Medical Terminology Integumentary System PDF

Medical Terminology of the Integumentary System (Skin) By Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi Ph.D. Pharmacology Learning ObjectivesObjectives Identify the anatomy of the integumentary system Describe the main functions of the integumentary system Spell the integumentary system medical terms and use correct abbre...

Medical Terminology of the Integumentary System (Skin) By Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi Ph.D. Pharmacology Learning ObjectivesObjectives Identify the anatomy of the integumentary system Describe the main functions of the integumentary system Spell the integumentary system medical terms and use correct abbreviations Identify the medical specialties associated with the integumentary system Explore common diseases, disorders, and procedures related to the integumentary system Introduction: The skin and its accessory structures make up the integumentary system, which provides the body with overall protection. The skin is made of multiple layers of cells and tissues, which are held to underlying structures by connective tissue. The deeper layer of skin is well vascularized. It also has numerous sensory, and autonomic and sympathetic nerve fibers ensuring communication to and from the brain. The skin protects the inner organs, controls thermoregulation, functions as a sensory organ, and is necessary for vitamin D synthesis Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System The skin is composed of two main layers: 1. The epidermis 2. The dermis Accessory organs within this system include hair, nails, and various glands. Components of the Integumentary System Epidermis: This is the outermost skin layer and is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Dermis: This inner skin layer is the main component of the integumentary system and contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. Hypodermis: This layer is also known as the subcutaneous layer and lies below the dermis. It connects the skin to the fibrous tissues of the bones and muscles. Hair: This is a keratinous filament that grows out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Nail bed: This epidermal structure is found at the tips of our fingers and toes. The nail body is formed on the nail bed and protects the tips of our fingers and toes and assists with picking up small objects. Sudoriferous glands: Also known as sweat glands, these glands produce sweat to cool the body when it becomes warm. There are two types of sweat glands, and each secretes slightly different products. Sebaceous glands: These glands are a type of oil gland and are found all over the body. They help to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Many of these glands are found near hair follicles. The sebaceous glands generate and excrete sebum, which is a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells. The secretion of sebum is stimulated by hormones, many of which do not become active until puberty. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Combining Forms COMBINING FORM MEANING EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL TERMS cutane/o Skin cutaneous derm/o Skin Epidermal dermat/o Skin Dermatologist epitheli/o skin (surface tissue) Epithelial onych/o Nail Onycholysis pil/o Hair Pilosebaceous trich/o Hair trichotillomania ungu/o Nail Ungiectomy Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Physiology (Function) of the Integumentary System 1-Protection: The skin protects the body from wind, water, and UV sunlight. 2- Sensory Function: The skin acts as a sense organ because the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis contain specialized sensory nerve structures that detect touch, surface temperature, and pain. These receptors are more concentrated on the tips of the fingers, which are most sensitive to touch, especially the Meissner corpuscle, which responds to light touch, and the Pacinian corpuscle , which responds to vibration 3-Thermoregulation: The integumentary system helps regulate body temperature through its tight association with the sympathetic nervous system. 4-Vitamin D Synthesis: The epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes Vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation. In the presence of sunlight, a form of Vitamin D3 called cholecalciferol is synthesized from a derivative of the steroid cholesterol in the skin. The liver converts cholecalciferol to calcidiol, which is then converted to calcitriol (the active chemical form of the vitamin) in the kidneys. Accessory Structures Accessory structures of the skin include hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System 1-Hair: Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Strands of hair originate in an epidermal penetration of the dermis called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, and much of this is exposed at the skin’s surface. The rest of the hair, which is anchored in the follicle, lies below the surface of the skin and is referred to as the hair root. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System 2-Nails: The nail bed is a specialized structure of the epidermis that is found at the tips of our fingers and toes. The nail body is formed on the nail bed, and protects the tips of our fingers and toes as they are the farthest extremities and the parts of the body that experience the maximum mechanical stress. The nail body forms a back-support for picking up small objects with the fingers. The nail body is composed of densely packed dead keratinocytes. 3- Sweat Glands A-Sudoriferous Glands When the body becomes warm, sudoriferous glands produce sweat to cool the body. B- Sebaceous Glands A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland that is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Common Pathologies Acne: This condition commonly occurs in areas of the skin that have more sebaceous glands, such as the face and back. It is associated with hormones and commonly occurs with the onset of puberty. Albinism: This genetic disorder affects the colouration of hair, eyes. and skin. Individuals with albinism appear white or very pale because of a lack of melanin. Alopecia: This condition is characterized by hair loss or lack of hair where it would usually be Basal cell carcinoma: This is a form of skin cancer that affects the epidermis. It is the most common form of skin cancer in certain parts of Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System the world. It is often found on the neck, head, arms, and back because those areas are more likely to be exposed to the sun. Eczema: This condition presents as an allergic reaction characterized by dry, itchy patches on the skin. It often looks like a rash and can appear anywhere on the body. Eczema can progress, and the skin can become itchy, dry, swollen, and bleeding. Melanoma: This type of cancer typically develops from a mole and then grows uncontrollably. It is highly malignant and is one of the most fatal types of cancer. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Mole: Also known as a nevus, a mole appears as a pigmented lesion on the skin. Many are benign in nature. Psoriasis: This chronic autoimmune disorder is characterized by patches of thick, red skin with the appearance of silvery scales. Psoriasis can be found on the elbows, knees, scalp, low back, face, feet, fingernails, toenails, and even the mouth. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Squamous cell carcinoma: This form of skin cancer is more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma and is the second most common type of skin cancer. It is often found on the scalp, ears, and hands, and affects the keratinocytes in the dermis and epidermis. Injuries Because the skin is the part of our bodies that meets the world most directly, it is especially vulnerable to injury. Injuries include burns, wounds, as well as scarsand calluses. They can be caused by sharp objects, heat, or excessive pressure or friction to the skin Burns A burn results when the skin is damaged by intense heat, radiation, electricity, or chemicals. The damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and renal and circulatory failure follow, which can be fatal. Burn patients are treated with intravenous fluids to offset dehydration, as well as intravenous nutrients that enable the body to repair tissues and replace lost proteins. Another serious threat to the lives of burn patients is infection. Burned skin is extremely susceptible to bacteria and other pathogens, due to the loss of protection by intact layers of skin Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Burn Classification Burns are sometimes measured in terms of the size of the total surface area affected. This is referred to as the rule of nines, which associates specific anatomical areas with a percentage that is a factor of nine Burns are also classified by the degree of their severity. A first-degree burn is a superficial burn that affects only the epidermis. Although the skin may be painful and swollen, these burns typically heal on their own within a few days. Mild sunburn fits into the category of a first-degree burn. A second-degree burn goes deeper and affects both the epidermis and a portion of the dermis. These burns result in swelling and a painful blistering of the skin. It is important to keep the burn site clean and sterile to prevent infection. If this is done, the burn will heal within several weeks. A third-degree burn fully extends into the epidermis and dermis, destroying the tissue and affecting the nerve endings and sensory function. These are serious burns that may appear white, red, or black; they require medical attention and will heal slowly without it. A fourth-degree burn is even more severe, affecting the underlying muscle and bone. Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Integumentary System This is a list of word roots with their combining vowel used for the integumentary system. WORD ROOT DEFINITION Carcin(o) Cancer Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System WORD ROOT DEFINITION Cutane(o) Skin Cyan(o) Blue Dermat(o) Skin Derm(o) Skin Erythr(o) Red Kerat(o) Horny Lip(o) Fat Melan(o) black or melanin Onych(o) Nail Seb(o) sebum, oil Sud(o) Sweat Trich(o) Hair Ungu(o) Nail Vesic(o) bladder or blister Integumentary System specialists TERM DEFINITION Dermatology Derm(o) means skin -logy means the study of. A division of medicine that diagnoses and treat conditions of the skin, hair, and nails. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Dermatologist Derm(o) means skin -logist means one who studies. A physician specializing in the treatment of the skin and accessory structures. Plastic Surgery A branch of medicine that treats conditions of the integumentary system Plastic Surgeon A physician that repairs, improves and reconstructs damaged body structures. The Structure and Functions of the Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Apocrine sweat The apocrine glands are a dermal sudoriferous (sweat) gland that gland secretes at the groin, armpits and anal region. Cuticle Cuticula means little skin. The cuticle is the sheath of the hair follicle. Also, the fold of tissue that covers the nail root. Dermis Derm- means skin. The dermis is the layer of skin directly below the epidermis. This layer contains blood vessels (capillaries), nerve endings, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, elastic fibers, collagenous fibers, involuntary muscles, lymph vessels, and sweat glands. Eccrine sweat glands The eccrine glands are sudoriferous (sweat) glands that secrete at the palms of the hand, feet, forehead and upper lip. Epidermis Epi- means on or upon. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION The epidermis is the top layer of the skin. The epidermis layer does not have blood vessels and does not contain nerve endings. Hair Hair is a filament of keratin that grows from a follicle root and covers most of the body. Hair follicle A hair follicle is an opening into the dermis which the hair shaft develops. Hyponychium Hyponychial means subungual Subungual Sub- means below or beneath. Ungual means pertaining to the fingernail. The hyponychium is the area where the nail body is attached just below the free edge. Keratin Kerat- means horny. Keratin is a fibrous protein that is the primary component of the epidermis, hair, and nails. Lunula Luna- means moon. The lunula is the opaque moon-shaped area at the base of the nail. Melanin Melan- means black or melanin Melanin is the black or dark brown pigment of skin or hair. Melanocytes Melan(o) means black or melanin -cyte mean cell. A melanocytes is a cell that produces the dark pigment melanin. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Sebaceous glands Sebaceous pertains to sebum. Sebaceous glands are oil glands. The sebaceous glands secrete oil called sebum. Sebum Seb- means sebum. Sebum is an oily secretion from the sebaceous gland that keeps the skin and hair from drying out. Stratum corneum Strati- means layer. Stratum is a uniformly thick layer. Corneus means horny or keratic. The stratum corneum is the outer layer of the epidermis composed of dead skin cells that flake away. Subcutaneous fascia Sub- means below or beneath Cut- means skin. Cutaneous means pertaining to the skin. Subcutaneous means beneath the skin Fascia is a fibrous connective membrane. The subcutaneous fascia is the bottom layer of the skin. This layer is composed of connective and fatty tissue. Sudoriferous gland Sudo- means sweat Sudoriferous glands are the sweat glands. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Procedures of the Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Cryosurgery Cryo- means cold. Cryosurgery is a surgery that uses subfreezing temperatures to destroy tissue. This procedure can be used to treat cancers or lesion of the skin. Curettage Curette means to scoop. Curettage is the scraping of tissue from a surface for microscopic examination. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Electrodesiccation Electro- means electricity. Desiccare means to dry up. Electrodesiccation is a technique which destroys tissue by burning it with an electric spark. Facelift A surgery in which the skin of the face is tightened and wrinkles and other signs of aging of the skin are eliminated. A facelift is also known as a rhytidoplasty. Rhytid- means wrinkle. Plasty- means surgical repair. Liposuction Lipo- means fat or adipose. Suction means to draw or aspirate a liquid or semi-liquid. Liposuction is the removal of adipose tissue with the use of a suction device. Phototherapy Photo- means light. Therapy is the treatment of any disease. Phototherapy is the treatment of a disorder using light. Phototherapy can be used to treat skin conditions. Punch biopsy A punch biopsy is the removal of living tissue for examination. Skin graft A skin graft is when a portion of the skin is implanted to cover another area where the skin has been lost. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System Skin Lesions, Diseases, and Conditions of the Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Acne Acne is a disorder of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles in which pimples, cysts that are infected or abscesses occur. Alopecia Alopecia is the lack of hair due to conditions such as normal aging, skin disorders, anticancer medications, or endocrine disorders. Beau’s line Beau’s line is named for a French physician named Joseph Beau. Beau’s line is a white line that occurs across the nails due to a transverse impression that is caused by illnesses such as malnutrition or thyroid dysfunctions. Birthmarks Birthmarks are flat areas of discoloration on the skin that are usually brown or tan. Carbuncle A carbuncle is a large area of staphylococcal infection appearing as clusters of deep abscesses. Carcinoma Carcin- means cancer. -oma means tumor. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION -carcinoma means malignant tumor. A carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells that invade surrounding tissue and metastasize to different areas of the body. Cellulitis Cellular is consisting of cells. -itis means inflammation. Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin that is localized and characterized by heat, swelling, pain and other signs of inflammation. Clubbing Clubbing is an abnormal enlargement of the distal end of the fingers and the angle of the nail is greater than 160 degrees where it meets the cuticle. Crust A crust is a hard layer that is formed by the drying of body fluids. Cyanosis Cyan(o) means blue. -osis means condition. Cyanosis is a bluish tone to the skin. This is due to a decrease in the oxygenation to the tissue. Cyst Cyst- means pouch or bladder A cyst is a closed pouch under the skin that contains a fluid or a semisolid substance. Dermatitis Dermato- means skin. -itis means inflammation. Dermatitis is inflammation of the skin. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Ecchymosis Ecchymosis is an area of bluish discoloration on the skin caused by the spilling of blood into the subcutaneous tissue caused by some type of trauma to the area. Ecchymosis is also known as a bruise. Eczema Eczema is dermatitis of unknown cause. Erythema Erythem(o) means red Erythema is a reddish color to the skin. This occurs when there is a rush of blood to the surface of the skin. Erythema is usually associated with a fever or some type of localized inflammation. Fissure Fiss- means cleft or split. A fissure is a cleft or a groove of the skin. Folliculitis Folliculitis is the inflammation of the hair follicle. Freckle Freckles are patches of melanin pigmentation that occur normally or when the skin is exposed to the sun in some patients. Furuncle A furuncle is a staphylococcal infection that originates from the hair follicle. Hemangioma Hemangi- means a condition of the blood vessel or a collection of blood vessels. -oma means tumor. A hemangioma is a benign tumor that is a collection of blood vessels. Hematoma Hemat(o) means blood or blood vessel. -oma means tumor. A hematoma is a collection of blood that is trapped in the skin tissue that is a result of trauma. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Herpes Simplex Herpes Simplex is an infection that is caused by the herpes simplex virus that affects the skin and nervous system. Jaundice Jaundice is a yellow tint to the skin, mucous membranes or the sclera of the eye. This is due to increased levels of serum bilirubin in the blood. Keloid Kel- is a tumor or fibrous growth. A keloid is an overgrowth of scar tissue after an injury or surgery. Keratosis (Actinic) Actinic means ray or radiation. Keratosis is an area of the skin that is overgrown or thickened. Actinic keratosis is thickening of the outer layer of the skin caused by prolonged exposure to sunlight. Macule A macule is a discoloration of the skin that is flat and level with the skin. Melanoma Melan(o) pertains to melanocytes. -oma means tumor. A melanoma is a malignant neoplasm of the skin that is composed of melanocytes. Mole Moles are an excessive growth of melanocytes. They are usually small, smooth and symmetrical. Nodule Nod- means knot. A nodule is a small node-like structure that is solid and elevated. Onycholysis Onych(o) means the nail. -lysis is the process of loosening. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Onycholysis is the loosening or separation of a nail from its bed. Pallor Pallor is when there is a loss of the pinkish tones of the skin due to the lack of blood flow to the surface of the skin or a decrease in blood cells. The skin takes on a whitish color. Papule A papule is a skin lesion that is small, solid and raised caused by thickening of the epidermis. Petechiae Petechiae are tiny red or purple spots on the skin that are due to numerous tiny hemorrhages in the dermal layer. Pruritus Pruritus is itchy skin. Psoriasis Psoriasis is a skin disorder that is chronic and is characterized by red patchy areas that is also covered by a dry silvery scale. Purpura Prupur- means purple. Purpura is a bleeding disorder that is due to hemorrhage into the tissue of the skin which causes ecchymosis or petechiae. Pustule A pustule is a small elevation on the skin that contains pus, a creamy viscous fluid. Scale A scale is a thin flake of epithelium that has keratinized. Scar tissue Scar tissue is skin that is replaced by collagen fibers that do not contain any accessory organs that the layers of the skin normally contain. Seborrhea Seb- means sebum. -rrhea means fluid discharge or flow. Seborrhea is an overproduction of sebum which causes excessive oiliness. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System TERM DEFINITION Ulcer An ulcer is a crater in the skin as a result of necrosis. An ulcer can be shallow or deep and can be accompanied by an infection or inflammation. Urticaria Urticaria is a skin eruption that has wheals of various shapes that have red margins and a pale center. Vesicle Vesic(o) means bladder or blister. A vesicle is a small bladder or blister that contains a clear fluid. Vitiligo Vitiligo is a skin disease of unknown caused that is benign and characterized by irregular patches of skin that lack pigment. Wheal A wheal is an area of the skin that is slightly raised and appears either redder or paler than the surrounding skin. Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi, Ph.D. Pharmacology- Medical terminology- Integumentary System