1st-Prelim Review And Annotation PDF

Preliminary Activity: Ako si_____________________ Random/ unknown fact about yourself: ____________________________________________________ Why do you believe it is unknown to others? ____________________________________________________ Processing Question: How much do...

Preliminary Activity: Ako si_____________________ Random/ unknown fact about yourself: ____________________________________________________ Why do you believe it is unknown to others? ____________________________________________________ Processing Question: How much do we know ourselves? Do you agree that the more we know, the less we have? Why do we always seek answers? DOING PHILOSOPHY Socrates once said: UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING What does it mean? More on Socrates: He taught Western Civilization He is the originator of SOCRATIC METHOD (Elenchus) Socratic Method- More on Q and A Docta Ignorancia ‘The more I know, the more I do not know’ Socrates: Know thyself People are not byproduct of biological environment We are who we are on the basis of true wisdom The true knowledge must lead to real virtue Virtue is called Arete Beginning of Philosophy Philosophy comes from the Greek words phylos (to love) and Sophia (wisdom) It is the love of wisdom Who is the father of Philosophy? Thales of Miletus fishing village in Greece “Water is the the underlying substance of everything” Begun the western philosophical thought. Way before the SPA Philosophy account for that method of thinking: Questioning Critical analysis Refection Rational argumentation Philosophy as body of knowledge Before the existence of sciences, philosophy laid out the foundation/ the inquiry in which sciences is based. Early natural sciences Biology, astronomy, physics Aristotle- pioneered the study of biology, astronomy, and physics to name a few. Philosophy, however is broad as it provides full view of reality beyond categorization Philosophy is….. Both holistic and partial perspective Oneness and relatedness of human endeavors and struggles Philosophy is Both holistic and partial perspective We look human reality from different point of views Look into specific problem and address them with sophistication Philosophy is Unity of thought and experience It is an integrative role Human activity is not compartmentalize in separate functions Life cannot be limited to self gratification. For GREEKS: True education is to train the body and the soul Educating the human person as one whole ’person as person’ Aristotle Once said: ‘all men bay nature desire to know’ Phronesis- desire of knowledge is a life long process in search of practical wisdom Eudaimonia- wisdom that leads us to a life of real virtue or to a life of real happiness  Do you have this feeling that you have to constantly find truth? Or You are always wanting the truth even though the truth is already been told?  Knowing the truth is not only/ purely academic or theoretical Truth is the element that life is a great mystery that we need to unravel  The Meaning of human life According to Gabriel Marcel as he cites Julian Marias: When we are talking about human life, the verb “to live” cannot have its meaning to strictly circumscribed: the notion of human life cannot be reduced to that of the harmonious functioning of a certain number of organs Jean Paul Sartre once said: Everything has been figured out except how to live INSIGHT Have you ever….. Experienced to do things out of schedule? Spent time doing nonsense? Wasted time on something irrelevant?  What/ how did you feel when you experienced or do those things? As humans: We always seek our greater purpose in life The purpose brings us closer to the truth We begin to think- to truly think (it is indeed already a Philosophical Act!!!) Philosophical Act is…. Not only on analyzing the meaning of the words but it is grounded on experience According to Robert Johann ‘Philosophy must self consciously place itself in the context and service of human life of which it is a function and whose direction it has to grasp’ Defining insight according to Fr. Roque Ferriols An insight is something that emerges when we are thrown into a situation. The process of arriving at an insight is called abstraction. Defining Abstraction: Abstraction is the analysis of the concepts. The word ‘analysis’ is derived from 2 Greek words. The prefix ana means up and lusis means dissolution. Abstraction in this sense means the dissolution of an object into its constituent parts PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION What do you usually do when you reflect? When, where, and why do we reflect? What is reflection? Reflection is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn from experience. Its trajectory is to see the bigger picture about everything. This process is called philosophical reflection. According to Gabriel Marcel, philosophical reflection is the act of giving time to think about the meaning and purpose of life. What is reflection? It requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions and to learn more about one’s life and experiences. One can reflect on almost any subject. For instance, the moment you wake up you can already reflect upon the things that you plan to do for the day. This will enable you to set your daily goals and set you on the path of thinking of ways to achieve them. Philosophical Reflection Philosophical Reflection allows us to have opportunities to think more deeply about our action , our motivations for doing such action, and even its possible consequences Philosophical Reflection Philosophical Reflection is vital in ensuring that our actions and decisions are well thought out and are done with due regard for their implications and consequences on ourselves, others, and our surroundings. Philosophical Reflection Philosophical Reflection helps us understand ourselves and our actions better. When we reflect, we can judge whether our actions or decisions are reasonable or not. Two Types of Reflection: Primary and Secondary The ability to think logically. The ability of the mind to construct and evaluate arguments. It examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts. It is concerned with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. “Physical Concept” Two Types of Reflection: Primary and Secondary This type of reflection enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality It integrates the fragmented and compartmentalized experience into a whole. It is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. “Beyond Physical concept” Question: What is a Man? POV of Primary: POV of Secondary: “Reflection is not exclusive for philosophy in fact it is employed in any endeavor, research or disciplines.” Activity: My Philosophy in Life Think of your life purpose and reflect it in your personality. Create a one to two sentence liner on your philosophy Individually share it to the class. Book Activity Answer the following questions in your book. Pages 11-14 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING Art of Questioning The nature of Scientific knowledge Phenomenological Method Unity in Oriental Thought Lets recap! Socrates- Originated the Socratic method a.k.a Dialectic Method Dialectic Method- asking series of critical questions Questions- The quest for or truth Truth- is the goal of philosophy Opening Question: "Which came first: is it the chicken or is it the egg?" Hypothetical Question: If you happen to summon the genie that grants three wishes, what would be your one of the three wishes? And Why? Do you Recognize him? I bet you don’t know him!!! Story time: Alexander came to visit Diogenes and asked him if there is anything he could do to him to relieve him of the very miserable condition in which he existed. Diogenes is supposed to have replied: Yes, You can stand out of my light and let me see the sun. Analyzing Diogenes: He has chosen to withdraw from the world He viewed that all the product of human civilization are without any worth He rejected the Society He chose the life of an ascetic Hypothetically, Diogenes existed today…. He may have defiance from existing ruling class/ dictatorship There is no hegemonic relationship from west to the rest of the world Defiance- opposition Hegemonic- dominance in politics ART OF QUESTIONING Art of Questioning Socrates has his conversation to the sophists (teachers of rhetoric) in Athens. His conversation was recorded by his student, Plato. He called it Dialogues  Art of Questioning (cont.) The dialogues of Plato contains stories which help the readers describe a philosophical concept that he wishes to explain E.g. justice the beautiful the good and many others Socrates is the main character of the conversation Art of Questioning (cont.) Truth- refers to statement of facts that is supported by evidence Fact- something that has happened, and it can be proven or refuted Opinion- devoid of any clear meaning since it is not supported Short Activity: Draw an Ideal Chair, after making one, share it to your seatmates. Discuss to them why is your chair is the ideal chair. Art of Questioning (cont.) Plato divided reality in two: The World of Forms is a non-physical realm that contains the perfect, eternal, and unchangeable blueprints or essences of all things. Art of Questioning (cont.) Plato divided reality in two: The World of Objects (or the Sensible World) is the physical, material world we live in, where objects are mere imitations or copies of the Forms. Art of Questioning (cont.) For Plato: ‘What is beautiful and what is just are in the ideal world’ Art of Questioning (cont.) Man, According to Plato is his soul. Soul has three elements: Appetitive- bodily pleasures Spirited- emotions logical- seat of control Appetitive (Epithymetikon) Function: The appetitive part of the soul is responsible for desires, appetites, and bodily needs. It drives us to seek pleasure and fulfill basic needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. Role: It should be regulated by the rational part, ensuring that desires do not lead to excessive or irrational behavior. Spirited (Thymoeides) Function: The spirited part of the soul is responsible for emotions, particularly those related to courage, honor, and indignation. It drives us to act in accordance with our sense of honor and justice. Role: It supports the rational part by aligning emotions and actions with reason, thus acting as an ally to rational decision- making. Rational (Logistikon) Function: The rational part of the soul is responsible for reasoning, thinking, and seeking truth. It governs our ability to make logical decisions and to discern right from wrong. Role: It should guide and control the other parts of the soul, ensuring that desires and emotions do not lead to irrational actions. Art of Questioning (cont.) For Plato it is the function of education to lead people out of The cave into the world of light. Education is not just a matter of conversion. It is a complete turning around from the world of appearance to the world of reality. Art of Questioning (cont.) Aristotle Aristotle thought that substance is the reality. Aristotle was a student of Plato and the tutor to Alexander degree. The world of the senses and not the world of forms is real. Aristotle is famous for inventing syllogism Art of Questioning (cont.) Aristotle Science is about the causes of the existence of things must come from something for they do not exist on their own he noted that whatever is move must be moved by another Aristotle: What Is Being? There are four types of causes of existence: Material Formal Efficient Final Material Cause The material cause refers to the substance or matter from which something is made. Example: For a statue, the material cause is the marble or bronze from which it is sculpted. Formal Cause The formal cause is the shape, form, or essence of a thing. It is what gives something its identity and structure. Example: For a statue, the formal cause is the design or pattern that defines the statue as a representation of a particular figure, such as a person or deity. Efficient Cause The efficient cause is the agent or process that brings something into existence. It is often considered the "triggering" cause. Example: For a statue, the efficient cause is the sculptor who shapes the marble or bronze into the desired form. Final Cause The final cause is the purpose, end, or goal for which something is made. It is the reason why something exists or is done. Example: For a statue, the final cause might be to honor a person, to decorate a space, or to serve as a religious icon. THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE Rene Descartes Father of modern philosophy Shift of focus from ancient philosophy to modernity For him, ancient thoughts have not agreed on one thing unlike in mathematics- where experts come to an answer. Rene Descartes Devised a method Methodic doubt is a principle that seeks what can be considered as indubitable. Everything must have a firm foundation of all our truth claims just like in mathematics  Science is a field that: Human being can direct his questions to tear things into specific or small parts and arrive at an explanation of reality. The Structure of Scientific Revolution by Thomas Kuhn The book tells how do scientists works. It is the central feature of this theory it's the concept of paradigm shift. When scientist work things out based on existing it is called normal science once an anomaly is uncovered a new theoretical development emerges which puts the question to the previous theory. More on Kuhn: Kuhn tells us that scientists capitalize on the previous knowledge in their field. Thus scientific discoveries are source of background information. Example: To enrich your study in research it is good don't know existing researches that is why review of related studies and literature is conducted THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD Phenomenological Method conceived by Edmund Husserl in 19th century. This experience is the world as it appears to us or the phenomenal world hence, the term phenomenology. Build a philosophy free from any biases or preconceived ideas. One can only do this if one returns to immediate experience. Phenomenology It is the science of the essence of consciousness Our consciousness is always intentional. Consciousness is always the consciousness of something that is other than itself our consciousness. It reaches out to the real objects of our experiences Phenomenology The aim of the philosopher in this philosophy it's the article late and to describe the imminent reality of our lived experience and its structures Phenomenology Phenomenological method is the process of knowing them themselves this is also called epoche all bracketing which is the reduction of our experiences Defining and Deeping Epoche (Epokay) Derived from the Greek word meaning "suspension" or "bracketing," aside all judgments about the natural world and our preconceptions, beliefs, and assumptions about it. The goal of epoché is to examine phenomena as they are experienced, without the influence of prior knowledge, biases, or theoretical interpretations Eidetic reduction The process of stripping away the variable aspects of an experience to reveal its essential, unchanging core. The term "eidetic" comes from the Greek word "eidos," meaning "form" or "essence.“ The goal is to attain a pure understanding of the essence (or eidos) of a phenomenon, which Husserl believed to be accessible through careful, reflective analysis. UNITY IN ORIENTAL THOUGHT  Oriental thought Oriental means eastern. The thought process is originated in Asian countries such as Japan, China, Korea, and among others such as the Philippines Oriental Thought The context of religion, tradition, and culture is vital in having a holistic approach in understanding reality The oriental tradition is grounded in the unity of things or the inner harmony of nature Western Thought (in comparison) it is based in the perceptive ways of a rational mind. The oneness we find in Chinese or Indian thought also translate into that inner unity in a person's sense of self in the West it is all about reason as the full development of truth Tao Te Ching (Lao Tzu) Taoism Written around the 6th century BCE, this classic work is composed of 81 short chapters that offer wisdom and guidance on living in harmony with the Tao (or Dao), which can be translated as "The Way" or "The Path. Key themes/ Concepts The Tao (The Way) Wu Wei (Non-Action) Simplicity and Humility Duality and Balance Leadership and Governance The Tao (The Way) The Tao is an abstract, all-encompassing principle that is the source and essence of everything in the universe. It is often described as ineffable and beyond human comprehension. Living in Accordance with the Tao: To live in harmony with the Tao means to align oneself with the natural order and flow of life, rather than resisting or attempting to control it. Wu Wei (Non-Action) Wu wei is a principle Application: By that advocates "non- practicing wu wei, action" or "effortless individuals can achieve action." It suggests more with less effort, that one should act in a flowing with the way that is natural and rhythms of life rather unforced, allowing than struggling against things to unfold them. spontaneously. Simplicity and Humility Simplicity: The Tao Te Ching emphasizes the importance of simplicity, advising people to lead simple, unadorned lives free from unnecessary desires and complications. Humility: Humility is a key virtue in Taoism. The text often praises the qualities of yielding, humility, and being lowly, suggesting that these traits are in harmony with the Tao.. Duality and Balance Yin and Yang: The text highlights the interdependence of opposites, such as light and dark, strong and weak, male and female. These dualities are seen as complementary forces that create balance and harmony in the universe. Balance: The Tao Te Ching teaches that true wisdom lies in recognizing and maintaining the balance between these opposing forces. Leadership and Governance Virtuous Leadership: Lao Tzu offers advice on Minimal Intervention: leadership, suggesting Effective rulers are those that the best leaders are who govern with a light those who lead by touch, allowing their example, govern with people to act freely and compassion, and practice naturally. non-interference. Confucianism a philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius (Kong Fuzi or Kongzi), a Chinese thinker and educator who lived from 551 to 479 BCE/ Key Concepts in Confucianism Ren (仁): Often translated as "benevolence," "humaneness," or "virtue Li (礼): Li refers to ritual, propriety, and etiquette Xiao (孝): Filial piety, or Xiao Yi (义): Yi is often translated as "righteousness" or "justice." Zhi (智): Zhi means "wisdom" or "knowledge." Junzi (君子): The term Junzi, or "gentleman," refers to an ideal person who embodies the virtues of Ren, Li, Yi, and Zhi. Key Concepts in Confucianism The Five Relationships: Confucianism emphasizes the importance of harmonious relationships, which are structured in a hierarchical but reciprocal manner: Ruler and subject Older sibling and Parent and child younger sibling Husband and wife Friend and friend Zen Buddhism Zen Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes direct experience, meditation, and the realization of one's true nature.