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Introduction To Human Anatomy PDF 7101101

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Summary

This document provides an outline of a course on Human Anatomy, covering topics such as anatomical terminology, the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. The course outline also includes details about the grading system and references.

Full Transcript

Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture 1 (2hr): Introduction to the course Approaches to studying anatomy; regional, systemic and clinical Systems of human body Course outline Week Hours +/- Cont...

Introduction To Human Anatomy 7101101 Lecture 1 (2hr): Introduction to the course Approaches to studying anatomy; regional, systemic and clinical Systems of human body Course outline Week Hours +/- Content +/- Human anatomy: definition 1st week 2 hours 1. Major classification of human anatomy 2. Main approaches for studying anatomy 3. systems of human body 2nd week 2 hours Anatomical terminology 1. Terms Related to Position 2. Terms of Relationship and Comparison 3rd week 2 hours Anatomical terminology (contd.) 3.Terms,planes and axes of movement 4.anatomical variations 4th week 2 hours Integumentary system 1. Skin structure 2. Skin functions Clinical : Skin Colour, wounds, and burns 5th week 2 hours Fascias, Fascial Compartments, bursae and potential spaces 1. Superficial fascia 2. Deep fascia 3. Intermuscular septa 4. Retinaculum 5. Musculovenous pump 6. Bursae and potential spaces First hour exam (1hr) Week +/- Hours +/- Content 6th, 7th, and Skeletal System 8th week 6 hours 1. Classification and function of bones and cartilage (+/-) (+/-) 2. Structure of long bones 3. Bone formation, growth, and remodelling 4. Vasculature and Innervation of bones 5. Trauma to Bone and Bone Changes 6. Axial skeleton 7. Appendicular skeleton 8. Bone markings 9th week 2 hours Articular system (joints) 1. classification of joints 2. Joints of the Newborn Cranium 10th and 4 Muscular system 11th week hours 1. Description of muscles and muscles types: A brief description of muscle types (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) and an outline of their differences 2. Skeletal muscles: a) Skeletal Muscles names b) Skeletal muscles attachment to bone c) Contraction of skeletal Muscles: Reflexive, Tonic and Phasic (i.e. isotonic and isometric) d) Functional classification of skeletal muscles: prime mover, fixator, synergist, antagonist e) Motor unit 1. Clinical Notes: a) Growth and Regeneration of Muscle b) Hypertrophy of the Myocardium and Myocardial Infarction c) Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of Smooth Muscle Second hour exam (1hr) Course outline Week +/- Hours +/- Content 12th and 4 hours Circulatory system: Definitions and classifications 13th 1. Pulmonary circulation week 2. Systemic circulation 3. Components of the lymphoid system 14th and 4 hours Nervous System: Definitions and classifications 15th (+) 1. Organization of the nervous system week (+) 2. Nervous system: Structure and function 3. Central nervous system 4. Peripheral nervous system 5. Autonomic nervous system 16th 2 hours Medical imaging (+/-): week 1. A brief description of radiographic techniques 2. How to read radiographic films and anatomical diagrams. Final exam 2 hours References Theoretical Reference: Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy (The introduction chapter only) Other references: Specialized books in the subject Acknowledged scientific journals and published literature Supplementary material for the course: Illustrative diagrams and figures Representative anatomical models such as boney and muscular skeletons Educational videos Other resources References Course Policies: Class attendance (on time) Individual participation Standard academic behavior Grading: Tool % of total Assessment Method course marks 1st exam 25 Objective questions 2nd exam 25 Objective questions Final exam 50 Multimodal questions “The nature of the body is the beginning of medical sciences” Hippocrates (460-377 BC) Levels of organization of the human body The human body is the sum of its parts and these parts can be studied at a variety of levels of organization. 1. Chemicals a. Atoms are the simplest level. b. Two or more atoms comprise a molecule. c. Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells. 2. Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell. Levels of organization of the human body (contd.) 3. Cells are the basic units of structure and function for living things. 4. Tissues are groups of cells functioning together. 5. Groups of tissues form organs that have specialized functions. 6. Groups of organs function together as organ systems. 7. Organ systems functioning together make up an organism. Anatomy Definition According to Oxford Living Dictionaries (online) Noun: The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts. Word Origin: Late Middle English: from Old French anatomie or late Latin anatomia, from Greek, from ana- ‘up’ + tomia ‘cutting’ (from temnein ‘to cut’). ‫الفقرة ا'وجودة في الصورة تقدم تعريًفا 'صطلح "التشريح" من منظور علمي لغوي‪.‬سأقوم بشرحها بالتفصيل‪:‬‬ ‫‪**.1‬التعريف العلمي للتشريح**‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬التشريح هو أحد فروع العلوم الذي يركز على دراسة **بنية** الكائنات الحية‪ ،‬سواء كانت بشًرا‪ ،‬حيوانات‪ ،‬أو كائنات‬ ‫أخرى‪.‬ما يميز هذا الفرع من العلوم هو أنه يهتم بدراسة ا‪a‬عضاء وأجزائها ا'ختلفة‪ ،‬وغالبًا ما يتم ذلك من خ‪h‬ل **التشريح‬ ‫الجسدي** للكائنات للكشف عن كيفية ارتباط ا‪a‬جزاء ا'ختلفة ببعضها البعض‪.‬بمعنى آخر‪ ،‬يتم تقطيع ا‪a‬جسام إلى‬ ‫أجزائها الداخلية لفهم كيف تعمل ا‪a‬عضاء وكيف تتفاعل مع بعضها البعض‪.‬‬ ‫‪**.2‬أصل كلمة "تشريح"**‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬تم شرح ا‪a‬صل اللغوي لكلمة "التشريح" )‪ (Anatomy‬في الصورة‪.‬الكلمة ا‪t‬نجليزية **‪ **anatomy‬جاءت من‬ ‫الفرنسية القديمة )*‪ (*anatomie‬أو من ال‪h‬تينية ا'تأخرة )*‪ ،(*anatomia‬وهذه الكلمات نفسها مشتقة من الكلمة اليونانية‬ ‫القديمة التي تتكون من مقطع‪:w‬‬ ‫‪".‬تعني "أعلى" أو "فوق *‪- *ana-‬‬ ‫‪".‬تعني "قطع *‪- *tomia‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ا'عنى الحرفي للكلمة في اللغة اليونانية هو "القطع إلى ا‪a‬على" أو "التقطيع"‪ ،‬مما يعكس العملية التي كانت ُتستخدم‬ ‫في دراسة ا‪a‬جسام عبر تقطيعها إلى أجزاء للكشف عن أعضائها الداخلية‪.‬‬ ‫باختصار‪** ،‬التشريح** هو دراسة بنية الكائنات الحية من خ‪h‬ل تقطيع ا‪a‬جسام وتحليل مكوناتها‪ ،‬وأصل الكلمة يعكس هذا‬ ‫الفعل من "القطع" و"التشريح" لفهم كيفية عمل الجسم‪.‬‬ Anatomy Definition Bodily structures are either: Very small and thus studied using a microscope (called: microscopic anatomy) Includes: cytology, the study of cells and histology, the study of tissues Or large and thus studied without the aid of the magnification (Called Gross or Macroscopic anatomy) Approaches to Studying Anatomy Human Gross anatomy can be studied using three main approaches: Regional Systemic Clinical Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) Considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments : The body is divided into major parts: Head Neck Trunk, subdivided into: Thorax Abdomen Back Pelvis & perineum Paired upper limbs and lower limbs All the major parts may be further subdivided into areas and regions. Regional anatomy Example: A specific part (the head) Area (the face) Or a region (the orbital or eye region) In this approach, the arrangement and relationships of the various systemic structures (muscles, nerves, arteries, etc.) within it is examined; and then usually continuing to study adjacent regions in an ordered sequence.a ‫‪Regional anatomy‬‬ ‫‪ This approach also recognizes the body's‬‬ ‫‪organization by layers: skin, subcutaneous‬‬ ‫‪tissue, and deep fascia covering the deeper‬‬ ‫‪structures of muscles, skeleton, and cavities,‬‬ ‫‪which contain viscera (internal organs).‬‬ ‫الترجمة‪:‬‬ ‫أيضا على التعرف على تنظيم الجسم بطبقات‪ :‬الجلد‪ ،‬النسيج تحت الجلد‪ ،‬واللفافة العميقة التي تغطي الهياكل ا‪-‬عمق مثل‬ ‫ً‬ ‫"التشريح ا‪P‬قليمي )‪ (Regional anatomy‬يعتمد‬ ‫العض‪Z‬ت‪ ،‬والهيكل العظمي‪ ،‬والتجاويف التي تحتوي على ا‪-‬حشاء )ا‪-‬عضاء الداخلية(‪".‬‬ ‫الشرح‪:‬‬ ‫التشريح ا‪P‬قليمي هو طريقة لدراسة الجسم البشري من خ‪Z‬ل تقسيمه إلى مناطق أو أجزاء معينة‪ ،‬ويتم تحليل كل منطقة بشكل منفصل‪.‬يتم النظر في الطبقات ا^ختلفة للجسم بد ًءا من‬ ‫مرورا بالنسيج الذي يقع تحت الجلد مباشرة )النسيج تحت الجلد(‪ ،‬وصو‪ ًi‬إلى اللفافة العميقة التي تحيط بالعض‪Z‬ت والهياكل العظمية‪.‬كل منطقة تحتوي على‬ ‫ً‬ ‫السطح الخارجي )الجلد(‪،‬‬ ‫تجاويف‪ ،‬مثل تجويف الصدر أو البطن‪ ،‬والتي تضم ا‪-‬عضاء الداخلية )ا‪-‬حشاء(‪.‬‬ ‫باختصار‪ ،‬هذا النهج يدرس الجسم حسب أجزائه وكيفية ترتيب هذه ا‪-‬جزاء بشكل طبقي ومترابط‪.‬‬ Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) Regional terms to designate specific body areas Regional anatomy also includes: Surface anatomy which provides information about structures that may be observed or palpated beneath the skin. Physical examination is an application of the surface anatomy Physical examination includes use of palpation, auscultation (listening) , percussion, and inspection (observation) for examining the body Ex: palpation of arterial pulses ‫الترجمة‪:‬‬ ‫أيضا‪:‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫يشمل التشريح ا‪1‬قليمي‬ ‫‪** -‬التشريح السطحي** الذي يوفر معلومات حول الهياكل التي يمكن م?حظتها أو تحسسها تحت الجلد‪.‬‬ ‫‪** -‬الفحص الجسدي** هو تطبيق للتشريح السطحي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬يتضمن الفحص الجسدي استخدام **التحسس )‪ ،**(palpation‬و**ا‪U‬ستماع )‪ ،**(auscultation‬و**القرع‬ ‫)‪ ،**(percussion‬و**ا‪?Z‬حظة )‪ **(inspection‬لفحص الجسم‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬مثال‪** :‬تحسس النبضات الشريانية**‪.‬‬ ‫‪Regional anatomy also includes:‬‬ ‫‪ Radiographic and sectional imaging (Radiographic‬‬ ‫‪anatomy) provide information about deep‬‬ ‫‪structures in living individuals‬‬ ‫‪ Endoscopy: using an insertable flexible fiber optic‬‬ ‫‪device to examine internal structures in living‬‬ ‫‪individuals‬‬ ‫الترجمة‪:‬‬ ‫"ا‪L‬نظار‪ :‬استخدام جهاز مرن قابل ل>دخال يعتمد على ا‪8‬لياف البصرية لفحص التراكيب الداخلية في‬ ‫ا‪8‬فراد ا‪8‬حياء‪".‬‬ ‫الشرح‪:‬‬ ‫ا‪L‬نظار هو أداة طبية تُستخدم لفحص ا‪8‬عضاء أو التجاويف الداخلية للجسم‪.‬يتميز الجهاز بمرونته وقدرته‬ ‫على الوصول إلى أماكن داخل الجسم عبر فتحات صغيرة‪ ،‬مثل الفم أو فتحة الشرج‪ ،‬دون الحاجة إلى إجراء‬ ‫جراحة كبيرة‪.‬يعتمد على ا‪8‬لياف البصرية‪ ،‬وهي تقنية تسمح بنقل الصور من داخل الجسم إلى شاشة‬ ‫خارجية‪ ،‬مما يم ّكن الطبيب من رؤية ا‪8‬نسجة وا‪8‬عضاء الداخلية بوضوح‪.‬يتم استخدام ا‪L‬ناظير عادة لفحص‬ ‫الجهاز الهضمي أو التنفسي وأحيانًا ‪8‬خذ عينات )خزعات( أو إجراء عمليات جراحية بسيطة‪.‬‬ ‫‪Regional anatomy also includes:‬‬ ‫‪ Diagnostic radiology: reveals the effects of‬‬ ‫‪trauma, pathology, and aging on normal‬‬ ‫‪structures‬‬ ‫‪ Pro-sections: carefully prepared dissections‬‬ ‫‪by an experienced anatomist for the‬‬ ‫‪demonstration of anatomical structures‬‬ ‫‪ Dissection: learning by doing‬‬ ‫الترجمة‪:‬‬ ‫"الشرائح التشريحية‪ :‬هي تشريحات دقيقة يتم إعدادها بعناية من قبل عالم تشريح‬ ‫متمرس لعرض التراكيب التشريحية‪".‬‬ ‫الشرح‪:‬‬ ‫الشرائح التشريحية هي عينات تشريحية معدة بدقة من الجسم البشري أو من‬ ‫حيوانات معينة‪.‬يقوم عالم التشريح بخبرة عالية بتشريح مناطق معينة من الجسم بشكل‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫كاف للتدريس‬ ‫دقيق بحيث تكون التراكيب وا\عضاء وا\نسجة ا[ختلفة واضحة بشكل‬ ‫أو البحث العلمي‪.‬تستخدم هذه الشرائح لتوضيح البنية الداخلية ل‪b‬عضاء أو العض‪a‬ت‬ ‫أو العظام‪ ،‬وغالبًا ما تكون جز ًءا من ا[ناهج الطبية أو العلمية‪.‬‬ Systemic Anatomy The study of the body's organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions The integumentary system (dermatology) Consists of: Skin (L. integumentum, a covering) Skin appendages: Hair Nails Sweat glands The subcutaneous tissue The skin is an extensive sensory organ that forms the body's outer protective covering and container ‫الترجمة‪:‬‬ ‫"الجهاز الجلدي )طب ا‪.‬مراض الجلدية(‬ ‫ يتكون من‪:‬‬ ‫ الجلد )بال‪C‬تينية‪ ،integumentum :‬ويعني الغطاء(‬ ‫ ملحقات الجلد‪:‬‬ ‫ الشعر‬ ‫ ا‪.‬ظافر‬ ‫ الغدد العرقية‬ ‫ ا‪.‬نسجة تحت الجلد‬ ‫ الجلد هو عضو حسي واسع النطاق يشكل الغطاء الواقي الخارجي للجسم والحاوية الخاصة به‪".‬‬ ‫الشرح‪:‬‬ ‫الجهاز الجلدي هو النظام الذي يشمل الجلد وملحقاته مثل الشعر وا‪.‬ظافر والغدد العرقية‪ ،‬با‪d‬ضافة إلى ا‪.‬نسجة تحت الجلد‪.‬الجلد هو أكبر‬ ‫عضو في الجسم ويعمل كحاجز وقائي ضد ا‪k‬ؤثرات الخارجية مثل ا‪.‬ضرار ا‪k‬يكانيكية‪ ،‬الكائنات الدقيقة‪ ،‬وا‪k‬واد الكيميائية‪.‬كما يلعب ً‬ ‫دورا‬ ‫حيو ًيا في تنظيم درجة حرارة الجسم والحفاظ على توازن السوائل‪.‬با‪d‬ضافة إلى ذلك‪ ،‬يحتوي الجلد على مستقب‪C‬ت حسية تستشعر اللمس‪،‬‬ ‫مهما‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الضغط‪ ،‬الحرارة‪ ،‬وا‪.‬لم‪ ،‬مما يجعله عض ًوا حس ًيا‬ The skeletal system (osteology) :‫الترجمة‬ (‫الجهاز الهيكلي )علم العظام‬ :‫يتكون من‬ Consists of: ‫العظام‬ ‫الغضاريف‬.‫يوفر الشكل والدعم ا@ساسي للجسم‬ Bones.‫نتاج الحركة‬J ‫يعمل الجهاز العضلي على هذا الجهاز‬ ‫ وأعضاء‬،Q‫ الرئت‬،‫يحمي ا@عضاء الحيوية مثل القلب‬ Cartilage Provides the basic shape and support for the body The muscular system acts on to produce movement Protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and pelvic organs The articular system (arthrology) :‫الترجمة‬ (‫فاصل‬,‫فصلي )علم ا‬,‫الجهاز ا‬ :‫يتكون من‬ ‫فاصل‬,‫ا‬ ‫رتبطة بها‬,‫ا@ربطة ا‬.‫يربط ا@جزاء العظمية في الجهاز الهيكلي‬.‫واقع التي تحدث فيها الحركات‬,‫يوفر ا‬ Consists of: Joints Associated ligaments Connects the bony parts of the skeletal system Provides the sites at which movements occur. The muscular system (myology) Consists of: Skeletal muscles that act (contract) to move or position parts of the body (e.g., the bones that articulate at joints) Smooth and cardiac muscle that propels, expels, or controls the flow of fluids and contained substance. The nervous system (neurology) Consists of: The central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, together with their motor and sensory endings) The circulatory system (angiology) Consists of: The cardiovascular system Lymphatic systems Function in parallel to transport the body's fluids. The cardiovascular system (cardiology) consists of: Heart Blood vessels Propel and conduct blood through the body, delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells and removing their waste products The circulatory system (angiology) The lymphatic system is a network of lymphatic vessels that: Withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body's interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment Filters it through lymph nodes Returns it to the bloodstream The alimentary (or digestive) system (gastroenterology) Consists of: The digestive tract from the mouth to the anus All its associated organs and glands that function in: Ingestion Mastication (chewing) Deglutition (swallowing) Digestion Absorption of food The elimination of the solid waste (feces) remaining after the nutrients have been absorbed The respiratory system (pulmonology) Consists of: The air passages Lungs Supply oxygen to the blood for cellular respiration and eliminate carbon dioxide from it The urinary system (urology) Consists of: The kidneys The ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Filter blood and subsequently produce, transport, store, and intermittently excrete urine (liquid waste) The genital (reproductive) system Also called gynecology for females & andrology for males Consists of: The gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms The ducts that transport them The genitalia that enable their union After conception, the female reproductive tract nourishes and delivers the fetus The endocrine system (endocrinology) Consists of specialized structures that secrete hormones Hormones are organic molecules that are carried by the circulatory system to distant effector cells in all parts of the body The influence of the endocrine system is thus as broadly distributed as that of the nervous system Hormones influence metabolism and other processes, such as the Homeostasis menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and Homo parturition Hetero Clinical Anatomy (applied anatomy) Emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. Incorporates regional and system approaches Helps is solving clinical problems (diagnosis & therapy) The anatomist asks “The action of this muscle is to … ,” while the clinical anatomist asks, “How would the absence of this muscle's activity be manifest?”

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