G12 Q2 Philosophy Reviewer PDF

These normative answers would take into consideration the PHILOSOPHY Reviewer Quarter 2 behavior which the society will accept. For example, when you are to de...

These normative answers would take into consideration the PHILOSOPHY Reviewer Quarter 2 behavior which the society will accept. For example, when you are to decide in a moral issue, you LESSON 1 can try to give intellectual choice as a normative answer. HUMAN ACTIONS VS. ACT OF MAN Here you are simply assuming because you are not, as it were, facing that actual moral situation described in the Human Actions dilemma. refer to the appropriate actions of human beings while Acts In this case, the answers that you are inclined to give are of Man are actions shared by humans and other animals prescriptive in this imaginary and hypothetical situation. HUMAN ACTS B. Practical Choice – a choice which is borne out of psychological It is voluntary, under the control or direction of the will and emotional considerations. refer to the appropriate actions of human beings. Unlike the previously discussed type of choice, practical eg. act of love or choice, act of intellect or sense of reasoning or choices are made when confronted with the actual situation, emotion, gesture commanded by the will and usually affected by psychological aspect of the person embroiled in the moral situation or dilemma. ACTS OF MAN For instance, psychological and emotional stress and lack of some acts that human beings do and are also performed by time to deliberate during an actual moral situation may animals. affect a person’s moral decision in that situation. When a human being does such acts, they are called acts of A person may be so engulfed by emotions that he may man but not human acts. sometimes fail to make the right choice. eg. vegetative acts, acts of perception and emotion Likewise, stress could make a person’s practical choice inconsistent with his intellectual choice. Aristotle’s Distinction of Voluntary and Involuntary Actions LESSON 2 Voluntary Actions BALANCING FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY: A Path these are acts originating from the individual performing the to Empowerment act using knowledge about the situations of the act. In today's world, empowerment is essential for personal and societal 1. Classifications of Voluntary Actions growth. Balancing freedom and responsibility creates an environment A. Voluntary – actions are performed from will and where individuals can thrive. This presentation explores how these reason. two concepts interact and contribute to a more empowered society. B. Related to Compulsion - it is considered as mixed of voluntary and involuntary. It is more voluntary if the desire Understanding Freedom and choice has been performed and involuntary if it has Freedom is the cornerstone of individual expression and personal considered preferences or alternatives. growth. It allows us to make choices that shape our lives. However, Example: You are asked to perform a crime and your options with freedom comes the need for responsibility to ensure that our are; either you do it and your family survives or you don’t do it actions do not negatively impact others. but they will be murdered. The Role of Responsibility 2. Involuntary Actions – are acts done under Responsibility entails being accountable for our actions and their a) force or coercion and consequences. It ensures that our freedom does not infringe on the b). ignorance where the doer failed to understand the rights of others. Embracing responsibility fosters trust and effect and feels sorry on the result. cooperation within communities, leading to a more harmonious society. Classifications of Involuntary Actions A. Under Compulsion – circumstances which are beyond Finding the Balance the control of the agent and contributes none to the action. Achieving a balance between freedom and responsibility is crucial. Example: A person was kidnapped, hence impossible to resist. This balance empowers individuals to make informed choices while considering the impact on their community. It encourages a culture B. Through Ignorance of Particular Circumstances. of mutual respect and accountability, enhancing overall societal Example: a man steals and ignorant of the law, arrow or gun well-being. shot by mistake. Empowerment Through Balance INTELLECTUAL CHOICE VS PRACTICAL CHOICE When freedom and responsibility are balanced, individuals feel empowered to pursue their goals while contributing positively to A. Intellectual Choice – This is a choice which is deliberately society. This empowerment leads to innovation, creativity, and a selected based on a moral standpoint. stronger sense of community, fostering a Basically, they are normative answers about what we ought more inclusive environment for all. to do from a moral system that we uphold and its moral principles. Conclusion: A Path Forward Balancing freedom and responsibility is not just a personal journey What Philosophers Say About Intersubjectivity but a collective effort. By embracing both concepts, we can create a Intersubjectivity is universal. It exists when and where more empowered society humans exist. where individuals thrive and contribute to the greater good. Let us It is an undeniable reality which thinkers could not help but commit to this discuss. path together. Here are some philosophers who took philosophical inquiry on intersubjectivity: LESSON 3 FREEDOM AND OBLIGATION 1. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) one of the main ideas of Confucianism is Ren or John Mothershead “human-heartedness.” Freedom and obligation are two indispensable conditions It is a virtue central to man that can be found in his sociality for morality to occur. or intersubjectivity. Freedom is understood to be present when one is choosing a In his philosophy, Confucius stresses order and harmony in course of action and he is taking full responsibility for the the world. consequences of his actions. His aims can be achieved through practical, concrete, Importantly, this is anchored to the individual’s moral and particular, and perceptual ways. rational capacity to discern what is right and wrong. This means Confucian thinking on intersubjectivity is practical humanism. “Buntot mo, hila mo!” There is an emphasis on human actions in sociality. It is taking full responsibility for your actions and being He calls every man to love the other through actions, not obliged to do so. through thoughts. Hence, an action is not in the full extent of morality if a person does something while his freedom and rationality is 2. Martin Buber (1878-1965) altered or modified. is a Jewish philosopher who introduced the “I-Thou” and “I-It” relationships to embody his philosophy of Atty. Jim Lopez intersubjectivity. Marriages –are being brought to different courts of law to For Buber, we have to treat another person as a subject (a be annulled. being different from things or objects). These are sagas of unending throwing of blame and Persons are not inanimate objects to be used. accusations between two lovers. They have their own mind and free will, thus, we have to Which can simply be solved had one of the parties make respect others as we respect ourselves. himself accountable for a problem which sit between them. “I” refers to the self and “Thou” or “You” refers to others. This “IThou” relationship is the most meaningful LESSON 4 relationship in the realm of humanity. INTERSUBJECTIVITY The “I” is the same with the “Thou” and there should be mutual relationship between them. Philosophy, unlike Theology, does not use primarily biblical We can only recognize the self in the context of the other. texts in its pursuit, though some religious texts are morally This is a “person-to-person” relationship, worthy to be examples in explaining philosophical ideas like “subject-to-subject” relation. the previous reading we had. We need to accept, respect, be sincere, and have dialogue The Parable of the Good Samaritan clearly explains the with the other. phenomenon of intersubjectivity in the human world. Though it focuses on the Kingdom of God, it still validates 3. Karol Wojtyla (1920-2005) the importance of intersubjective relations of man. He is also St. John Paul II but as a philosopher, we use his real name. Intersubjectivity is a coined word from the prefix “inter” For Wojtyla, human action is the foundation of our being. which connotes “among and between” and the But human reality is also about being with others, so our philosophical term “subject” that is equivalent to a actions are also directed towards others. conscious being. This form of action is now called “Participation.” Thus, intersubjectivity would mean in the general sense as In the theory of participation, man has the capacity to share “sharing of subjective states by two or more individuals.” himself to others. (Scheff 2006). This affirms the reality that man acts and exists with others. It is the organic union of the subjective reality and the He is a member of the community of persons, a community objective reality of beings. of “I-You” or “We.” Meaning to say, as a person, we have a personal regard to self Since man is a member of this community, his experience but we cannot deny the fact (objective – fact of reality we all with others gives him meaning and allows him to create share) that we live with others so we also regard them as part meaning with others. of ourselves.  LESSON 5 The same goes if one avails a car, there is a chance that the HUMAN PERSON AND SOCIETY car was mass produced because it operates similarly to other models, and its parts can be replaced with other parts A. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES because they are identical. a. Tribal Society - the term “tribe” denotes a group of peoples living in a primitive setting under a leader or chief. C. Post Industrial Society The term ‘tribal society’ associates it to other meaning such is marked by a progress from a manufacturing-based to a as “primitive society” or “preliterate society.” service-based economy. The word ‘tribe’ has become an important technical term Post industrialization is most evident in countries and which pertains to a political unit in a certain territory. regions that were among the first to experience the The term’s use is rooted from Latin which is associated to Industrial Revolution, such as the United States, western the political divisions or orders of the Roman empire. Europe, and Japan. Daniel Bell, an American sociologist, Tribal societies are small in scale; bound to their spatial and first coined the term ‘post-industrial’ in 1973 in his book temporal range of relations in terms of society, law, and “The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in politics; and possess a moral code, cult, and wide range of Social Forecasting,” which describes several features of this belief system. kind of society. The language systems of tribes are unwritten which provides Post-industrial societies are characterized by: a narrow extent of communication. a. a shift from the production of goods to the production of At the same time, tribal societies show a self-sustaining services; structure which is absent in the modern society. This is achieved by the close connections that exist between b. the replacement of manual laborers with technical and tribal organizations, and by the focusing of a leader or professional workers (computer engineers, doctors, and person to multiple roles. bankers) as the direct production of goods is moved Unity and coherence exist in tribal values that are closely elsewhere; related to social groups and are provided with an intensity characteristic of all “closed” systems of thought. c. the replacement of practical knowledge with theoretical knowledge; b. Feudal Society - Feudalism refers to the economic, political, and social system that prevailed in Europe from about the ninth to the d. focusing to the theoretical and ethical implications of new fifteenth century. technologies, which helps society avoid some of the negative Due to the lack of effective centralized government during features of introducing new technologies, concerning this period, kings and lords granted land and provided environment and energy; protection to lesser nobles known as vassals. In return, these vassals swore oaths of loyalty and military e. the development of recent scientific disciplines—that service to their lords. involve new forms of information technology, cybernetics, Peasants known as serfs were bound to the land and were or artificial intelligence—to evaluate the theoretical and subject to the will of their lords. ethical implications of new technologies; One social class system or economic form was not realized for Europe over the whole Middle Ages. f. an emphasis on the university and polytechnic institutes A new economy after medieval period known as capitalism which produce graduates who innovate and lead the new is still in progress. technologies contributing to a postindustrial society; and Medieval world is known for its traditional land economy and military service, and an urban society. g. the changing values and norms which reflects the These led to a feudal-based social-class system and trade & influences on the society. commerce based on money or capital. For the urban or town environment, merchants, artisans, In an instance, outsourcing of manufactured goods changes and customers formed the core of the society. how members of a society see and treat foreigners and They saw manufacture as the most important business to immigrants. produce goods for sale and buy in the local market economy. Also, those individuals previously occupied in the Local products was to have an impact in other areas, such as manufacturing sector find themselves with no clearly regional fairs, port cities, and far trade destinations. defined social role. B. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY DIGITAL SOCIETY AND THE INFORMATION AGE is the one which uses advance technology to drive a masssive Digital technologies have wildly affected our interactions production industry that will support a large population. and activity in the 21st century. For example, the United States is an industrial society They have significantly changed our way of learning, because a huge portion of its economy is tied to jobs that working and socializing. involve machine work, like factory farming or auto-assembly In this modern world we rely with the use of modern plants, that has a combination of machine and human technology which has led to considering the possible employees to produce goods. outcome for the society, concerning how we would take part The objective of an industrial economy is the fast and in interaction, and how we can use these digital tools and efficient manufacturing of standardized products. communication channels.  Having our heads of digital society in our minds, we first We are enacting ourselves on the internet, considering and have to think of the information society; which are understanding the opportunities presented by this medium, correlated with the progress and development of digital such as anonymity, communication, and influence. information and communication technologies to the In short, we can use digital technologies to engage and internet at least. participate on many levels in society and political life. Information society plays a vital role with regards to the The virtual society and the technological devices today are circulation and control of made-up ideas which affects starting to reshape the human person and human political, economic, social and cultural aspects. interactions and relationships. So, what does this mean for the everyday citizen? These More and more interactions are done in the virtual world informative societies have paved many opportunities than in the actual world. reaching bigger audiences like never before. People are more thrilled to see their virtual selves than their With a wider scale of the world’s demography, primarily actual selves. Westerners, have access to sources and technologies which They are more themselves online than offline. enables them to connect with enough activities whether And this leads one to ask, “Who am I?” in a more complex economic, social, political, or educational. manner. We can manipulate the phasing of learning (e.g. free sources) People seem to start manipulating personalities as they or businesses (e.g. online selling) without a large sum of exhibit different behaviors in different worlds. money used as a capital and we can share our ideas and People fall in love in virtual worlds. Someone breaks up with perspectives to the international audiences as we connect a partner through a text message. beyond. Human relations seem to start losing an important element in living– commitment. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP? Virtual worlds and disembodied relations lack commitment. Now, one of the main terms in the modern world is the We can always step back and retreat in a virtual world. ‘digital citizen’. What does this actually mean? We can always create a new self when our avatars die or A digital citizen is a person who is knowledgeable and when it has become undesirable. responsible enough to effectively use different social We can always ignore message. platforms in the internet. Virtual realities remove risks; and because we do not want to They often engage in useful topics and issues that will help risk, we patronize the virtual world. build a better society, politics and government. Commitment is hard. To commit is to risk. If we will dig deeper, digital citizenship might look simple. In the virtual world, one’s anonymity lessens, if not We might think that it is just about using the internet safely. completely removes risks. However, we also need to consider and understand that this When we are confronted with real social problems like war citizenship can get complicated, especially if we are going to and famine, discrimination harassment and corruption; we criticize and show interest in sensitive topics as we start to let the world know that we condemn these evils and express become a digital citizen, using digital media to actively participation in the abolition of these problems. How? By a participate in society and politics. futile click to like. If we look a little closer at the field of ‘citizenship studies’ People in the modern technological society ultimately make this will lead us to a better understanding of what digital no real commitments. society really means. A citizen is defined as an individual character who is viewed THE DISEMBODIED SUBJECT as a member of a society while citizenship considers an The dissatisfaction and frustration of the human person individual’s behavior in terms of rights, obligations and with bodily limitations drive the person to prefer a functions of said citizen. disembodied human relation. Being a citizen of a state requires tons of obligations and At the outset, it must be clarified that the term disembodied duties such as work, taxation and obedience of laws. subject does not mean that in the technological society, On the other hand, citizens also have their rights, it includes human persons are no longer living with their bodies. civil rights such as freedom of speech and expression, to However, in a manner of speaking, people are slowly putting stand for what we believe in, and rights to a private life; aside their bodies in relating with others because the political rights, or the right to vote and social rights to health technological society offers an alternative which apparently care and welfare. resolves human of an embodied subject. In this course we will tackle these rights as we lookat real Face-to-face interaction is too stressful and difficult while definition of what it means to be a citizen in the modern virtual interactions are relatively easier. society and how legislation and the government shape our Consequently, we find many cases where people prefer ability to be democratic citizens who can stand for the truth. communicating using virtual world, even if the person involved is someone seen on a regular basis. What does this all mean then in the digital age? Moreover, the disembodied interaction among people is We have said that being a digital citizen requires active aggravated by modern technological devices. participation online, not just access and use. In their book The different gadgets that are produced today support “Being Digital Citizens” (2015) disembodied human relations. Isin and Ruppert suggest that if we constitute ourselves as The scene which the technological society creates is very digital citizens, we have become subjects of power in familiar to us: we see a family, or friends, gathered around a cyberspace.  table or in a room, but with very minimal actual embodied Death is one’s property. human interaction. The death of the person belongs to him. Everyone is glued to their devices – cellphones, tablets, Nobody can experience his death except himself. laptops, or any device and they are all probably interacting There can be no proxies or substitutes for a person in with their virtual societies. experiencing death. One is busy with other things other than the persons within the room or in the closest proximity. Death is non-relational. The kind of human interaction, which was still present just This means that when we die, we die alone. two decades ago, is obviously altered now. We have no choice but to face it on our own. And however much we try and remind ourselves to refrain Death also removes all our relations to others. from being alone with our devices while being with others, In contemplating death, we realize our own individuality we always fall back into interacting with our gadgets. and independence from the world. Weprefer to interact with our phones with the unfinished game that we are playing, with the new music and movies we Death is not to be outstripped. downloaded, or with our friends who are probably in the Death cannot be taken away from a person. situation – with other people as well, but alone with their Even the person himself cannot remove the possibility of devices too. death in his life. Interacting with actual embodied subjects, face-to-face, is One cannot make himself live forever. becoming more and more difficult today. Even though we see in fiction movies the idea of It is indeed more difficult to relate to other embodied immortality, death, in real life is a definite reality which we subjects than to relate with things. nothing can be done to be outstripped. The practice of selfie is another move towards disembodied human relations. Death and Authenticity People used to approach other people to take their photos. But theregained popularity of selfie gave people the idea that What does death really mean? they do not need the other to take photos. Is it just a reminder that human existence has a limitation? And the invention of the monopod aggravates the We may accept the reality of death as it is, but it also reminds condition. us that we have to value life while we have it. The monopod allows us to take group selfies without missing a member of our group. It has solidified the person Since we cannot control it, things that remain within our to take our photos. control are those which belong to life. Maybe we will just disturb the person by asking him to take While still alive, we have choices to take. our photo. The question now is not focused on death but on how we But maybe we are more afraid of being rejected than by the live in the world. idea of bothering the other. Let us ask ourselves before we die. Did we ever truly live? LESSON 6 Authenticity is an idea mostly used in existentialism which HUMAN PERSON AND DEATH means having true and meaningful existence. According to Soren Kierkegaard, we have to avoid the crowd Phenomenological Notion of Death – the majority of the society which we think that should be According to Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) in his book the pattern of our lives. Being and Time, death is (a) certain, (b) indefinite, (c) one’s For example, we see people marrying, therefore, we also have property, (d) non-relational, and (e) not to be outstripped. to marry. But authenticity is not like that. Death is certain. We have to freely choose marrying. As part of humanness, we are all born (in Heideggerian The intention to marry should not come from the crowd as sense, we are “thrown”) in the world. we usually hear but it should come from our deliberate The world is governed by time. choice. We, humans, are existing in time, thus, as being thrown in the world, we have beginning and since we are finite beings, Another reason why we fail to lead an authentic life is fear. we also have end – death. Just because weare afraid of the possible consequences and Birth and death are two things we cannot remove from our what others might say, we fail to pursue what we truly want existence. in life. Whether we like it or not, we will die. This challenge of authenticity is one of the important messages of death. Death is indefinite. As we accept death, we realize the value of having a true life While death is sure to come, it is however indefinite as to – an authentic life! when it will come. Death is impending, meaning to say, it can happen anytime. We do not know exactly when. That is why, we should try to live the best life that we can for we never know the day of our end.