Medical Terminology Part Four - Integumentary System PDF

Summary

This document provides detailed information on medical terminology and the integumentary system. It includes a breakdown of structures and functions as well as roots, and diseases.

Full Transcript

# مقرر مصطلحات طبية ## اولى الاتجاه العام – كلية التقنية الطبية ## الجزء الرابع ### Medical terminology part four ### **The integumentary system** - The skin and its associated structures make up the integumentary system. - This body-covering system protects against infection, dehydration, ult...

# مقرر مصطلحات طبية ## اولى الاتجاه العام – كلية التقنية الطبية ## الجزء الرابع ### Medical terminology part four ### **The integumentary system** - The skin and its associated structures make up the integumentary system. - This body-covering system protects against infection, dehydration, ultraviolet radiation, and injury. The skin also serves in temperature regulation and sensory perception. - The adjective cutaneous refers to the skin. - The skin has two layers: - Epidermis: thin, outer layer of the skin - epi + dermis (epi = above, derma = skin) - Dermis: thick layer under the epidermis - Beneath the dermis is the subcutaneous adipose tissue. sub (below) + cutane (skin) + ous + (pertaining to) adip/o (fat) ### **The accessory skin structures are:** - Hair: filament made up of protein that grows from follicles in the skin - Nail: a keratinized structure found at the end of toes and fingers - Sebaceous glands: glands that produce oil or waxy substance, called sebum - Sweat glands/sudoriferous glands: essential in temperature regulation and waste elimination through perspiration ### **Root pertaining to the skin** | ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :---------- | :------------------ | :--------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | derm/o, dermat/o | skin | dermabrasion | surgical procedure used to resurface the skin and remove imperfections | | kerat/o | keratin, horny layer of | keratosis | horny growth of the skin | | the skin | | ker-a-TO-sis | | | melan/o | dark, black, melanin | melanosome | a small body in the cell that produces melanin | | | | MEL-a-no-som | | | hidr/o, idr/o | sweat, perspiration | hyperhidrosis | abnormally high production of sweat | | | | hi-per-hi-DRO-sis | | | seb/o | sebum, sebaceous gland | seborrhea | excess flow of sebum | | | | seb-or-E-a | | | trich/o | hair | trichomycosis | fungal infection of the hair | | | | trik-ō-mi-KŌ-sis | | | onychvo | nail | onychia | inflammation of the nail and nail bed | | | | ONIK-ea | (not an -itis ending) | ### **Diseases, disorders** #### **Skin Lesions** - **Primary lesions** (changes one of the components of the skin). Examples: - Macule: flat, circumscribed, and discolored area of the skin that is less than 1 cm in diameter - Papule: elevated, circumscribed, and discolored area of the skin with no visible fluid - Plaque: elevated and circumscribed patches greater than 1 cm in diameter - **Wheal:** irregularly shaped and elevated lesions commonly seen in allergic reactions - **Bulla:** a fluid-filled, elevated skin lesion greater than 1 cm in diameter - **Vesicle:** a fluid-filled, elevated skin lesion less than 1 cm in diameter - **Secondary lesions** result from modification of the primary lesion. Examples: - Atrophy: thinning of the epidermis - Ulcer: skin erosions may extend up to the bones, - Fissures: splits in the skin - Scales: dry fragments of epidermis that have been sloughed off #### **Disorders of the Accessory Skin Structures** - Folliculitis: inflammation of the hair follicles. - Onychomycosis: fungal nail infection - Seborrhea: excessive discharge of sebum from the sebaceous glands. - Trichosis: hair infection. ### **The nervous system** - The nervous system serves as the body's control center - Control of the nervous system can be categorized into: - **Somatic nervous system** - responsible for voluntary movements such as movement of the musculoskeletal system - **Autonomic nervous system** - controls involuntary movements such as breathing - Two types of nerve fibers that transmit impulses are: - **Sensory or afferent** - receptors that receive information from the sensory organs and transmit this information to the central nervous system - **Motor or efferent** - neurons that transmit information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands ### **Structures of the nervous system** - Two types of cells of the nervous system, the neurons and neuroglial cells. - Neurons (neur/o = nerve): transmit impulses to and from the brain - **structures of a typical neuron:** - dendrites: responsible for transmitting impulses to the cell body - soma or cell body: contains the nucleus - axon: conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body - myelin sheath: aids in the conduction of nerve impulses - neurilemma: also called the sheath of Schwann, it's the outermost layer of the axon. - **Glial or neuroglial cells:** primarily functions to support the neurons - The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. - The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. - The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and the spinal cord ### **Word part pertaining to nervous system:** | ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :---------- | :------------------ | :--------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | neur/o, neur/i | nervous system, | neurotoxic | harmful or poisonous to a nerve or nervous tissue | | | nervous tissue, nerve | nū-rō-TOK-sik | | | glivo | neuroglia | glioma | a neuroglial tumor | | | | gli-ō-ma | | | ganglivo, ganglion/o | ganglion | ganglionectomy | surgical removal of a ganglion | | | | gang-gle-o-NEK-to-mē | | | mening/o, meninge/o | meninges | meningocele | hernia of the meninges through the skull or spinal column | | | | me-NING-go-sel | | | myelo | spinal cord (also bone | myelodysplasia | abnormal development of the spinal cord | | | marrow) | mi-e-lo-dis-PLA-sea | | | radiculo | root of a spinal nerve | radiculopathy | any disease of a spinal nerve root | | | | ra-dik-u-LOP-a-the | | ### **Root for the brain** | ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :----------- | :------------------ | :---------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | encephalo | brain | encephalomalacia | softening of brain tissue | | | | en-sef-a-lo-ma-LA-shea | | | cerebro, cerebr/o | cerebrum (loosely, brain) | decerebrate | having no cerebral function | | | | de-SER-e-brat | | | cortic/o | cerebral cortex, outer | corticospinal | pertaining to the cerebral cortex and spinal cord | | | portion | kor-ti-kō-SPI-nal | | | cerebellVo | cerebellum | intracerebellar | within the cerebellum | | | | in-tra-ser-e-BEL-ar | | | thalam/o | thalamus | thalamotomy | incision of the thalamus | | | | thal-a-MOT-ō-mē | | | ventricul/o | cavity, ventricle | supraventricular | above a ventricle | | | | sū-pra-ven-TRIK-ū-lar | | | medullvo | medulla oblongata (also | medullary | pertaining to the medulla | | | spinal cord) | MED-ū-lar-e | | | psychvo | mind | psychosomatic | pertaining to the mind and body (soma) | | | | si-kō-sō-MAT-ik | | | narc/o | stupor, unconsciousness | narcosis | state of stupor induced by drugs | | | | nar-KŌ-sis | | | somn/o, somm | sleep | somnolence | sleepiness | | | | SOM-nō-lens | | ### **Suffixes for the nervous system** | SUFFIX | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :------ | :--------- | :--------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | -phasia | speech | heterophasia | uttering words that are different from those intended | | | | het-er-ō-FA-ze-a | | | -lalia | speech, babble | coprolalia | compulsive use of obscene words (copro means "feces") | | | | kop-rō-LA-le-a | | | -lexia | reading | dyslexia | difficulty in reading | | | | dis-LEK-se-a | | | -plegia | paralysis | tetraplegia | paralysis of all four limbs | | | | tet-ra-PLE-je-a | | | -paresis* | partial paralysis | hemiparesis | partial paralysis of one side of the body | | | | hem-i-pa-RE-sis | | | -lepsy | seizure | narcolepsy | condition marked by sudden episodes of sleep | | | | NAR-kō-lep-sē | | | -phobia* | persistent, irrational fear | agoraphobia | fear of being in a public place (from Greek agora, meaning "marketplace") | | | | ag-o-ra-FŌ-bē-a | | | -mania* | excited state, obsession | megalomania | exaggerated self-importance; "delusions of grandeur" | | | | meg-a-lo-MA-ne-a | | ### **Diseases, disorders** - amnesia: am-NE-ze-a Loss of memory - apraxia: a-PRAK-se-a Inability to move with purpose or to use objects properly - ataxia: a-TAK-se-a Lack of muscle coordination; dyssynergia - athetosis: ath-e-TO-sis Involuntary, slow, twisting movements in the arms, especially the hands and fingers - Bell palsy: PAWL-zē Paralysis of the facial nerve - berry aneurysm: AN-ū-rizm A small saclike aneurysm of a cerebral artery (see Fig. 17-8) - catatonia: kat-a-TO-ne-a A phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive; there is a tendency to remain in a fixed position without moving or talking - cerebral contusion: kon-TU-zhun A bruise (ecchymosis) of brain tissue caused by a severe blow to the head - cerebral palsy: se-RE-bral PAWL-ze A nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder usually caused by damage to the CNS before, during, or shortly after birth. May include spasticity, involuntary movements, or ataxia. - chorea: KOR-e-a A nervous condition marked by involuntary twitching of the limbs or facial muscles - claustrophobia: claws-tro-fo-be-a Fear of being shut in or enclosed (from Latin claudere, "to shut") - coma: KO-ma A deep stupor caused by illness or injury - Cerebrovascular accident (CVA): cerebro + vascul + ar: commonly referred to as stroke - Hydrocephalus: accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the skull - Aneurysm: weakening and bulging of the cerebral artery ### **Special sense organs of the peripheral nervous system** - These senses include the senses of sight, taste, hearing, smell, and touch. ## **EYES** ### **Eye Structures** - **external structures:** - Pupil: opening in the middle of the iris - Iris: colored circle that surrounds the pupil - Sclera: tough, white, outer covering of the eye - Conjunctiva: thin, mucous membrane that lines the eyelid - Lacrimal glands: produces lacrimal fluid (tears) - Lacrimal duct: a short tube in the inner corner of the eyelid that serves as a passageway of tears - Lacrimal sac: receives tears from the lacrimal duct - Nasolacrimal duct: transports tears from the lacrimal sac of the eye into the nasal cavity - **The eyeball is made up of several layers, namely:** - Sclera - Cornea: the transparent, anterior part of the eye that refracts light - Choroid: vascular layer of the eye that supplies blood to the retina - **Internal structures of the eye include:** - Lens: transparent structure posterior to the iris that bends light rays - Anterior chamber: the compartment between the cornea and the iris that's filled with aqueous humor - Vitreous chamber: the compartment behind the lens and anterior to the optic nerve that is filled with a gel-like substance known as the vitreous humor - Retina: thin layer of tissue that lines the posterior portion of the eye - Optic nerve: known as the second cranial nerve, it carries visual information from the eye to the brain - Optic disc: the part of the eye where the optic nerve crosses the retina ### **Word root pertaining to eye and vision** | ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :----------- | :--------- | :--------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | palpebrio | eyelid | palpebral | pertaining to an eyelid | | | | PAL-pe-bral | | | blephar/o | eyelid | symblepharon | adhesion of the eyelid to the eyeball | | | | sim-BLEF-a-ron | | | lacrim/o | tear, lacrimal apparatus | lacrimation | secretion of tears | | | | lak-ri-MA-shun | | | dacry/o | tear, lacrimal apparatus | dacryolith | stone in the lacrimal apparatus | | | | DAK-re-o-lith | | | dacryocyst/o | lacrimal sac | dacryocystocele | hernia of the lacrimal sac | | | | dak-re-ō-SIS-to-sel | | ### **Roots for the eye and vision** | ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :--------- | :--------- | :-------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | opt/o | eye, vision | optometer | instrument for measuring the refractive power of the eye | | | | op-TOM-e-ter | | | ocullo | eye | dextrocular | pertaining to the right eye | | | | deks-TROK-ū-lar | | | ophthalm/o | eye | exophthalmos | protrusion of the eyeball | | | | eks-of-THAL-mos | | | scler/o | sclera | subscleral | below the sclera | | | | sub-SKLER-al | | | corne/o | cornea | circumcorneal | around the cornea | | | | sir-kum-KOR-ne-al | | | kerat/o | cornea | keratoplasty | plastic repair of the cornea; corneal transplant | | | | KER-a-to-plas-tē | | | lent/i | lens | lenticular | pertaining to the lens | | | | len-TIK-ū-lar | | | phak/o, phac/o | lens | aphakia | absence of a lens | | | | a-FA-ke-a | | | uve/o | uvea | uveitis | inflammation of the uvea | | | | u-vel-tis | | ### **Roots for the eye and vision** | ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :----------- | :------------- | :--------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | chori/o, choroid/o | choroid | choroidal | pertaining to the choroid | | | | kor-OYD-al | | | cycl/o | ciliary body, | cycloplegic | pertaining to or causing paralysis of the ciliary muscle | | | ciliary muscle | si-klo-PLE-jik | | | ir, irit/o, irid/o | iris | iridotomy | incision of the iris | | | | ir-i-DOT-o-mē | | | pupilvo | pupil | iridopupillary | pertaining to the iris and the pupil | | | | ir-i-do-PŪ-pi-ler-ē | | | retin/o | retina | retinoschisis | splitting of the retina | | | | ret-i-NOS-ki-sis | | ### **Suffixes for the eye and vision** | SUFFIX | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :------ | :--------- | :--------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | -opsia | vision | heteropsia | unequal vision in the two eyes | | | | het-er-OP-se-a | | | -opia | eye, vision | hemianopia | blindness in half the visual field | | | | hem-e-an-Ō-pe-a | | ### **Diseases, Disorders** - The most common refractive disorders of the eyes are: - Myopia: nearsightedness - Hyperopia: farsightedness - Astigmatism: uneven focusing of the image resulting in blurred vision - Color vision deficiencies - achromatic vision - achromatopsia - Daltonism - additional irregularities or abnormal conditions of the eye. - Conjunctivitis - Glaucoma: increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight. - Nyctalopia: an abnormal inability to see in dim light or at night, typically caused by vitamin A deficiency. - Photophobia: extreme sensitivity to light. - Ptosis: drooping of the upper eyelid due to paralysis or disease, - Retinal detachment ## **The ears** ### **Ear Structures** - The human ear is made up of three general parts: external, middle, and inner. - **External ear:** outer, visible part of the ear - pinna/auricle: the external part or pinna of the ear - tympanic membrane: otherwise called the eardrum, - **Middle ear:** - **inner ear** - malleus: a small bone in the middle ear - incus: a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear - stapes: a small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear - **Inner ear:** contains the organs for hearing and balance - semicircular canals: organ of balance - cochlea: spiral cavity of the inner ear ### **Root pertaining to ear and hearing** | ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :--------- | :--------- | :--------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | audivo | hearing | audition | act of hearing | | | | aw-DISH-un | | | acous, acus, cus | sound, hearing | acoustic | pertaining to sound or hearing | | | | a-KU-stik | | | ot/o | ear | ototoxic | poisonous or harmful to the ear | | | | ō-to-TOKS-ik | | | myring/o | tympanic membrane | myringotome | knife used for surgery on the eardrum | | | | mi-RING-go-tom | | | tympan/o | tympanic cavity (middle | tympanometry | measurement of transmission through the tympanic membrane and middle ear | | | ear), tympanic membrane | tim-pa-NOM-e-tre | | | salping/o | tube, eustachian tube | salpingoscopy | examination of the eustachian tube | | | | sal-PING-gos-kō-pē | | | staped/o, | stapes | stapedectomy | excision of the stapes | | stapedivo | | stā-pē-DEK-to-mē | | | labyrinthi/o | labyrinth (inner ear) | labyrinthotomy | incision of the inner ear (labyrinth) | | | | lab-i-rin-THOT-ō-mē | | | vestibullo | vestibule, vestibular | vestibulopathy | any disease of the vestibule of the inner ear | | | apparatus | ves-tib-u-LOP-a-the | | | cochleo | cochlea of inner ear | retrocochlear | behind the cochlea | | | | ret-rō-KOK-le-ar | | ### **Diseases, Disorders** - Otitis (oto + itis) is the general term used to describe inflammation of the ear. - Otitis externa: infection of the external ear - Otitis media: inflammation of the middle ear - myringitis (myring/o + itis): inflammation of the tympanic membrane - mastoiditis (mastoid/o + itis): inflammation or infection of the mastoid bone - Otitis interna: inflammation of the inner ear - Other ear disorders include: - Tinnitus: ringing or buzzing in the ears - Vertigo: loss of balance ## **The mouth and nose** - of the mouth and the nose. The four basic taste sensations are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. - The organ for olfaction, the sense of smell, is the nose. - Disorders pertaining to the sense of smell include: - Anosmia: loss of the sense of smell (an + (-osmia = sense of smell)) - Hyperosmia: abnormally increased sensitivity to odors (hyper + osmia) ## **The endocrine system** - endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their hormones directly to the bloodstream. - A dysfunction (dys = bad) of the endocrine glands can lead to: - Hyposecretion: deficiency in hormone production - Hypersecretion: excess in hormone production ### **Roots pertaining to endocrine system** | ROOT | MEANING | EXAMPLE | DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE | | :---------- | :------------------ | :--------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | endocrin/o | endocrine glands or | endocrinopathy | any disease of the endocrine glands | | | system | en-do-kri-NOP-a-the | | | pituitar | pituitary gland, | pituitarism | condition caused by any disorder of pituitary function | | | hypophysis | pi-TU-i-ta-rizm | | | hypophys | pituitary gland, | hypophyseal | pertaining to the pituitary gland | | | hypophysis | hi-po-FIZ-e-al | | | thyr/o, thyroid/o | thyroid gland | thyrotropic | acting on the thyroid gland | | | | thi-rō-TROP-ik | | | parathyr/o, | parathyroid gland | parathyroidectomy | excision of a parathyroid gland | | parathyroid/o | | par-a-thi-royd-EK-to-mē | | | adren/o, adrenal/o | adrenal gland, | adrenergic | activated (erg-) by or related to epinephrine (adrenaline) | | | epinephrine | ad-ren-ER-jik | | | adrenocortic/o | adrenal cortex | adrenocortical | pertaining to the adrenal cortex | | | | ad-re-nō-KOR-ti-kal | | | insul/o | pancreatic islets | insuloma | tumor of islet cells | | | | (in-su-Lō-ma) | | ### **Diseases, disorders** - Hyperthyroidism: (hyper + thyroid/o + ism): a condition which involves over activity of the thyroid gland - Hypothyroidism: (hypo + thyroid/o + ism): insufficient hormone production by the thyroid gland - diabetes is also a common disorder affecting the endocrine system: - Diabetes insipidus: deficiency of antidiuretic hormone leading to frequent urination - Diabetes mellitus: deficiency or improper use of insulin resulting in hyperglycemia - Other disorders of the endocrine system are as follows. - Acromegaly: abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone. - Cretinism: congenital thyroid deficiency (learning difficulties) - Dwarfism: mall size. - Gigantism: abnormal largeness. - Hyperparathyroidism: abnormally high concentration of parathyroid hormone in the blood - Hypoparathyroidism: diminished concentration of parathyroid hormone in the blood, - Hypopituitarism: diminished hormone secretion by the pituitary gland - Myxedema: a condition caused by hypothyroidism, marked by swelling of the skin and underlying tissues.

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