The Prophet in Medina_F24.pdf

The Prophet at Medina Property of Najma Salwan: https://salwanajmart.com. @salwanajmart Follow on instagram  Arrived first at Qubā’, south-western environs of Yathrib; stayed for 4 days and established the first masjid (mosque) in Islam....

The Prophet at Medina Property of Najma Salwan: https://salwanajmart.com. @salwanajmart Follow on instagram  Arrived first at Qubā’, south-western environs of Yathrib; stayed for 4 days and established the first masjid (mosque) in Islam. Then, in Yathrib, took temporary residence in the house of Khālid ibn Zayd ibn Kulayb (better known as Abū Ayyūb al- Anşārī). first task was the construction of a Masjid (mosque), in the very site where his she-camel, Al-Qaswā’ sat down. The Prophet in This happens to be a plot of land in the district of the Banī Najjār clan of his mother. Though now considerably transformed, it still exists as the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina Medina. In the Muslim community of Medina (no longer Yathrib), the Meccan Muslims are known as Emigrants (muhājirūn) and their Medinan brethren as Helpers (anṣār). Prophet’s Mosque Qubāʾ Mosque  The Prophet ended the long- standing feuds that existed The between the al-Aws and al- Khazraj. Constitution of cementing brotherhood among the people of Medina: the Madinah Prophet paired every two persons (a Muhajir and an Ansari) as brothers. Constitution of Medina: aiming at ruling out all pre-Islamic bitterness and inter-tribal feuds. established strong bases of administrative, political and ideological unity.  establish regular and clearly defined relations with non-Muslims. efforts were to provide peace, security, and prosperity to all mankind at large, and to bring about a spirit of rapport and harmony within the region, in particular. Relations with A treaty with the Jews:  full freedom in faith and wealth; non-Muslims  no severe policies involving banishment, seizure of wealth and land;  no hostile acts against the Muslims nor aiding their enemies in any way.  623 C.E., the second year of the hijra, marks the start of warfare between the Muslim ummah in Medina and the pagans of Mecca. At first this takes the form of raids on Meccan caravans. The strategic aim appears to be that of cutting off the Quraysh’s trade lifeline. Raids on In January 624, Rajab 2AH, at between Mecca and Tā’if, 8 Emigrants successfully take over a Meccan caravan. One of the Meccans is killed, Meccan and 2 captured and 1 escaped. Caravans ‫ﻠﻟاا‬ ْ ‫ﻠﻟاا َو ُﻛ ْﻔ ٌر ِﺑ ِﮫ َوا ْﻟ َﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ ِﺟ ِد‬ َ َ ِ ‫ج أ ْھ ِﻠ ِﮫ ِﻣ ْﻧﮫُ أ ْﻛﺑَ ُر ِﻋ ْﻧ َد ﱠ‬ َ ‫ﺻ ﱞد ﻋ َْن‬ ِ ‫ﺳ ِﺑﯾ ِل ﱠ‬ َ ‫ﯾر َو‬ ُ ‫ا ْﻟ َﺣ َر ِام َو ِإ ْﺧ َرا‬ ‫ﺳﺄَﻟُوﻧَكَ ﻋ َِن اﻟ ﱠ‬ ٌ ‫ﺷﮭ ِْر ا ْﻟ َﺣ َر ِام ﻗِﺗَﺎ ٍل ﻓِﯾ ِﮫ ﻗُ ْل ﻗِﺗَﺎ ٌل ﻓِﯾ ِﮫ َﻛ ِﺑ‬ ْ َ‫ﯾ‬ They ask thee concerning fighting in the Prohibited Month. Say: “Fighting therein is a grave (offence); but graver is it in the sight of Allah to prevent access to the path of Allah, to deny Him, to prevent access to the Sacred Mosque, and drive out its members.  The year 624 also sees a marked deterioration in relations between the Muslims of Medina and the Jewish clans, who had initially been seen as potentially Relations with favourable recipients of the monotheistic message of Islam with its links to the patriarch Abraham. In practice, however, the Jewish Clans the Jews frequently made clear their objections to the Qur’ān which of Medina contradicted their own scriptures in many aspects. As a consequence of Qur’ānic verses revealed in that year the qiblah is changed from Jerusalem to Mecca and the fast of the month of Ramadan is made obligatory. The Battle of Badr March 624 (17th Ramadan, 2 AH), 300 men (238 Anṣār Abu Sufyan takes a Abū Jahl musters a force of Islam’s first fully-fledged and 86 Muhajirun) different route, but Abu a 1000 men for fighting. battle (Surah al-Anfāl). intercept a large Meccan Jahl insists to fight. caravan under Abū Sufyān. First systematic effort Utter defeat of the the new rising Muslim Mecca shaken by the made by the Prophet Meccans. killing of Abū power and status of Islam defeat and blow to its Muħammad to eradicate Jahl. 70 prisoners. consolidated. prestige. illiteracy Ransom.  The Battle of Uhud 625 AD The defeat at Badr places the Meccans in a tactical dilemma: should they bow to economic pressure and risk sending another caravan north or launch a full- scale offensive against Medina? Abū Sufyān favours a decisive military campaign. A well-equipped force of Meccans and allied tribesmen (some 3000 men in all, including 200 cavalrymen) advances on Medina in March 625, finally setting up camp close to Mount Uḥud, to the north of Medina. In Medina opinion is divided. Some senior figures among the Prophet’s companions favour remaining in the strongholds of Medina itself. Younger men argue that the enemy should be engaged in the open.  The Prophet agrees with the majority and leads his forces to a position on the lower slopes of Mount Uḥud, stationing a party of archers to protect the Muslim infantry’s left flank. clear and unambiguous instructions not to leave their position under any circumstances whatsoever The Battle Before the battle begins, Abdullah ibn Ubayy ibn Saloul and his men, one-third of the army, of Uhud withdraw from the battlefield. ‫ظ ﱠن ْاﻟ َﺟﺎ ِھ ِﻠﯾﱠ ِﺔ‬ ِ ّ ‫ﻏﯾ َْر ْاﻟ َﺣ‬ َ ‫ﻖ‬ ُ ُ‫طﺎ ِﺋﻔَﺔٌ ﻗَ ْد أ َ َھ ﱠﻣﺗْ ُﮭ ْم أَﻧﻔ‬ ُ ‫ﺳ ُﮭ ْم َﯾ‬ ِ ‫ظﻧﱡونَ ِﺑ ﱠ‬ َ ‫ﺎﮫﻠﻟ‬ َ ‫َو‬ while another party was thinking about themselves and thought wrongly of Allah – the thought of Jahiliyyah (ignorance). Ibn Saloul and his group are referred to as munāfiqūn or hypocrites.  Initially the battle goes well for the Muslims. The Meccan cavalry (under the command of Khālid ibn al-Walīd) are The rendered ineffective by the steep slopes and skilled archers. The Muslim infantry quickly gains ground, driving the Meccans back to their camp. But at this point, according to tradition, the Muslim archers abandon their positions to join the advance Battle of (fearful that they will miss out on their share of any plunder) Exploiting this weakness, the Meccan cavalry take over the mountain position and attack the Muslims from behind and above. Uhud Muslims are killed (including the Prophet’s uncle Hamza) and Muhammad himself is injured. Eventually the Muslims manage to regroup on the steep slopes of Uḥud, beyond the reach of the Meccan cavalry. The pagan forces return to Mecca, bypassing the strongholds of Medina as they do so.  Uḥud, a setback for the Muslims (75 Muslims killed and only 27 Meccans), But still, Abū Sufyān and his forces failed to achieve their prime strategic goal – that of destroying Muhammad’s power base. For the Muslims the failure to repeat the stunning The Battle’s success of Badr was deeply unsettling. Qur’ānic verses referring to Uḥud (3:145-147) put the blame Outcome on the Muslims’ desire for the spoils of war – preferring this world over the next. The main cause of the defeat is the disobedience of the archers to the command of the Prophet Muhammad not to leave their position. This was a clear lesson to the Muslims that obedience to the commands of the Prophet at all times is a must. Battle of the Trench (al-Khandaq/al-Aħzāb) A year later, March 627, the Meccans set out for Medina with a confederacy of at least 10,000 men (including 600 cavalrymen). When word of their advance reaches Medina, Muhammad orders the excavation of a trench as suggested by Salman al-Farisi, across the length of the exposed northern side of the Yathrib oasis (the other sides being naturally defended by lava flows) as a defence against the Meccan cavalry – apparently the first time this form of defence had been used in Arabia. The Meccans lay siege to Medina for two weeks but prove unable to overrun its defences and are forced to withdraw. THE TREATY OF ḤUDAYBIYY AH (628) The Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah  Prompted by a vision, Muhammad decides to perform the pilgrimage and calls on the Muslims to join him. In March 628 he sets out with some 1500 men. At Ḥudaybiyyah, on the outskirts of Mecca, they halt to negotiate with the Meccans. After messengers have been sent back and forth, Muhammad and the Meccans agree on a treaty:  Fighting abandoned for 10 years  Quraish recognize the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as a leader of Madinah and the Muslims were now permitted to make alliances with other tribes  Muslims to perform Umrah the following year; 3-day stay;  Meccan Muslims be returned; Muslim reverts kept. Muslims unhappy about the terms of the treaty, but Qur’ānic verses (48:1) refer to the event as a ‘manifest victory’ which it proved to be so. -- *** Treaty outcome : 10 years freedom to call people/nations to the Message of Islam **** Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah Abolished The following year, 629, the Muslims return to perform Umrah at Mecca. Later that year hostilities erupt between the tribes of Khuzā‘ah, allied to Muhammad, and Banī Bakr, allied to the Meccans. The Meccans secretly aided Banu Bakr. Meccans’ violation of the truce The Chief of Khuzā‘ah requested the aid of the Prophet Muħammad who responded positively in fulfilment of his alliance obligations and prepared an army to head for Mecca. Abū Sufyān is sent to negotiate with Muhammad, but he soon realized that his efforts were too little too late. Treaty is dissolved after less than two years  Distribution of main tribal territories Elements of population: Aws Anṣār Aws (Helpers / Supporters) Two main groups: Khazraj Aws Aws and Khazraj, comprising dozens of Aws clans and sub-clans. Mosque of the Khazraj Khazraj Prophet Khazraj Jewish tribes Khazraj Aws Three main groups: Khazraj Qaynuqāʿ, an-Naḍīr, Banū & Qurayẓah; also a Qaynuqāʿ dozen smaller clans. Khazraj Khazraj Khazraj Banū Muhājirūn Qurayẓah (Emigrants) Aws Aws Primarily from clans of Quraysh, with growing Aws Banū numbers of others. an-Naḍīr  Constitution of Medina established peaceful relations with the three Jewish tribes:  Banu Qaynuqā‘, The Situation with  Banu al-Nađīr and the Jews  Banu Qurayżah. Freedom of belief, safety and mutual defense against outside attacks banned scheming, conspiring or aiding financial cooperation in blood money. Banu The defeat of the Meccans in Badr inflamed Quraysh and their Qaynuqā‘ sympathizers. Banu Qayniqā‘ declared their animosity and belittled the Badr victory. The Prophet attempted a reconciliatory step but it was unsuccessful A Muslim woman dishonored in the gold souq and a Muslim man Killed. Agreement dissolved; Jews besieged for 15 days; surrendered, expelled from Medina  In 4 AH, after the Battle of Uħud, the Prophet Muħammad approached the Banu al-Nađīr Jews blood money for two people of Banu ‘Āmir, who had been killed. He was welcomed and requested to stay for a meal Banu al- while they planned to assassinate him by dropping a rock on his head where he sat. Nađīr Plan uncovered, Banu al-Nađīr were told to leave Medina. After agreeing they reneged. the Prophet besieged them for days. They surrendered and were allowed to leave with no weapons. They left to Khaybar, with the loads of 600 camels.  In 5 AH, after the expulsion of Banu al-Nađīr, their Chief, Ħuyay ibn Akhŧab, led a delegation of Jews to Mecca to urge the Meccans to attack Medina. The Chief of Banu Qurayżah, Ka‘b ibn Asad, broke the treaty with the Prophet Muħammad and aided Quraysh. Betrayal during battle of al-Khandaq. Banu Qurayżah Banu Qurayżah increased their fortifications and ready for war. The Muslims besieged them and there were skirmishes and mutual arrowing fighting for days. When they surrendered, the Prophet left it to their ally Sa‘d ibn Mu‘āż of the Aws tribe to rule on how they should be dealt with. Sa‘d ruled that the men who betrayed him should be killed and the women and children spared.  a fortified town, 153 KM north of Medina, housing Jews including 10,000 fighters. a military and political base where plots against the Muslims were initiated. Banu al-Nađīr had gone after their expulsion from Medina Khaybar Jews urged Banu Qurayżah to break the agreement with the Muslims during the Khaybar Khandaq Battle. They conspired with the Munafiqun and pagan Arabs against Islam. 20 days after Hudaybiyyah, the Prophet Muħammad went to Khaybar After days of ferocious fighting, negotiations ensued and Khaybar surrendered and they were allowed to leave.  On 1st of January 630, with a force of about 10,000 men, Muhammad marches on Mecca. Before the Muslims reach the city Abū Sufyān rides out to them and accepts Islam. The Prophet Muħammad enters Mecca on his camel with his head lowered in humbleness to Allah On the morning of 11th of January 630 the The liberation of Muslim forces conquer Mecca with the loss of only 24 Meccans and 2 Muslims. Mecca (8 AH) Looting is forbidden. The Ka‘ba is cleansed of its 360 surrounding idols, and the nearby shrines of Manāt and al- ‘Uzzā’ are destroyed. Amnesty was granted to Quraysh and years of hostility were erased there and then. Islam spreads across the whole of Arabia  Tribes of Hawāzen, Thaqīf, Muđar and Jushm, 30,000 men in total, led by Mālik ibn ‘Awf, decided to go against the Prophet and attack Mecca. Battle of Ħunayn The Prophet mobilized 12,000 men and confronted them in battle (8 AH) very shaky beginning, but then following victory was decisive earning the Muslims more war spoils than they had ever anticipated.  al-‘Usrah, meaning hardship or extreme difficulty. took place at a time of difficulty, shortage of supplies, rain and funding and hottest part of the year a Byzantine army of 40,000 soldiers headed towards Battle of Tabūk Tabūk (north-west of Saudi Arabia) The Prophet led 30,000 men to confront them (Expedition of al- the Byzantines fled north and dispersed without fighting. ‘Usrah) (Rajab, Tabūk was the last of the Prophet’s military engagements (ghazwah) 9AH / 630 CE) Sheer number of the Muslim army and the marching to fight the Roman Byzantines asserted their new status. Many of the provinces abandoned by the Romans were taken over by the Muslims and regional alliances changed in favour of Islam.  March 632, the Prophet leads the Hajj. last sermon: your blood, your property are as sacred and inviolable as the sacredness of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in The Farewell this town of yours Everything pertaining to the Days of Pilgrimage Jāhiliyyah is completely abolished the usury of the Jāhiliyyah is abolished Fear Allah concerning women I have left among you the Book of Allah, and if you hold fast to it, you would never go astray al-Hajj  Returned to His Lord in Medina 12th Rabie‘ Al- Awwal, 11 AH 8th June 632 C.E. The Prophet’s buried in his own room where he died. Death The Age of Prophethood ends and is followed by the Age of al-Khulafā’ al-Rāshidūn.  The sīrah of the Prophet Muhammad plays a vital role in understanding the Divine message of the Qur’ān and Ħadith a vehicle of Arab-Muslim heritage. From the sīrah, Muslims emulate, strive and endeavor to follow the example of the Prophet Muhammad. Sirah Within a period of 23 years he liberated the people from their vanity, egotism and from Concluding worship of other than Allah. He gathered them on the basis of the revealed remarks teachings of the Qur’an and his life. established a new moral system, a new civilization, and a new economic and governance system. He showed the world, by establishing a practical and pure lifestyle, how a life can be established on the laws presented by Allah and how that lifestyle is pure, ethical, and secure.