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CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION ENGR. JANE CRISTEL B. DE LEON 1st Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021 Republic of the Philippines ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY Echagu...

CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION ENGR. JANE CRISTEL B. DE LEON 1st Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021 Republic of the Philippines ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY Echague, Isabela 1 | Civil Engineering Orientation CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION By: Engr. Jane Cristel B. De Leon Course Description: Introduction to various tracks and specialization of Civil Engineering, emphasis on ethics, responsibility and professionalism Course Objectives: At the end of this course, the following will be attained: 1. Understand the History of Civil Engineering and the profession 2. Familiarize with the practices of Civil Engineers in relation to their interaction with the society 3. Know the trend of Civil Engineering Development 4. Understand and Familiarize with the Current Fields/Careers of Civil Engineering 5. Understand the relationship of Civil Engineering to Environmental Science Course Content I. History of Civil Engineering II. Civil Engineering and Society and other profession III. Current Fields and Careers of Civil Engineering IV. Civil Engineering Sustainability and the Future V. Relationship of Civil Engineering to Environmental Science Class Policies 1. Every Monday/Sunday evening is the uploading of modules in FB Messenger. 2. Question about the lessons shall be entertained during office hours only (8:00 3. Questions about the lessons shall be entertained during office hours only (8:00 AM to 5:00). Communicate in English. 4. Other policies shall be imposed if deemed necessary. Grading System: Passing Mark: 60% Prelim: 15% Midterm: 20% Finals: 20% Quizzes: 10% Research Work: 20% Activity: 15% 2 | Civil Engineering Orientation Module 1 History of Civil Engineering Introduction Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Learning Outcome/Objective At the end of this chapter, the students shall be able to: 1. Knowledge on the Ancient History of Civil Engineering 2. Recognize the work of Civil Engineering in Modern Times 3. Discuss and Understand the Educational and Institutional History of Civil Engineering 4. Identify the Development and Origin of Civil Engineering and it Profession in the Philippines. Learning Content/Topic A. Ancient History of Civil Engineering It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil engineering, however, that the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on this earth. Man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which being the demonstration of ancient age civil engineering. Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil Engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. 3 | Civil Engineering Orientation  Around 2550 BC, Imhotep, the first documented engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid for King Djoser located at Saqqara Necropolis. With simple tools and mathematics he created a monument that stands to this day. His greatest contribution to engineering was his discovery of the art of building with shaped stones. Those who followed him carried engineering to remarkable heights using skill and imagination. Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water management system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km,) the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T’ien under orders from Ch’in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads. Other remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan built in 691 BC; Li Ping's irrigation projects in China (around 220 BC); Julius Caesar's Bridge over the Rhine River built in 55 BC, numerous bridges built by other Romans in and around Rome(e.g. the pons Fabricius); Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France) built in 19 BC; the extensive system of highways the Romans built to facilitate trading and (more importantly) fast manoeuvring of legions; extensive irrigation system constructed by the Hohokam Indians, Salt River, AZ around 600 AD; first dykes defending against high water in Friesland, The Netherlands around 1000 AD; El Camino Real - The Royal Road, Eastern Branch, TX and Western Branch, NM (1500s AD). Machu Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at the height of the Inca Empire is considered an engineering marvel. It was built in the Andes Mountains assisted by some of history’s most ingenious water resource engineers. The people of Machu Picchu built a mountain top city with running water, drainage systems, food production and stone structures so advanced that they endured for over 500years. A treatise on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De Archiectura, was published at 1AD in Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient times. It was probably written around 15 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects. Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in 4 | Civil Engineering Orientation  the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations. B. Civil Engineering in Modern Times The beginnings of civil engineering as a separate discipline may be seen in the foundation in France in 1716 of the Bridge and Highway Corps, out of which in 1747 grew the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges and Highways”). Its teachers wrote books that became standard works on the mechanics of materials, machines, and hydraulics, and leading British engineers learned French to read them. As design and calculation replaced rule of thumb and empirical formulas, and as expert knowledge was codified and formulated, the nonmilitary engineer moved to the front of the stage. Talented, if often self-taught, craftsmen, stonemasons, millwrights, toolmakers, and instrument makers became civil engineers. In Britain, James Brindley began as a millwright and became the foremost canal builder of the century; John Rennie was a millwright’s apprentice who eventually built the new London Bridge; Thomas Telford, a stonemason, became Britain’s leading road builder. John Smeaton, the first man to call himself a civil engineer, began as an instrument maker. His design of Eddystone Lighthouse (1756–59), with its interlocking masonry, was based on a craftsman’s experience. Smeaton’s work was backed by thorough research, and his services were much in demand. In 1771 he founded the Society of Civil Engineers (now known as the Smeatonian Society). Its object was to bring together experienced engineers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers to promote the building of large public works, such as canals (and later railways), and to secure the parliamentary powers necessary to execute their schemes. Their meetings were held during parliamentary sessions; the society follows this custom to this day. The École Polytechnique was founded in Paris in 1794, and the Bauakademie was started in Berlin in 1799, but no such schools existed in Great Britain for another two decades. It was this lack of opportunity for scientific study and for the exchange of experiences that led a group of young men in 1818 to found the Institution of Civil Engineers. The founders were keen to learn from one another and from their elders, and in 1820 they invited Thomas Telford, by then the dean of British civil engineers, to be their first president. There were similar developments elsewhere. By the mid- 19th century there were civil engineering societies in many European countries and the United States, and the following century produced similar institutions in almost every country in the world. Formal education in engineering science became widely available as other countries followed the lead of France and Germany. In Great Britain the universities, traditionally seats of classical learning, were reluctant to embrace the new disciplines. University College, London, founded in 1826, provided a broad range of academic studies and offered a course in mechanical philosophy. King’s College, London, first taught civil engineering in 1838, and in 1840 Queen Victoria founded the first chair of civil engineering and mechanics at the University of Glasgow, Scot. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1824, offered the first courses in civil engineering in the United States. The number of universities throughout the world with engineering faculties, including civil engineering, increased rapidly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Civil engineering today is taught in universities on every continent. C. Educational and Institutional History of Civil Engineering In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first engineering school, The National School of Bridges and Highways, France, was opened in 1747. The first 5 | Civil Engineering Orientation  self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society. In 1818, world’s first engineering society, the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognizing civil engineering as a profession. Its charter defined civil engineering as: “Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, material science, geography, geology, soil, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.” The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was Norwich University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The first degree in Civil Engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905. D. The History and Development of Civil Engineering and its Profession in the Philippines During Spanish Time The history of the architecture and civil engineering profession in the Philippines were almost synonymous to each other. In more than three-and-a-half centuries of Spanish subjugation, there were no Filipino civil engineers. Social prejudice constrained the repressed indio builders to content themselves to be called mere Maestro de Obras (Master Builders) even if they could design and build any type of structure that technology could allow at that time. Master Builders as of today were equivalent to Construction Foreman. Civil Engineering, as practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish era, was not by virtue of an academic title. There were no civil engineering schools in the country at that time and the only architects/engineers with academic degrees were Spaniards. The walled city in Intramuros was established by the Spaniards as a model community. The Friar Architects/Engineers during that time were the ones who built the government buildings, bridges, residential and other structures, incorporated European standards in engineering and architectural installations. The Walled City of Intramuros, Manila During the 18th and 19th centuries, Filipino engineers were assigned the task of maintaining, repairing and/or remodelling infrastructure systems in all 'pueblos' or towns including churches, convents and government buildings. Maestro de Obras were called by the Ilustrados or the elite group to build structures in villas and mansions. 6 | Civil Engineering Orientation  1571 Miguel Lopez de Legaspi founded the City of Manila on June 24, 1571 The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago (Fuerte de Santiago) after the establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24, 1571. 1577 With the arrival of the Franciscan Order to Manila in 1577, they began with construction of wood and cane churches that succumbed to natural catastrophes. In 1739 they constructed a stone church that was financed by the public charity and became one of richest in Intramuros. 1586 Designed and built by Jesuit priest Antonio Sedeno from 1586 to 1587, it is one of the oldest stone fortifications in Intramuros. Began as a circular fort called Nuestra Senora de Guia. Renovated in 1593 to join the walls of the city. Fort fell in disrepair and, in 1644, construction began for a new baluarte which was completed between 1653 and 1663. Resembling an ace of spades, it housed a foundry during the 18th century. The baluarte was breached by British forces with cannon fire in 1762. Restored and strengthened after the British occupation but was damaged during the 1863 earthquake. It was destroyed during the Battler of Manila in 1945. Restoration began in 1979 and completed in 1992. 1599 St. Augustine Church is the oldest stone church in the Philippines. It was built in 1599: however, it was also destroyed and rebuilt many times. It is an immense structure of thick walls of Corinthian and Ionic designs. 1621 In 1621, Don Bernardino Castillo, a generous patron and a well-known devotee of St. Sebastian. Patron of Archers, donated his lot, which is now the present site of the San Sebastian Church. The original church, which was made of wood, was burned in 1851 during a Chinese uprising. The succeeding structures were destroyed twice by fire and an earthquake in 1859. 1883. and 1880 respectively. Father Esteban Martinez, the parish priest at that time, approached the Spanish Architect Genero Palacios with a plan to build a fire and earthquake- resistant church made entirely of steel. Ambeth Ocampo states that the present San Sebastian church was ordered knockdown in steel parts from the Societe Anonyme des Enterprises de Travaux Publiques in Brussels. Belgium. Two Belgian engineers supervised the construction of the church. On June 12. 1888, the first shipments of steel parts were brought to the Philippines. For two years, the church was assembled with local artists and craftsmen joining the Belgian firm in applying the final finishing touches on this new church of steel. The stained glass windows were imported from the Henri Oidtmann Company, a German stained glass firm. The engineering technique used in the construction of the church, including metal fixtures and the overall structure, were from Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower. This was confirmed when Chinese-American architect. I. M. Pei, visited the Philippines in the late 70's. He came to confirm what he heard about Gustave Eiffel designing a steel church in Asia. 7 | Civil Engineering Orientation  1632 Puente Grande was the first bridge to be erected across the grand Rio del Pasig. Built in 1632, this wooden bridge connects Intramuros and Binondo together, making it easier and relatively faster to travel from one end to the other. It underwent several reconstructions and renovations as it was always heavily damaged by earthquakes. After the 1883 earthquake. Puente Grande was renamed to Puente de Espatia. The bridge was replaced in 1875 widening its spans to masonry of six and two central houses. It can accommodate both pedestrians and vehicles including horse or carabao drawn carts and carriages, and tranvia. This bridge was replaced for the last time with a neo-classical design by Juan Arellano in the 1930s and was called the Jones Bridge. 1645 Manila was hit by an earthquake and was reconstructed 1686 Irrigation and Water System The first artesian wells were built in Bells, Pampanga by Fr. Manuel Camanes. The water system in Manila (now MWSS) had its beginning from the water works constructed by Fr. Juan Peguero in 1686. The first irrigation system was constructed in Tanay, Rizal by Fr. Jose Delgado. (17th Century) Cavite Friar Land Irrigation System is one of the oldest irrigation systems in the Philippines. Sometimes in the 17th century, the Spanish period encomiendas or Spanish Royal lands grants were implemented in Cavite. The priests were granted by the Spanish King, portions of the agricultural land in Cavite. They subdivided the lands in to four estates namely: Naic Estate. Santa Cruz de Malabon (Tanza) Estate, San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias) Estate and Imus Estate, all of which are now popularly called as Cavite Friar Lands. 1846 The Pasig River Light House was the first lighthouse (masonry-built) erected in the Philippines. It was first lighted on 1846 and deactivated on 1992. It was then located on the north jetty at the mouth of Pasig River, (San Nicolas, Manila) marking the entrance to the river for vessels around Manila Bay, looking to dock on the ports along the banks of the river in Manila. A light station has been established on the site since 1642. The first lighthouse structure was erected by the ruling Spanish government and lit on September 1. 1846. From its location at the mouth of the historic river, which divides Manila into two sections, it was a welcoming beacon for over a century to all mariners of inter- island vessels when bringing their vessels up into the river for berthing along its busy wharves. The lighthouse, which was known locally as Farola (Spanish for lighthouse") was one of the most conspicuous landmarks in the harbor of Manila in the early part of the 20th century. The building and later expansion of the Port of Manila, south of the light station and subsequent land reclamations, has greatly altered the location of the lighthouse obscuring it from the wide expanse of Manila Bay The lighthouse was demolished in 1992 and was replaced with an architecturally simpler lighthouse with the new tower built on the foundation of the old one. The Philippine Coast Guard Station of Manila is located adjacent to the 8 | Civil Engineering Orientation  lighthouse and the community that developed from the reclaimed lands is now known as 'Parole (Filipino for "lighthouse"). The present tower is a white conical concrete structure with a height of 46 feet (14.02 m) and a focal plane of 43 feet (13.11 m). The old tower was taller at 49 feet (14.94 m). Lighthouses in the Philippines are maintained by the Philippine Coast Guard. 1852 Puente Colgante (which is the term for a suspension bridge in Spanish: literally. hanging bridge) was the first suspension bridge built in Southeast Asia when it was started in 1849 and completed in 1852. It was built and owned by Ynchausti y Compaiiia, the business headed by Jose Joaquin de Ynchausti. He commissioned the design from Basque engineer Mafias Menchacatorre. The bridge was first named Puente de Claveria, likely in honor of the Governor-General of the Philippines Narciso Claveria, who served from 1844-1849. Puente Colgante was the first suspension bridge, not only the Philippines but in South East Asia as well, and probably the first toll bridge of its kind in the Philippines, a precursor of the modem Sky Way, albeit for pedestrian use only. The suspension bridge measured 110 metres (360 ft) long and 7 metres (23 ft) wide, and had two lanes that allowed passage of horses and carabao-drawn carriages. It was also opened for pedestrians traveling on foot between Quiapo and Intramuros and nearby areas. In 1854 Ynchausti brought together the Ynchausti family holdings under the above name. A Basque Spaniard born in Cadiz, de Ynchausti immigrated to the Philippines in the second quarter of the nineteenth century and built a business empire. In 1889 Ynchausti y Compaiiia was the largest company in the Philippines. The 20th-century writer Nick Joaquin described the bridge as it was in the 1670s: `Across the city's river now arched... the amazing Puente Colgante, suspended in the air, like a salute to the age of science and engineering. The Industrial Age found its expression in the Philippines in the form of a bridge unparalleled throughout Asia." Historians dispute local traditions that say the bridge was designed by Gustave Eiffel, who designed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. (This is also asserted about the Puente de Ayala.) They note the original bridge has been documented as designed by a Basque. (In addition. the 1930s work was performed a decade after Eiffel died in 1923.) 1867 The project for public supply of fresh water to the city dates from the early 18th century. Before this, the city had to be content with a fresh water supply based on cisterns. In 1867, the town council decides to take on the challenge of a project to supply fresh water to the whole of the city. In 1882 the first public water fountain gushed forth its waters, and shortly after this, the technology of the times was successful in providing Manila with a fresh water supply from sources up-river. 1868 It was in 1868 when the Bureau of Public Works and Highways (Obras Publicas) and Bureau of Communications and Transportation (Communicationes y Meteologia) were organized under a civil engineer known as 'Director General'. 1878-1918 9 | Civil Engineering Orientation  The founding of Carriedo Waterworks Manila didn't get running water until 1878, when the municipal waterworks was established by Governor Domingo Moriones, with money from a fund that by then had become legendary as the Carriedo Legacy. A 'public-spirited citizen." Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo was a Basque from Santander who during his life conferred immense benefits on the Philippines, having migrated in the Philippines eady in the 18th century. One of his 'obras pias" (pious works), was a legacy he left in his will for the building of a Manila water system. Though Sefior Carriedo did not live long enough to see his legacy since he died in 1743. Manila was to be without running water for more than a century longer. Thanks to Govemor Moriones who acted on providing Manila with running water that the Carriedo Legacy was finally fulfilled. 1875 On June 25. 1875. King ALFONSO XII of Spain promulgates the Royal Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general plan of railroad in Luzon 1876 The General Plan for Railways was drawn up in 1876 for the island of Luzon. and included a network totalling 1.730 kilometers. A 192 Km stretch of track was constructed between Manila and Dagupan. This operated a regular service as from 1892. The most outstanding works carried out on the railway system were the bridge over the great Pampanga River and the building of Tutuban Station. in the Tondo district. The tremendous growth of the city of Manila led the administration to contemplate. in 1878. the setting up of a public transport network. Five tramway lines would link the city with its outskirts. 1878 The concession for constructing five tramways in Manila and its suburbs was approved. The plan included a main station at San Gabriel and the crossing of the river via the "Puente de Espana" 1880 School for Maestro de Obras called Escuela Practica y Artes Oficios de Manila was founded. Its first Filipino graduates were Julio Hernandez (1891). Isidro Medina (1894). Arcadio Arellano (1894) and Juan Carreon (1896) Puente de Convalecencia or better known as the Ayala Bridge was completed in 1880. Originally it is composed of two separate spans connected by the Isla de Convalecencia. which is home to Hospisio de San Jose. dropping point for abandoned babies. the bridge over this island was originally made of wooden arched trusses. 1883 On November 1. 1883. the study of the first railroad project between Manila and Dagupan done by Antonio dela Camara was approved 1887 10 | Civil Engineering Orientation  On July 31. 1887. construction of the Manila-Dagupan railroad was started 1892 On November 24. 1892. the entire line from Manila to Dagupan. with a total length of 195.4 kms. was completed and put into commercial operations 18th and 19th CENTURY Road work in the Philippine Islands during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. under the Spanish regime. consisted in the opening of routes of communication throughout the Islands. in a very thorough manner. and leaving a very valuable asset to the present Government in the matter of the width of right of way. which was incorporated into the law and became a part of the public domain. The location of these routes has been justified. inasmuch. that few changes have been made in the general alignment. except when new sections have opened up and a change in location justified. Grades have been improved and method of construction changed. The right of way. as established by law. has made possible the construction methods of to-day. The use of broken stone or gravel on road work seems not to have been practiced by the Spaniard. as little evidence is found to promulgate this berief. Two types of construction under Spanish regime were practiced: First. pavement of cut Spanish road. Cut adobe stone pavement. Stone. This was usually of the adobe quality. probably used because it is easily quarried. cut. and handled. the size used called "ordinario" 20 by 20 centimeters and 50 centimeters long. This makes a very smooth and pretty pavement. but. where an ordinary amount of traffic is encountered. wears very rapidly. Had a hard stone been used. the result would have been of a permanent nature. Second. Spanish road. rubble-stone pavement cobblestones. The pavement of cobblestone consisted of boulders probably taken from river beds varying in size from 10 to 30 centimeters in diameter. This type was very durable and lasting. so long as the individual stones retained their position in a bed of earth. Owing to the size used there was no bond. and stones were easily displaced. unless covered with earth. sand. or gravel. This pavement was very rough and. had a second or top course of small gravel been used and bound together with a binding material. would have been in use to-day. Attention is often called to the good roads that existed during the Spanish regime. First Philippine Republic (Aguinaldo) 1898 The Organic Decree issued by Gen. Emilio Aquinaldo establishing the Philippine Revolutionary Government created four (4) government departments among which was the Department of War and Public Works. In 1896. after four (4) centuries of Spanish colonization. our Filipino forebears started the revolutionary movement and the struggle to gain freedom began. On June 12. 1898. Gem Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippine Independence in Kawit. Cavite. The Organic Decree of the Philippine Revolutionary Government on June 23. 1898 issued by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo provided for the creation of four (4) Departments in the government. one of which was the DEPARTMENT OF WAR AND PUBLIC WORKS. Though once included in the Department of War. now Department of National Defense. its functions as builder and maintainer of roads. bridges and other public works structures are inherent in the present Department_ The inclusion of public works in the War and Department can be explained by the exigencies of the revolutionary period. The construction of fortifications and trenches was needed in the cause for freedom which our heroes had fought for. 11 | Civil Engineering Orientation  When Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898. the public works and activities were placed under the U.S. Army engineers. 1899 The Malolos Constitution was ratified during a general assembly of Congress. and the first Council of Government of the First Philippine Republic was created. 1899 The Malolos Constitution was ratified during a general assembly of Congree and the first Council of Government of the First Philippinr Repyblic was created. From January 21. 1899 to May 7. 1899. with Apolinario Mabini as President of the Cabinet (i.e. Prime Minister). Gracio Gonzaga served as the Secretary of Public Welfare. which included the transportation and communications portfolio. When Mabini was replaced by Pedro Paterno as President of the Cabinet. among the seven departments set up was the Communicaciones y Obras Publicas (i.e. the Communications and Public Works Department). Maximo Patemo was appointed as Secretary of Public Works and Communications. Since then. Public Works. Transportation. and Communications have been grouped into one department. During American Regime The coming of the Americans brought about drastic changes in our engineering culture. The new colonizers pursued -benevolent' policies that focused on English education. public health. free enterprise. and representative governance thus bringing with them were military engineers. Thomasite teachers. doctors and evangelist. Under the civil government established in July. 1901. such 'assimilation" manifested itself physically in the form of infrastructures. Highways. bridges. schools. hospitals. and government buildings steadily transformed the Philippine landscape. 1899 In his letter dated January 4. 1899 to Filipinos. US Major-General Elwell S. Otis. the Military Governor of the Philippines. announced US President William McKinley's instructions for the islands' Benevolent Assimilation. The instructions stated that the management of public property and revenue. and the use of all public means of transportation. were to be conducted by the military authorities (i.e. by the US Army) until such time that they would be transferred back to civilian authority. Thus. the Bureau of Engineering was placed under the supervision of American military engineers. The ports were opened to commerce for all foreign nations. 1900 Foundation of the Liceo de Manila. a private institution offering academic course for maestro de obras and headed by Leon Ma. Guerrero. The first private school to offer an academic title for Maestro de Obras. (the forerunner of formal education in architecture/engineering) The introduction of reinforced concrete in the Philippines was in the 1900s and its use in the construction of the Masonic Temple (Grand Lodge of the Philippines). the first multi-structure in Escotta. Manila. On April 20. 1900. the US military authorities returned the railroad to its owner 12 | Civil Engineering Orientation  Early 1900's Transportation in the Philippines was depended largely on trails. waterways. railroad. earth roads and partially-gravelled roads. Highway in the Philippines at that time is nothing more than a dream to most Filipinos. The US government initiated the development of roadways in the Philippines connecting towns. cities and provinces. The popular Macadam road type was introduced. It gained acceptance because of abundant supply of stones and gravel. 1901 By virtue of Act No. 83 passed by the Philippine Commission on February 6. 1901. public works and projects were placed under the Provincial Supervisions'. The 1901 municipal code (February 6. 1901) provided for popularly elected municipal board members who were responsible for collecting taxes. maintaining municipal properties. and undertaking necessary construction projects. 1902 The first professional association of architecture and surveyors was born on September 14. 1902 with the creation of the Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AAAF). Bureau of Engineering and Construction of Public Works and Bureau of Architecture and Construction of Public Buildings - were created by Act Numbers 222 and 268 of the Philippine Commission and placed under The Department of Commerce and Police The Philippine Commission passed Act Nos. 222 and 268 creating the Department of Commerce and Police which gave birth to the Bureau of Engineering and Construction of public works and the Bureau of Architecture and Construction of public buildings. The Philippine Bill of 1902 (July 1. 1902) or the Philippine Organic Act authorized the Government of the Philippine Islands to provide for the needs of commerce. This includes improving harbours. constructing maintaining bonded warehouses. wharves. piers. light-houses. signal and life-saving stations. buoys. and like instruments of commerce. as well as to adopt and enforce regulations. (The US Congress authorizes the Philippine Government to grant franchise and concession for the construction of public utilities and services) On December 8, 1902, the first Railroad Legislation Act (Philippine Commission Act No. 554) was passed granting the Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo) the right to construct branch lines 1903 AAFF changed the name of association to Academia de Arquitectura. Ingeniera y Agrimensura de Filipinas (AIAAF) — including civil engineers and surveyors But everything was confused and disorganized under our tolerant new masters. Even in government. it took several years before the Philippine commission could buckle down to work and create the first Philippine assembly. 1904 13 | Civil Engineering Orientation  The above-mentioned Academia merged with the Liceo and established the Escuela de Ingeniera y Arquitectura, which offered a five-year course in architecture and civil engineering. 1905 The Escuela ceased to operate after its first year of inception. The Bureau of Public Works was created and placed under Department of Commerce and Police on October 26, 1905 Act No. 1401 of the Philippine Commission passed on October 4, 1905, abolished engineering districts and positions of district engineers. On October 26 of the same year. however, by virtue of a Reorganization Act. the Bureau of Public Works was created and placed under the Department of Commerce and Police. Along with the economic growth of the country was the need for a more extensive road network that would penetrate the rural areas. In order to achieve that end, provincial boards were created in 1907 with authority to collect double cedula taxes to finance the construction of provincial roads and bridges. In addition, the national government appropriated P1,700,000 as aid to such constructions. 1906 On July 7. 1906, Philippine Commission Act No. 1510 was enacted giving the concession of the railway to Speyer and Co. with Mr. Horace Higgins as General Manager 1907 The Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) is the oldest engineering school in the Philippines. It was established on May 18, 1907, as School of Civil Engineering with one program offering leading to the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering (MSCE). From faculty records, it appeals that it was only in 1912 when the earliest batch of students was conferred their MSCE degrees. Don Ramon Irureta-Goyena headed the UST-COE. During the early years of U.S. occupation, most of the civil engineers in our country came from America. The College was patterned after the University of Havana in Cuba and was fast set up at the second floor of the old UST building in Intramuros. 1908 The above-named Escuela was reorganized and reopened its doors to students but this time offered a three-year course for architecture, civil engineering and electrical engineering. 1909 Wawa Dam (also known as Montalban Dam) is a gravity dam constructed over the Marikina River in the municipality of Rodriguez in Rizal province. Philippines. The slightly arched dam is situated in the 360-metre (1,180 ft) high Montalban Gorge or Wawa Gorge, a water gap in the Sierra Madre Mountains, and east of Manila. It was built in 1909 during the American colonial era to provide the water needs for Metro Manila. It used to be the only source of water for Manila until Angat Dam was built and Wawa was abandoned. Due to insufficiency of water supply for Metro Manila, there was a strong clamor to reuse the dam. 1910 The Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines. in a resolution passed on June 3. 1910, appointed Mr. W.J. Colbert as acting Dean of the College 14 | Civil Engineering Orientation  of Engineering. His appointment was set to effect on June 13. 1910 thereby creating the College of Engineering. Dean Colbert was authorized to prepare the curriculum and select the necessary teaching personnel for the new course. Initially, a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science with an additional degree of Civil Engineer upon completion of an extra year of study was approved. The first instructor to be appointed was Mr. Jose P. Katigbak of the City Engineer's Office of Manila, as instructor in graphics (drawing) on a part-time basis. The first appearance of motor vehicles in the Philippine highways in 1910. Roads and bridges had to be kept in good condition at all times. Naturally. there was a need for funds to keep the roads passable the whole year round. 1911 In 1911. the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers (and other engineering profession) withdrew to form their own professional organization (The Philippine Society of Engineers), but not before it has struggled for the passage of an Engineers and Architects Law. 1912 The Escuela was closed. The Irrigation Act of 1912: Under the American regime, the government initiated policies to stimulate national economic growth through irrigation development. The Irrigation Division under the Bureau of Public Works (BPW) was established in 1908 (the friar lands were sold to govt. which in turn were sold to the tenants in 1902). The Irrigation Act was passed in 1912. This regulated the appropriation of public waters, investigation, construction, operation and maintenance of irrigation systems. It also regulated the appropriation of public waters, prescribed rules on water rights and provided for the securing of payments for irrigation services from the beneficiaries. 1913 The first NIS, the San Miguel River Irrigation System in Tarlac with a service area of 6000 hectares was inaugurated in 1913. During World War I. all appropriations for irrigation was withdrawn and the Irrigation Division was downgraded to a section in the Design Division of the BPW. Through legislative Act No. 2562, financial assistance was given to existing private irrigation systems covering a minimum of 25 ha., through duly organized corporations or associations of landowners. 1914 Communal irrigation systems (CIS) were simple structures. The earliest on record is as far back as 1914, mostly located in the Ilocos area of northern Philippines and known as the zanjera. The term zanjera is derived from the Spanish term for turnout and used locally to refer to a co-operative irrigation society the function of which was to secure a stable and reliable supply of water for its members. Most zanjeras may have two or more sittios or barrios. Membership may comprise of all land owner or tenants or a combination of both. Water from these systems were usually obtained from river diversions by bamboo and rock structures-the brush dam." Being temporary structures, the community was brought together in its reconstruction on a regular basis. Different zanjeras may share a single main or diversion dam. In this case, necessary social adaptations were made to settle conflicts between individuals or groups. The construction, repair and maintenance costs of the physical system were shared by all the members through contributions in materials or labor. 1916 15 | Civil Engineering Orientation  On February 4, 1916. By authority of Philippine Legislature Act No. 2574, former Governor General Harrison negotiates the acquisition of the MRRCo by the Philippine Government The Reorganization Act 2666 as amended by Act No. 2803 dated November 18. 1916 gave birth to the Department of Commerce and Communications (Department of Commerce and Police transformed to The Department of Commerce and Communications), consisting of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry. Bureau of Supply. Bureau of Public Works. Bureau of Posts. Bureau of Labor and Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey. To raise such needed funds, motor vehicles and drivers plying the highways were required to register with fee in 1921. To keep pace with further development in transportation and communications, the Department of Commerce and Police was transformed into the Department of Commerce and Communications under Reorganization Act No. 2666 of 1916. 18 January 1917 - 03 October 1922 When the first cabinet comprised of Filipinos was organized. Gov. Gen. Francis. B. Harrison appointed Cebu governor Dionisio Jakosalem as Secretary of Commerce and Communication. The construction of roads and public buildings marked his administration as governor of Cebu. He is credited with having linked the southern and northern parts of the province with roads. 1919 —1954 Metropolitan Water District was founded 1921 The Engineers and Architects Law (Act No. 2985) passed on February 23. 1921. The law created separate Board of Examiners for civil engineering and architecture. They were schooled abroad as civil engineers and architects. Due to the Engineers and Architects Law of 1921. Filipinos were allowed to practice as Architects and Engineers because of their experience as Maestro de Obras in the Spanish Period. Public Act No. 2985 was enacted empowering the Secretary of Commerce and Communication to appoint members of the boards of the architecture and engineering professions. The Act, which contained very general provisions on the regulation of engineering and architecture, was later amended by Acts No. 3159 and 3182. 1928 A group of civil engineers from the government sector formed the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) which was the first civil engineering organization in the Philippines with Engr. Marcia! Kasilag as its first president. Engr. Kasilag thereupon received the honor of holding PRC Registration Number 1 for Civil Engineers. He then occupied a high-ranking position in the government and the early members of PSCE were government engineers. There were relatively few civil engineers in private practice during that time as most of the early graduates were readily engaged by the various government agencies. 1930's Puente Colgante Bridge was replaced by a modern steel arch bridge during early 1930's. It was renamed Quezon Bridge after Manuel L Quezon, the president of the Philippines at that time. 16 | Civil Engineering Orientation  1931 Department of Commerce and Communications renamed as the Department of Public Works and Communications More development for the Department took place in 1931 when the Philippine Legislature passed on May 1 of that year Act No. 4007, renaming the Department of Commerce and Communications as Department of Public Works and Communications. This Ac, however, did not state the proper composition and functions of the DPWC. Commonwealth Government 1935 On August 2. 1935. Act Number 4211 was enacted — permitting under-aged persons to take the board exam on condition that they will not practice their profession until they attained the required age of 21. During the inauguration of the Commonwealth Government on November 15. 1935. a reorganization of the DPWC was undertaken. Under the set up. it was composed of the Bureau of Public Works. Ports. Aeronautics. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Metropolitan Water District Division of Marine. Railway and Repair Shop. National Radio Broadcasting. Irrigation Council and Board of Examiners for Civil. Mechanical. Chemical and Mining Engineers. 1937 The Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE) was formed from a group of civil engineers in the private sector with Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes as its first president The objectives of both organizations were similar with each other in which both of them wants to: "elevate the standards of the profession, encourage research and engineering knowledge and technology, foster fellowship among members, and promote interrelation with other technological and scientific societies". The PACE being the most active than the PSCE led to the transfer of many PSCE members to PACE. 1938 In 1938, statutes for practice of architecture from engineering separated by law —National Assembly Bill No. 1850 On January 31. 1938, the first Bicol train was put into operation On May 8. 1938, the unified system of railroad from San Fernando. La Union in the North to Legazpi in the South was formally inaugurated 1940 Highway 54 was the former name of the Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA). Stretching some 54 kilometers. Highway 54 serves as a lifeline for hundreds of thousands of Filipinos passing or doing business in Metro Manila. It formed a major part of the circumferential roads in Metro Manila. From the south. it passes through five cities Pasay. Makati. Mandaluyong. Quezon City, and Caloocan. Its southem endpoint is at the rotunda near the SM Mall of Asia in Pasay 17 | Civil Engineering Orientation  City while its northern point is at Monumento in Caloocan City near the Andres Bonifacio monument. When the avenue was constructed in 1940 by engineers led by Florencio Moreno and Osmundo L. Monsod. it was first named as North and South Circumferential Road. But at the end of World War II, the American occupiers changed the name to Highway 54. But in 1959, by virtue of Republic Act 2140, the highway was renamed in honor of Epifanio de los Santos, a famous statesman of the province of Rizal. During Japanese Occupation (World War II) 1941 The tides of war in the Pacific came in December 1941 and thereby interrupted the normal operations of the schools and colleges. By order of the President of the Philippines, all schools were closed. When the Japanese forces entered Manila in January 1942, they occupied the College/School buildings. In 1941, outbreak of World War II, the Department of Public Works and Communications (OPWC) and other government offices were practically abolished due to dislocation of manpower, lack of funds, materials and equipment, installation of enemy administration and the setting up of resistance movement. 24 December 1941 to 01 August 1944 During the Japanese occupation, the exiled Commonwealth government of President Manuel Quezon issued Executive Order 396, which reorganized and grouped the cabinet. The Department of Public Works and Communication became the Department of National Defense. Public Works. Communications and Labor with Basilio Valdes as Secretary. 1942 On Philippine soil, to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the iron-clad rule of the Japanese, the Philippine Executive Commission was established. Under President Jose P. Laurel's administration. Quintin Paredes served as Minister of Public Works and Communications. Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban province of Laguna, in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines. The reservoir created by the dam. Lake Caliraya, initially supplied one of the oldest hydroelectric plants in the Philippines, and later became a popular recreational area for numerous water sports and fishing. The dam construction was started in 1939 and a small hydroelectric plant was operated in 1942. Continuation of Commonwealth Government (After the War) After the Second World War, the new independent Philippine government continued the rehabilitation and construction of roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures, through the reparations and war damages paid by the Japanese government. Other financial grants and aids received from the US government were used in the construction and rehabilitation of roads, bridges, buildings and other infrastructures. 1944 President Sergio Osmefta issued Executive Order 15-W on August 8. 1944 reorganizing and consolidating the Executive Departments of the Commonwealth 18 | Civil Engineering Orientation  government with Secretary Basilio Valdes as Secretary of National Defense and Communications. 1945 The reorganization of the government after it was re-established on Philippine soil was undertaken with Executive Order No. 27 on February 27. The Department of National Defense and Communications was again named Department of Public Works and Communications. 08 March 1945-1946 Justice Sotero Cabahug replaced Secretary Valdes as Secretary of Public Works and Communications. Third Republic 1946 Resuming its operation in 1946, the Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) started with limited human resources, funds, materials and equipment. An office of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads was set up to cooperate with the Philippine Bureau of Public Works in implementing the highway program as authorized by the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946. 1946 -1948 Ricardo Nepumoceno served as Secretary of Public Works and Communications under the administration of President Manuel Roxas, lie continued to do so under the administration of President Elpidio Quirino. 1947 The authority of the Department of Public Works and Communications was further expanded when, in 1947, the Motor Vehicles Office was placed under its direct supervision. 1948 The country's premiere airport. Manila International Airport Authority was originally a US Air Force base until 1948, when it was turned over to the Philippine government's National Airport Corporation. The fledgling civil aviation airport's facilities were nothing more than the current domestic runway and a small building as its only passenger terminal. 1949 Laws separating statutes between architects and engineers passed 1950's. The momentum to rebuild from the ashes of WWII and replace destroyed public edifices and utilities made the 1950s an eventful decade for the construction industry. 1950 — 1956 The Ambuklao dam was the highest and biggest in the Far East. It is made of earth and rockfull which measures 129 meters in height and 452 meters in length. The elevation of its crest is 758 meters and the roadway that runs through the top of the dam has an elevation of 756 meters. There are 8 Tainter radial gates at the clam's spillway. Each spillway measures 12.5 meters by 12.5 meters and is 127 meters in length. The gross storage capacity of the dam's reservoir is 327,170,000 cubic meters and it has a usable storage capacity of 258,000,000 cubic meters. The 19 | Civil Engineering Orientation  drainage area is 686 square kilometers and is 11 km long with a maximum width of 1 km. Construction began on July 1950 and opened on December 23, 1956. 1950 On June 17, 1950, the Architects (Philippine Institute of Architects) prepared and lobbied the passing of the first Architect's law (RA 545) while the Civil Engineers (Philippine Association of Civil Engineers), the Civil Engineering law (RA 544, through the efforts of PACE President Alberto Guevarra) was also passed the same year. They jointly celebrated the passing of their respective laws at the Manila Hotel Winter Garden. 1951 Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) was reconstituted as The Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) President Elpidio Quirino under Executive Order No. 392 in 1951, the DPWC was again reconstituted to Department of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) to include the Bureaus of Public Works. Posts. Telecommunications. Motor Vehicles Office, Irrigation Council. Flood Control Commission. Radio Control Board, National Transportation Board and Government Quarters Committee. Taking cognizance of the social impact of the road network to national growth, the Philippine Highway Act of 1953 or Republic Act No. 917 providing for an effective highway administration modified apportionment of highway funds and gave aid to provinces and cities for the improvement and maintenance of roads and bridges. In relation to road and bridge construction and maintenance, the Bureau of Public Highways was created in 1954 by virtue of the Republic Act No. 1192 and placed under the Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications. This Act provided for a more effective management of the Philippine Highways under a Commissioner. Active plans & programs were formulated & implemented. With the abolition of National Airport Corporation in 1951, ownership and management of the airport fell to the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CM) under the Department of Commerce & Industry. In 1956, the CAA was transferred to the Department of Public Works, Transportation & Communications. 1954 Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was created and placed under The Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) R.A. No. 1192, AN ACT TO CREATE THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC HIGHWAYS, ABOLISHING THE DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS Approved, August 25, 1954. R.A. No. 1080 was enacted on June 15, 1954 — making bar and board exam (passers) are equivalent to First-Grade Civil Service eligibility. 1955 REPUBLIC ACT No. 1383 was approved on June 18. 1955 "AN ACT CREATING A PUBLIC CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE AUTHORITY' The first road classification system in the country was established through Republic Act No. 917, known as the Philippine Highway Act, enacted in 1953 and 20 | Civil Engineering Orientation  Executive Order 113, series of 1955 which classified roads into national roads (national primary and national secondary), 'national aid' roads (roads of sufficient importance for eventual reclassification at a later stage) and provincial/city/municipal/barangay roads. 1955 -1970 National Waterworks and Sewerage System Authority (NAWASA) was created through RA 1383 1956 On June 16. 1956, the Civil Engineering law was further amended by Republic Act No. 1582. On the same year, the Architecture law was further amended by Republic Act No. 1581. Ambuklao Dam is part of a hydroelectric facility in Brgy. Ambuklao. Bokod. Benguet province in the Philippines. The development of the Agno River for purposes of hydroelectric power generation, flood control, and irrigation had been conceived as eady as the late 1940s. Preliminary investigations for development at Ambuklao and Binga Dam sites were undertaken as early as January 1948. With maximum water storage capacity of 327.170.000 cubic metres (265.240 acre ft), the facility, which is located 36 km (22 mi) from Baguio city, can produce up to 105 megawatts of electricity to Luzon grid. The main source of water comes from the Agno River which originates from Mt. Data. Ambuklao Dam bagan its construction on July 1950 and opened on December 23. 1956. 1957 Agusan Dam started construction on May 1956 and it opened on December 29. 1957. 1960's Philippines had created one of the top countries in the world that produces architects and engineers since the 60's Private and infrastructure developments were not in existence in the country to make use of these new architects and engineers Shortage of projects in the country have resulted to an influx of Filipino architects and engineers migration to the US and Europe which started in the 60's Inexpensive labor and be able to communicate in English of these Filipino professionals made them attractive to be hired by these developed countries Due to their proficiency in English (compared to other immigrants). Filipino architects/engineers have successfully assimilated in the political and economic structure in their host country Many architects and engineers have established their own firms and/or had 'broken the ceiling" within their firms Due to their numbers. Filipino architects and engineers globally have formed their own groups and made alliances with other Filipino associations Many Filipino architects and engineers in the Philippines have found contract work overseas 21 | Civil Engineering Orientation  The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the North Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and officially known as Radial Road 8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of the two branches of the Radial Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is the other). It was built in the 1960s. The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the North Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and officially known as Radial Road 8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of the two branches of the Radial Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is the other). It was built in the 1960s. The expressway begins in Quezon City at a cloverleaf interchange with EDSA: a continuation of Andres Bonifacio Avenue. It then passes through Quezon City. Caloocan, and Valenzuela in Metro Manila. Meycauayan. Marilao. Bocaue. Balagtas. Guiguinto. Malolos. Plaridel, and Pulilan in Bulacan. San Simon. San Fernando. Mexico and Angeles in Pampanga. The expressway currently ends at Mabalacat and merges with the MacArthur Highway, which continues northward into the rest of Central and Northern Luzon. Presently, it was maintained by Tol!ways Management Corporation with a total length of 84 km 1960-1980's The automobile age. It was during the decade that road construction becomes a matter of priority of the government under the slogan: This nation is on Wheels." 1960 Binga Dam is a dam connected to a hydroelectric power plant situated at Barrio Binga. Barangay Tinongdan in Itogon. Benguet. Philippines. The plant was constructed in 1956 and was opened in 1960, three years after Ambuklao Dam was opened. It is located 31 km southeast of Baguio City and 19 km downstream of Ambuklao Dam. Improvement of the dam is on-going for it had received heavy damage during the 1990 Luzon earthquake, and its installed capacity of 100 MW is being upgraded to 120 MW. In 1960, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures prepared a system of units designated the 'Systeme Internationale d' Unites' with the abbreviation SI for worldwide adoption. It has been adopted and used by most of the over 160 countries in the world, with the exception of Borneo, the Sultanate of Brunei, Liberia and notably the United States. 1961 The first thirteen years of the airport were marked by the building of infrastructure dedicated to international flights. The international runway and associated taxiway were built in 1953, and 1961 saw the completion of a control tower and a terminal building for the exclusive use of international passengers at the southwest intersection of the runways. This system came to be officially known as the Manila International Airport (MIA). The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) was founded. 1961-1967 22 | Civil Engineering Orientation  Angat Dam located at Norzagaray. Bulacan started its construction on November 1961 and opened on October 16. 1967 with height of 131 meters, length of 568 meters and base width of 550 meters. The source of darn is the Angat River, with a capacity of 850 million cubic meters 1963 REPUBLIC ACT No. 3597 was approved on June 22. 1963 (NAWASA Act) AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED THIRTEEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-THREE. ENTITLED "AN ACT CREATING A PUBLIC CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE AUTHORITY' The National Irrigation Administration is a government-owned and controlled corporation tasked with the development and operation of Irrigation Systems all over the country. It was created under RA 3601 which was signed on June 22. 1963 by then President Diosdado P. Macapagal. Its forerunner was the Irrigation Division of the defunct Bureau of Public Works. By virtue of Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1 issued by President Ferdinand Marcos, all irrigation activities were integrated under the NIA. The Agency's power was likewise broadened and capitalization increased from P300 M to 2 B by the issuance of PD 552 on September 11. 1072. Capitalization was further increased to P10 B under PD 1702 on July 17. 1980. NIA absorbed the functions of the Irrigation Division of the Bureau of Public Works and the Irrigation Unit of the Bureau of Lands and Friar Lands Irrigation System. This hybrid nature of MA enabled it to use funds from the government treasury for constructing and rehabilitating irrigation systems, the underlying premise being that irrigation benefited not only the farmers, but the broader society as well. 1964 On June 20. 1964. Republic Act No. 4156 is enacted. It changes the corporate name of Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo) to Philippine National Railways (PNR) 1965 R.A No. 4566 was enacted on June 19. 1965 — regulating constructions or The Contractor's License Law' 1967 Angat Dam is a concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that supplies the Manila metropolitan area water. It was a part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. The reservoir supplies about 90 percent of raw water requirements for Metro Manila through the facilities of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System and it irrigates about 28.000 hectares of farmland in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. Construction began on November 1961 and it opened on October 16. 1967. R.A. No. 5181 was enacted on September 8. 1967 — requiring residence and reciprocity in the exercise of professions by aliens. During Martial Law (Marcos Era) 1965-1973 President Ferdinand Marcos appointed Manuel Syquio as Acting Secretary of Public Works and Communications. 23 | Civil Engineering Orientation  1970's The 70's is commonly known as the Martial Law years. Declared in 1972. the first few years of its implementation brought about good things to our country. But its later years proved to be the most trying times of our country. Incidentally. the construction industry in the Middle East was at its peak and civil engineers and architects were in demand. In the early 1970's, there were already 591 national and municipal ports plus 200 private ports scattered all over the country necessitating the need for long-range planning and rationalization of port development. 1971 - 1997 On 19 June 1971. Republic Act 6234 was enacted. It dissolved the National Waterworks and Sewerage System (NAWASA) and created in its place the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS). MWSS was thus given the mandate 'to ensure an uninterrupted and adequate supply and distribution of potable water for domestic and other purposes at just and equitable rates? The proper operation and maintenance of sewerage systems was likewise part of its mandate. 1971 On August 20. 1971. Republic Act No. 6366 was passed amending the PNR Charter 1972 PACE President Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara, exerted a serious effort in merging the two organizations. Leaders of PACE and PSCE negotiated, and talked about the choice of name. Some concerns were raised such as formal accounting and turnover of assets and liabilities, accreditation of bonafide members and election rules for the first officers which were sooner resolved. 1973 On June 1973. President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Decree 223, creating the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and accrediting only one organization to represent each profession. On December 11, 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued Registration Certificate No.53896 to the PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. INC. (PICE). This was the culmination and fulfilment of a vision to merge two separate organizations of civil engineers in the country, the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE). Presidential Decree No. 198, also known as The Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973.' was signed into law on May 25, 1973. That law created the Local Water Utilities Administration or LWUA in the national level and provided for the establishment of Water Districts in provincial cities and municipalities. A feasibility study and airport master plan was drawn up in 1973 by Airways Engineering Corporation. The detailed engineering design of the new MIA Development Project (MIADP) was undertaken by Renardet-Saufiaransplan/F.F. Cruz Consultants while the design of the International Passenger Terminal building was prepared by Architect L.V. Locsin & Associates. A USS29.6 Million loan was arranged with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to finance the project. 24 | Civil Engineering Orientation  1974 On February 1974, the first election of officers of PICE was held and Engr. Cesar Caliwara became its first president. In order to truly unite the civil engineers of the Philippines, provincial chapters were organized. Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was expanded as The Department of Public Highways (DPH) The former Bureau of Public Highways was expanded and restructured into the Department of Public Highways (DPH) for a more effective administration of the country's highway system through Administrative Order No. 2, dated July 1, 1974. 1975 The first International convention was held in the Philippines on May 20 to 24. 1975 with the theme 'Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention Control." (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers) On August 13. 1975, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) recognized the PICE as the only official organization of civil engineers in the Philippines with Accreditation No. 007 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 693 (Construction of Magat Dam) was enacted on May 7. 1975 PD No. 693 - Authorizing the Construction of the Magat River Multi-Purpose Project in Isabela. Providing for the Financing Thereof, and for Other Purposes. National Housing Authority (NHA) was created under PD 757 to oversee housing development on a national level. The Philippine Ports Authority was created under Presidential Decree No. 505 which was subsequently amended by P.D. No. 857 in December 1975. In 1975. President Ferdinand Marcos, by a Presidential Decree, the System International (SI) system of units was mandated in the Philippines 1976 With the shift in the form of government, national agencies were renamed from Departments to Ministries. In 1976. Department of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) became Ministry of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (MPWTC) & Department of Public Highways (DPH) as Ministry of Public Highways (MPH). In 1976, the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created through the National Water Code of the Philippines Mater Code of the Philippines) to coordinate policies concerning water resources. 1977 PD 1096, otherwise known as the National Building Code of the Philippines (the 'NBCP") signed by then Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on 19 February 1977 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations ('IRR'): Pantabangan Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Pampanga River located in Pantabangan in Nueva Ecija province of the Philippines. The multi- purpose dam provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation while its reservoir. Pantabangan Lake, affords flood control. The reservoir is considered 25 | Civil Engineering Orientation  one of the largest in Southeast Asia and also one of the cleanest in the Philippines. Construction on the dam began in 1971 and it was completed in 1977. In May 1969, the Congress of the Philippines authorized the development of the Pampanga Basin with Republic Act No. 5499. In October of that year, detailed studies of the Pantabangan site were carried out and lasted two years. By June 11. 1971. Pantabangan was an old town of around 300 years old. President Ferdinand Marcos and many others arrived for a ground breaking ceremony in Palayupay. Pantabangan. Nueva Ecija, to signal the beginning of the construction of Pantabangan Dam. The dam went into operation in February 1977 and was completed later in May. Approximately 1.300 people were relocated from the dam's reservoir zone. 1978 Under the 1973 Constitution, a Parliamentary Form of governance was established and departments were renamed into ministries establishing the formal ministry system. Hence, the Department of Public Works and Communications became the Ministry of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (MPWTC). The National Engineering Center (NEC) was established as per P.D. No. 1295. It is an agency supported by the National Government and by the UNDP. The NEC will be an umbrella body under which the non-teaching activities of the college will be administered. These units include: The National Hydraulics Research Center (NHRC), the Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP), the UP Industrial Research Center (UPIRC), and the Transport Training Center (ITC), and the Building Research Services (BRS). On June 11. 1978. Presidential Decree Number 1594 or The Prescribing Policies. Guidelines. Rules and Regulations for Government Infrastructure Contracts' was promulgated. Presidential Decree No. 1350 was promulgated on April 7. 1978 — allowing applicants for citizenship to take the board exam pending the approval of their petition. 1978 -1982 The construction and appurtenant structures was authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7. 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27. 1982 and started operations in 1983. Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary study conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was a Rock-fill dam with a height of 114 meters and length of 4. 160 meters. 1979 On July 23. 1979 under Executive Order No. 546. MPWTC was again restructured into two (2) Ministries — the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), integrating all bureaus and offices concerned with public works functions and activities under the Ministry of Public Works. The same went true with all offices involved in transportation and communications which were placed under the supervision and administration of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Minister Jose P. Dans served as head of the MOTC. 26 | Civil Engineering Orientation  On July 23. 1979. by Executive Order No. 546. PNR becomes one of the attached agencies of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, now DOTC 1980's Major highways and expressways were constructed through the financial assistance and loans from foreign banks 1980 In 1980 President Marcos founded the Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC), responsible for water supply in areas where neither MWSS nor LWUA carries out the service or assists the LGUs, respectively. The RWDC was expected to create rural water supply associations in order to construct, operate, and maintain their own water supply systems in communities with fewer than 20, 000 inhabitants. On July 12, 1980, the country's president. Ferdinand E. Marcos, created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) as a government agency. The Chairman was the then First Lady and Governor of Metro Manila. Imelda Romualdez Marcos. This LRTA confined its activities to determining policies, to the regulation and fixing of fares, and to the planning of extensions to the system. The project was called Metrorail and was operated by a sister company of the former tramway company Meralco called Metro, Inc. Initial assistance for building the LRT project came from the Belgian government which granted a P300 million "soft" and interest-free loan with a repayment time of 30 years. The project was expected to pay for itself within a period of 20 years out of revenue alone. A Belgian consortium consisting of ACEC (Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi, BN), (Constructions Ferroviaires, et Metalliques, fomierly Brugeoise et Nivelles). TEI (Tractionnel Engineering International) and TC (Transurb Consult) provided an additional loan of P700 million. The consortium provided the cars, signalling, power control, telecommunications, training and technical assistance. The entire system was expected to be financially "in the red- well into 1993. Against an expected gross revenue of P365 million for the first operating year, government losses were thought likely to reach P216 million. The system was designed as a public utility rather than as a profit center. Construction of the line started in October 1981, and was the responsibility of CDCP (Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines), with assistance from the Swiss firm of Losinger and the American company Dravo, the latter, through its Philippine subsidiary. The government appointed Electrowatt Engineering Services of Zurich (Switzerland) to manage and supervise the project. Electrowatt set up offices in Manila and became responsible for extension studies of the system which eventually comprised 150 km of routes along all major corridors in about 20 years' time. Martial Law executed Letter of Instruction 1000 on March 20, 1980 — the Malacanang edict of having just one organization for each profession to be accredited by the Professional Regulations Commission. 1981 MPW and MPH were merged to become The Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) Under Executive Order No. 710 dated July 27. 1981, the Ministries of Public Works and Public Highways were merged for a more effective and sustained implementation of infrastructure projects. Under the restructured set-up, the agency was known as the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) with 14 regional offices. 94 districts and 60 city engineering offices, five (5) bureaus and six (6) service offices, in addition to corporations and councils attached to the Ministry for administrative supervision. 27 | Civil Engineering Orientation  In as early as 1981, the Philippine Board of Examiners for the Various Licensure Examinations for the Practice of Engineering and Architecture began to use the new system of units. SI. 1980's The increase of handheld calculators revolutionized engineering, with faster and more efficient calculations leaving the old slide rule behind. 1982 Magat Dam is a large rock-fill dam on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. The dam is located on Magat River, a major tributary of Cagayan River. Construction of the dam started in 1975 and completed in 1982. Magat Dam is one of the largest dams in the Philippines and has two primary purposes: as a source of irrigation water and as a provider of hydroelectric power. The construction and appurtenant structures was authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7. 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27. 1982 and started operations in 1983. Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary study conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Subsequent detailed and extensive dam site investigation and engineering studies further confirmed the feasibility of what is now known as NIA's most daring infrastructure project and one of Asia's biggest dams today. It was Southeast Asia's first large multipurpose dam. The dam is pad of the Magat River Multipurpose Project (MRMP) which was financed by the World Bank and whose purpose is to improve on the existing Magat River Irrigation System (MARIS) and to triple the production of rice in the Cagayan River basin. The project was jointly financed by the Philippine Govemment and the World Bank which extended a USS150M loan to finance the foreign exchange requirement. In addition, a USS9M loan from Bahrain was obtained for the purchase of other equipment for the diversion tunnels, soils laboratory and model testing. The total project cost is USS3.4B (yr. 1975). The Magat Dam is located on the Magat River at the boundary between the municipalities of Alfonso Lista in the province of Ifugao and Ramon in Isabela both on the island of Luzon, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of Metro Manila. The Magat River is the largest tributary of the Cagayan River, the longest river in the country. 1984 Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete water reservoir dam found in the Philippines. The dam is located about 7.5 kilometres downstream of the Angat Dam in Norzagaray. Bulacan province. It was a pad of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. Its normal level is 110 m. The Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete dam located about 7.5 kilometres downstream of the Angat Dam near its confluence with the Ipo River in Bulacan. It was completed in January 1984 with a maximum storage capacity of 7.5 million cubic metres, an increase of about 2,500 million litres per day (MLD) from the old Ipo Dam, which used to be located 200 metres upstream of the new dam. 28 | Civil Engineering Orientation  The spill level of the dam is at an elevation of 101 metres and it has seven radial floodgates. The watershed topography is characterised by mountainous terrain similar to the Angat Reservoir Watershed with moderate forest cover. The watershed has an area of about 70 square kilometers and receives an average annual rainfall of 3,500 millimeters. Tributaries to the Angat River at this section include the Ipo, Sapa Pako and Sapa Anginon Rivers. These tributaries drain into the Angat River from the eastern section of the watershed. Water from the dam is diverted to the Novaliches Portal and the La Mesa Darn through three intake structures going down to three connecting tunnels into five connecting aqueducts. After EDSA Revolution 1987 Finally, by virtue of Executive Order No. 124, dated January 30, 1987, the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) is now known as the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) with five (5) bureaus, six (6) services, 16 regional offices, 24 project management offices. 16 regional equipment services and 118 district engineering offices. As the primary engineering and construction arm of the government, the DPWH is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructures such as roads and bridges flood control systems, water resource development projects and other public works in accordance with national objectives. On August 17, 1987. Republic Act No. 6639 was enacted and the MIA was renamed the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The MIA Authority however, retained its corporate name since the law did not amend the original or revised charters of the MIAA. 1989 On August 23. 1989, the Tutuban Station and part of the railroad yard was leased out for shopping mall development. PNR Management Center transfers to its Training Center site in Caloocan City and PNR Operations Center transfers to its railway station in Paco, Manila. The La Mesa Watershed and Eco-Park consists of the La Mesa Dam and an ecological nature reserve site in Quezon City commissioned in 1929 in the Philippines. It is part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system, which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila. The La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of 27 square kilometers. The water collected in the reservoir is treated on-site by the Maynilad Water Services, and at the Balara Treatment Plant further south by the Manila Water. Both water companies are private concessionaires awarded by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, the government agency in charge of water supply. It is a vital link to the water requirements of 12 million residents of Metro Manila considering that 1.5 million liters of water pass through this reservoir every day. It is also the last forest of its size in the metropolis. 1991 And for the first time, a "Civil Engineering Week' for the period November 3 to 9. 1991 was declared by Maiacaiiang thru Proclamation No.799 issued on September 20. 1991 by President Corazon C. Aquino. The C.E. week was celebrated nationwide thru coordinated activities of all PICE chapters and the PICE National Board culminating in the most successful and well-attended '91 PICE Annual Convention (1.400 plus registered participants). 29 | Civil Engineering Orientation