constricts (promotes ejaculation) * labia engorge, tighten, and seperate (allows easier entry since they are separating) * clit and nipples erect * SNS response 3. Plateau: * vaginal secretions decrease and constriction/lengtheneing increaess * additional engorgement (labia, nipples) * clit recedes (goes back) behind the hood 4. Orgasm: * sudden pleasureable release of sexual tension * rhythmic muscular contractions * ejacuation? 5. Resolution: * return to an unaroused state 1. Desire: * greater levels and are often spontaneous 2. Excitment/arousal: * penis erect * testicles engorge and tighten * nipples erect * SNS response 3. Plateau: * additional engorgement (penis/testicles) * cowper’s gland secretes: neutralizes the acidity of the urethra 4. Orgasm: * sudden pleasurable release of sexual tension * rhythmic muscular contractions * ejaculation 5. Resolution: * refractory period; return to the unaroused state 45. How might the order of the first two steps within the sexual response cycle change slightly, and why? the order of desire and excitement/arousal can vary based on psychological vs. physiological factors (hormones, ovulation → greater sexual behavior, pheromones, social cues) 46. Which stage of the sexual response cycle is associated with a physiological response and which is associated with a psychological response? physiological: excitement phase psychological: desire 47. What are men’s vs. women’s sexual desires usually driven by? men after often more influenced by physical factors with a strong focus on visual stimulation women are usually driven by emotional, relational, and psychological factos 48. How easy is it for people to describe the experience of an orgasm and how do the descriptions of orgasms correspond between men and women? men typically describe it as a distinct climax involving ejaculation women can experience multiple orgasms or no physical orgasms 49. What is the purpose of the orgasm (for male bodies/for female bodies?) males: evolutionary women: Enjoyment * genetic compatibility (male and female: immune system → child will be healthier) * upsuck: orgams create rhythmic contractions to get sperm up to uterus * developmental byproduct 50. Be able to recognize the different controversies that surround orgasms for female bodies. some people never had a orgasm are there different types? 51. How do pheromones relate to the experience of sexual desire? men are easily aroused when a female partner is ovulating 52. What hormone is most responsible for sexual desire? testosterone is primarily driving in both men and women Pregnancy and Childbirth 53. Understand the sperm’s journey to the ovum. sperms journey: stays in uterus for up to 5 days * 200-300 million ejaculated * few thougsand reach the fallopian tube (have to stand the acidic environment; need mobility; pick the correct ovum tube) * less than 50 reach ovum * only 1 will penetrate * capacitation: membrane becomes so thin it allows them to penetrate at that spot; when 1 gets in it will prevent other sperm from enetering * conception: nuclei of sperm fuse with ovum → form zygote * zygote 54. Understand the fertilization process and the fertilized egg’s journey to implantation. Journey to implantation: 1. zygote splits: * cell division continues (morula: collection of dividing cells) * travels through the fallopian tube and takes 3-7 days 2. blastocyst (100 cells) * attached to the uterine wall (sometimes floats around and can find a place to stay or not) 3. implantation: the uterine lining 4. embryo 55. What is the percentage of fertilized eggs that will typically result in successful implantation and full term pregnancies (compared to those that don’t implant or miscarry)? 25% will successfully implant and 75% will not implant or will miscarry 56. What is an ectopic pregnancy? ectopic pregnancy: implants in part of the body that isn’t the uterus 57. Be able to discuss the specific occurrences during each trimester for the mother and the fetus. Trimesters 1. first trimester: * mother: * estrogen and progesterone levels are built up * HGG triggers morning sickness * fetus: * develops 4 outer layers: 1. blood cells for embry 2. umbilical cord 3. amnion 4. placental lining * develops 3 inner layers 1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm 2. second trimester: * mother: * can begin to feel the fetus and emotional attachment * belly, stretch marks, swelling, nipples darken * fetus: * detectable heart beet * 1 foot long and 1 lb * sleep and wakefulness * respond to stimuli 3. third trimester: * mother: * difficulty walking, sitting, rising, sleeping * back pain’ * increased urination * fetus: * 1.5 ft long and 1.5 lbs then grows to 2ft and 7.5 lbs (rapid growth) * rapid brain development 58. What are some things that HCG does? triggers morning sickness 59. What are the different layers of the trophoblast and what do they form? The trophoblast develops into two layers: the syncytiotrophoblast, which invades the uterine lining, and the cytotrophoblast, which supports the formation of the placenta. 60. What are the three inner layers that develop during cell differentiation? 1. Ectoderm: nervous system; brain and spinal cord; skin and teeth 2. mesoderm: muscles, skeletons, blood vessels (circulatory system) 3. endoderm: internal organs, lungs liver, heart, ect. 61. When is an embryo first considered a fetus? after 8 weeks 62. When does a fetus first develop a detectable heartbeat, have periods of sleep/wakefulness, and can respond to stimuli? the second trimester 63. What are the effects of various types of drug use (e.g., alcohol, narcotics, cigarette smoking, marijuana) during pregnancy on babies? miscarriages, preterm birth, physical deformities, withdrawal symptoms after birth Alcohol: Can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), leading to cognitive and physical abnormalities. Narcotics: Can result in withdrawal symptoms for the baby and developmental issues. Cigarette Smoking: Increases the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental problems. Marijuana: Effects are still under study, but there is evidence it can affect brain development. 64. What are some benefits of having prenatal care? Helps monitor the mother and fetus’s health, catch potential complications early, provide nutritional and medical guidance, and prepare for childbirth. 65. What are the 5 sources of pain that Lamaze tries to affect? How do Lamaze practices help with these origins of pain? 1. anxiety and fear: learn what happens/find distractions 2. muscle tension: relaxation techniques 3. weak muscles: exercise and stregnthen 4. not enough oxygen: breathing techniques 5. nerve pressure: massage 66. What is the Leboyer method? A birthing method focused on minimizing stress for the newborn by dimming lights, keeping noise low, and placing the baby in warm water after birth. 67. What are some pros and cons of hospital births vs. alternative methods? Hospital Births: Pros include access to medical interventions and emergency care; cons can include a more clinical, less personalized experience. Alternative Methods (e.g., home births, birthing centers): Pros include a more personalized, relaxed environment; cons include the lack of immediate access to emergency medical care. 68. What do effacement and dilation each refer to regarding childbirth? Effacement: Thinning of the cervix in preparation for childbirth. Dilation: The opening of the cervix to allow the baby to pass through during delivery. 69. Be able to understand and describe what occurs during the different stages of childbirth. Stage 1: Early labor and active labor, where contractions lead to dilation. Stage 2: Delivery of the baby. Stage 3: Delivery of the placenta. 70. What are some of the issues surrounding the decision of whether or not to breastfeed? Breastfeeding PROS: 71. Immune and health benefits 72. Oxytocin (feel-good hormone) shrinks the uterus 73. Weight loss 74. Bonding 75. Less expensive Breastfeeding CONS: 76. Pain/leakage, sagging 77. Can pass infections or drugs/alcohol 78. Stigmas, negative attitudes, embarrassment 79. What are some psychological effects of having fertility issues? Couples may experience feelings of guilt, inadequacy, anxiety, depression, and strain on their relationship. 80. Why might depression arise during pregnancy? Can arise due to hormonal changes, anxiety about childbirth, relationship stress, or previous mental health conditions. 81. What are some symptoms and causes of postpartum depression? ‘Baby blues’ vs. depression * Lack of interest, difficulty bonding * Feelings of shame, guilt, inadequacy * Social withdrawal