The Engineering Disciplines PDF

The Lasallian Prayer “Let us remember that we are in the holy presence of God.” 2 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 1  The Lasallian Prayer “I will continue, O my God, to do all my acti...

The Lasallian Prayer “Let us remember that we are in the holy presence of God.” 2 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 1  The Lasallian Prayer “I will continue, O my God, to do all my actions for the love of Thee.” Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us. Live Jesus in our hearts, forever. 2 September 2021 Prepared by: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 2  Introduction to Engineering Definitions Technology Team Engineering Functions Career Paths Engineering Profession  What is Engineering? The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) defines engineering: “the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.”  What is Engineering? Engineering is a profession like medicine, law, etc. that aspires to high standards of conduct and recognizes its responsibility to the general public.  Technology Team Scientist - Like an engineer, but a primary goal is the expansion of knowledge and understanding physical processes. Engineer - Applies knowledge of math and the physical sciences to the efficient design and construction of usable devices, structures and processes.  Technology Team Technologist - Technologists focus on direct application of established engineering principles and processes. Math, the physical sciences, and underlying engineering theory receive limited coverage. More interested in hardware and processes.  Technology Team Technician - Completes a 2 year degree in a narrow technical area such as electronics, drafting, or machining. Artisans - Training may be a combination of schooling and work experience. Examples include, welders, machinists, electricians, carpenters, painters, steel workers, and artists. The Engineering Disciplines  The number of engineering disciplines is not static. Many disciplines spawn additional sub-disciplines. Let’s focus on the major disciplines! Engineering Disciplines ▪ Aerospace ▪ Electrical ▪ Agricultural ▪ Environmental ▪ Architectural ▪ Industrial ▪ Biomedical ▪ Manufacturing ▪ Biological ▪ Materials ▪ Chemical ▪ Mechanical ▪ Civil ▪ Nuclear ▪ Computer ▪ Petroleum ▪ Software Aerospace Engineering Aerospace engineers design and develop technology for commercial aviation, the national defense, and space exploration. In 1990, aerospace engineers helped launch the Hubble Space Telescope, an orbiting instrument that allows us to see 10 times farther than we have ever seen before. ASEE  They design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and missiles and supervise the manufacturing of these products. Aerospace engineers who work with aircraft are considered aeronautical engineers, and those working specifically with spacecraft are considered astronautical engineers. Repairing cracked shuttle tiles. Boeing Jets – working on better Fuel efficiency and longer range. Aerospace Engineering Employers ▪ Boeing ▪ NASA ▪ Lockheed Martin ▪ Space Systems / Loral Lockheed Martin F16 Falcon Flying over Iraq Boeing Fighter Jet from 1932  Agricultural Engineering ▪ Agricultural engineers design farm and food processing equipment; construct crop storage and livestock buildings; and develop systems for drainage, irrigation, and waste disposal. ▪ Sometimes agricultural engineers work in labs like EPCOT's Land Pavilion, where they experiment with promising indoor farming techniques such as hydroponics—the science of growing plants in fluids without dirt. ASEE control of vibration, noise, air quality, heating, cooling within machinery. harvesters, transporters Environmental controllers for poultry, swine, beef, aquaculture, plants Precision agriculture utilizing GPS, remote sensing and computerized field equipment. Agricultural Engineering Employers ▪ Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) ▪ Cargill ▪ DuPont ▪ US Department of Agriculture  Architectural Engineering Working alongside architects, architectural engineers focus on the safety, cost, and construction methods of designing a building. For example, as the US population grows in the Southwest, more and more architectural engineers are investigating new ways to build on land where there is only sand and sagebrush. ASEE (This is very related to Structural & Civil Engineering)  Biomedical Engineering ▪ Biomedical Engineers develop devices and procedures that solve medical and health-related problems. ▪ Biomedical Engineers work with medical professionals to develop medical instruments, monitoring equipment, artificial organs, and prosthetic devices.  Laser Systems for Corrective eye surgery. Computers for Blood analysis Implantable Ultrasound Imaging Equipment Hip Joints  Biological Engineering ▪ Bioengineering combines biology and engineering. ▪ Biological Engineers understand how biological systems operate and develop effective biology- based technologies for applications across a wide spectrum of societal needs including breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, in design of novel materials, devices, and processes, and in enhancing environmental health.  Biological and Agricultural Engineering Programs at UC Davis Aquaculture Engineering Ecological Systems Engineering Energy Systems Engineering Environmental Engineering Food Engineering Forest and Fiber Engineering Health and Safety Engineering Machine Systems Engineering Postharvest Engineering Sensor and Control Engineering Soil and Water Engineering In the early 1950s California's tomato industry was threatened because of the lack of laborers to harvest the crops. In response, the UC Davis agricultural engineering department developed the mechanical tomato harvester. Unfortunately, this machine crushed the tomatoes. The vegetable crops department came to the rescue by breeding a firmer-skinned tomato - also known as the square tomato Several genetically engineered varieties of tomatoes have been developed in the US and approved for commercialization, For a variety of reasons these GE tomatoes are no longer marketed  Chemical Engineering Chemical Engineers often take chemical reactions and scale them up to a large manufacturing process. They focus on the production of products formed through a chemical reaction. This is sometimes called Process Engineering. Chemical engineering involves the processing and treating of liquids and gases. For example, some chemical engineers are studying ways to desalinate seawater—stripping it of salt to make the water safe to drink. Many chemical engineers work with petroleum and plastics. The term "environmental engineering" also applies to certain areas of chemical engineering, such as pollution control. Chemical Engineers are employed to do: Food Processing Beverage making and bottling Environmental Analysis Making of Cosmetics, Perfumes, and Flavorings Pharmaceutical production Petroleum and Plastics processing  Kelco, San Diego Manufacturer of Biopolymers from Sea Kelp Pollution Control Petroleum Extraction and Processing  Chemical Engr Employers ▪ Dow Chemical ▪ DuPont ▪ Proctor and Gamble ▪ Monsanto ▪ Johnson & Johnson ▪ Merck ▪ General Mills  Civil Engineering One of the largest branches of engineering, civil engineering is a field that deals with buildings, bridges, dams, roads, and other ‘public works’ structures. Civil engineers plan, design, and supervise the construction of facilities such as high-rise buildings, airports, water treatment centers, and sanitation plants.  Historic Preservation Grand Central Terminal New York City Flood waters compromise levee Near New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina. Oklahoma City Federal Bldg. Rebuilding Oklahoma City after the bombings. Buildings are blast resistant and employ sustainable Construction. William J. Clinton Presidential Center Little Rock, AK Architecture can be both industrial as well as inviting to people. Architecture can effect people’s moods, productivity, and energy.  New Compositions make Concrete more versatile. A translucent concrete material contains glass optical fibers SACRED SURFACES. The that transmit light modern church Dives in through the entire Misericordia located in length of the block. It Rome, is made from a self- can bring sunlight cleaning concrete that through a wall. breaks down atmospheric pollutants that would otherwise darken the surface over time. Ductal – an ultra high performance concrete developed by Lafarge. The high strength fibers make the material self reinforcing. The Material can be used to make very thin structures with out the need for conventional steel reinforcement. The concrete will bend like metal before breaking. Japan Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge Tacoma Narrows Bridge, 1940 Brazilian Wave Arch Wind created resonant vibrations. Now computer modeling and wind tunnels are used to test the rigidity of the road decks. Computer & Software Engineering Computer engineers deal with all aspects of computer systems including design, construction, and operation. Some computer engineers specialize in areas like digital systems, operating systems, computer networks, and software.  Computer Engineering ▪ Hardware and Chip Design ▪ Development of Software Applications ▪ Integrating components together, i.e. device driver software ▪ Project Management – teams located in multiple places ▪ Chip Fabrication ▪ Test and Quality Assurance (QA)  Computer Engineer Employers ▪ Cisco ▪ Sun ▪ Intel ▪ Microsoft ▪ Oracle ▪ IBM ▪ Apple ▪ Google ▪ Yahoo ▪ Wireless service Providers – cell phone services ▪ Manufacturers of hand-held devices. ▪ GIS/GPS businesses. ▪ eBay and Amazon ▪ Self employed  Global Positioning Unit Open Source software Invites lots of developers to create new applications Using Languages such as JAVA.  Electrical Engineering The discipline that employs the largest number of engineers, covers everything related to electrical devices, systems, and the use of electricity. Electrical engineers work on power plants, computers, and other electrical devices.  Electrical Engineering (non- computer) ▪ Control systems in car ▪ Satellites Communications ▪ Cell phones ▪ Power Plants ▪ Circuit boards ▪ Appliances ▪ TVs, DVDs, ▪ Medical Instruments ▪ Recording Equipment ▪ Synthesizers ▪ Amplification equipment ▪ Lighting ▪ Hardware for networking ▪ Firmware (low level coding) ▪ Custom Chips ▪ Aviation Controls ▪ Electronic monitoring and tagging (dog tags) Radomes – Antenna protection These are cell phone towers?  Environmental Engineering Environmental engineers assist with the development of water distribution systems, recycling methods, sewage treatment plants, and other pollution prevention and control systems in the water, air, and land. Environmental engineers constantly seek new ways to reduce air pollution and pesticides. Environmental Engineers work on: ▪ Acid Rain and how to avoid it ▪ Clean Energy ▪ Energy Star Program ▪ Public policy compliance – title 45 ▪ Indoor air quality ▪ Site Clean up ▪ Recycling and waste minimization. ▪ EPA Projects (Environmental Protection Agency) EPA employs over 9000 engineers.  Industrial Engineering Industrial engineers organize the people, information, energy, materials, and machines involved in the production process. They are concerned with plant design and management, quality control, and the human factors of engineering.  Industrial Engineering specialties: ▪ management engineer - Combining knowledge of the business and the facilities. ▪ ergonomist – modify a process to reduce worker injury. ▪ operations analyst - devising systems to increase effectiveness of an operation. ▪ Quality engineer – devise systems to service customers efficiently.  Industrial Engineers might do: ▪ Designing the admissions procedure at a hospital ▪ Converting a major production line to JIT ▪ Representing a company in the design and construction of a new manufacturing plant ▪ Performing motion and time studies ▪ Developing prototype units for the cellular phone car adapter market ▪ Simulation modeling ▪ Developing a hardware protection program for spacecraft ▪ Developing a supplier quality program ▪ Implementing lean manufacturing concepts ▪ Developing and launching a complete material handling system for a new automobile ▪ Developing the conceptual layout of a dockyard and ship repair maintenance facility ▪ Working on a design project to make a medical device to treat sleep apnea ▪ Representing manufacturing and purchasing issues on a design team  Manufacturing Engineering Manufacturing engineers design tools and equipment and work with all aspects of manufacturing—from production control and materials handling to mechanization and automation.  Materials Engineering Metallurgical and materials engineers extract, process, refine, combine, and manufacture natural substances to create new materials that meet specifications that could not be met with raw materials. Example: Materials that are: stronger, resist corrosion, lighter, inert, elastic, sticky, insulate, invisible, etc. Metallurgical engineers work with metal only. Teams of metallurgy and materials engineers created the US Air Force's "stealth" technology that makes a fighter plane's surface nearly invisible to radar.  Teflon-1938 Nylon - 1931 Liquid Crystal Displays 1968 Transistors replace Pyrex - 1924 Vacuum tubes Glass fibers Biomimicry Lead to the Neoprene- 1931 Invention of Velcro - 1948 Ultrasuede and Gortex  Nanotechnolgy includes the many techniques used to create structures at a size scale below 100 nm Biomimicry is the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology  The Amazon Rainforest – nature’s laboratory for new Discoveries. Rain forests worldwide cover approximately 6% of Earth's surface, and yet scientists believe they contain 50% of the world's plant and animal species—an impressive ratio. In common parlance, tropical rain forests are not only the planet's land-based centers of biodiversity—where most species live—they also contribute to the maintenance of the world’s climate by regulating rainfall and storing enormous amounts of carbon. Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation  Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineers use mechanics and energy principles to design machines such as tools, engines. Machines, motors, and other devices. Many mechanical engineers work in the areas of air- conditioning and refrigeration, automotives, manufacturing, welding, robotics, and mechatronics. They study materials, heat and energy transfer, manufacturing technologies  A mechanical engineer designs anything that uses mechanical motion Robotics Underwater Vehicle Computer Modeling Consumer & Baby products Prototyping Food Handling  What is Mechatronics? ▪ The Fusion of Mechanical Engineering, electronics, and computing. ▪ Usually requires cross-disciplinary training. ▪ Looks like robotics ▪ Automate and Improve production The elements of Mechatronics systems include sensors, actuators, microcontrollers (or microprocessors) and real-time control software. The actuators are mainly high precision electric motors and solenoids. Any of a large number of sensor types are used, including light, acceleration, weight, color, temperature and image. Stepper Motor Stair climbing robot  Nuclear Engineering Nuclear engineers design, develop, and control plants that use nuclear energy for fuel and medical purposes. Some nuclear engineers are busy working on a nuclear- powered spacecraft that will travel to Mars.  Examples of Nuclear Engineering ▪ Food irradiation has been systematically evaluated by the Food and Agriculture Organization which concluded that treating raw meat and poultry with irradiation eliminates disease-causing bacteria commonly found such as E. coli and Salmonella and poses no toxicological hazards at typically used doses. ▪ Domestic sources of radioisotopes are needed to adequately sustain the growing needs of our medical and healthcare communities. Problems inherent with fossil fuels are avoided with energy production using hydrogen. Per unit of fuel, hydrogen fuel cells in vehicles are about twice as efficient as combustion energies. Unlike conventional engines, fuel cells emit only water vapor and heat. Only nuclear energy can produce hydrogen on large enough scales to meet future demand while avoiding the release of greenhouse gases. These battery- like devices inside hydrogen vehicles convert hydrogen and oxygen into water, in the process producing electricity and heat that can power a motor.  Engineering Functions The focus of an engineer’s work typically falls into one or more of the following areas: Research - explore, discover and apply new principles Development - transform ideas or concepts into production processes Design - link the generation of ideas and the production  Engineering Functions Production and testing - manufacture and assemble components or products Sales - market engineering products Operations - maintain equipment and facilities Construction - prior to construction organizes bids, during construction supervises certain components of process  Engineering Functions Management - optimize the use of resources (equipment, labor, finances) Education - teach engineering principles in university and industrial settings Consulting - provide specialized engineering services the clients. May work alone or in partnership other engineers.  Who employs engineers? Sector of Employment Aero Chem Civil Elec Ind Mech Industry 63.3 74.0 48.9 69.6 76.7 75.8 Self 11.1 12.7 14.4 12.2 11.5 11.4 Education 3.5 5.0 3.0 4.9 3.6 3.9 Non-profit 2.4 1.7 0.5 1.5 1.7 1.1 Fed. Govt. 4.7 4.6 9.3 9.3 4.6 6.1 Military 4.3 0.3 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.4 Other Govt. 0.4 1.3 22.1 1.1 1.4 0.9 Other 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0  Career Paths for Engineers There are at least seven career options for graduating engineering students: 1) Corporate ladder 2) Independent entrepreneur 3) Military or government 4) Engineering and social service aboard 5) Professor/engineer 6) Graduate work outside engineering 7) A mix of first six options  2.1. What is a profession? ❖ Profession is referred to a free act of commitment to a way of life. ❖ Profession is the act of “professing” the occupation which one professes to be skilled in and to follow… A vocation in which professed knowledge of some branch of learning is used in its application to the affairs of others, or in the practice of an art based upon it.  Engineering as a Profession Engineering possesses those attributes that typically characterize a profession: Satisfies an indispensable and beneficial need. Requires the exercise of discretion and judgment and is not subject to standardization. Engineering as a Profession Involves activities that require knowledge and skill not commonly possessed by the general public. Has group consciousness for the promotion of knowledge and professional ideas and for rendering social services. Has a legal status and requires well-formulated standards of admission.