Medical Terminology Lecture Notes (PDF)

Medical terminology Lecture (1) ❑ is language used to precisely describe the human body including its components, processes, conditions affecting it, and procedures performed upon it. ❑ Medical terminology is used in the field of medicine and pharmacy.  Lo Learning Outcom...

Medical terminology Lecture (1) ❑ is language used to precisely describe the human body including its components, processes, conditions affecting it, and procedures performed upon it. ❑ Medical terminology is used in the field of medicine and pharmacy.  Lo Learning Outcomes  Course Content 1- Medical Term Components ‫مكونات المصطلح‬ 2- Prefix, root and suffix ‫الطبي‬  prefix Root Suffix Prefix Suffix a word part attached to a word part attached to the beginning of a the end of the word word root to modify root to modify its its meaning meaning Root the word part that is the core of the word  Course Content 1- Medical Term Components 2- Prefix, root and suffix 3- Medical terms pertaining to major body systems ‫المصطلحات الطبية‬ ‫المتعلقة بأجهزة‬ ‫الجسم الرئيسية‬  Course Content 1- Medical Term Components 2- Prefix, root and suffix 3- Medical terms pertaining to major body systems 4-Pharmaceutical terminologies ‫المصطلحات الصيدالنية‬  Course Content 1- Medical Term Components 2- Prefix, root and suffix 3- Medical terms pertaining to major body systems 4-Pharmaceutical terminologies 5- Medical abbreviations ‫االختصارات الطبية‬  Course Content 1- Medical Term Components 2- Prefix, root and suffix 3- Medical terms pertaining to major body systems 4-Pharmaceutical terminologies 5- Medical abbreviations 6- Medical idioms Idiom ‫مصطلح‬ Medical idioms ‫المصطلحات الطبية الشائعة‬ Medical Terminology Lecture 2 Assoc. Prof. Amira El-Gazar Medical Terminology definition Is language used to precisely describe the human body including its components, processes, conditions affecting it, and procedures performed upon it. Medical terminology is used in the field of medicine and pharmacy. Most medical terms are a combination of word parts prefix Root /Stem Suffix Most of them comes from Latin or Greek words Other language such as English ,German and French  prefix Root Suffix Prefix Suffix a word part attached to a word part attached to the beginning of a the end of the word word root to modify root to modify its its meaning meaning Root the word part that is the core of the word  Defining Medical Terms through word structural analysis  You can define a term according to Word Structure Analysis by : prefix Suffix Root  Pericarditis Peri + card + itis prefix Root Suffix Around Inflammation Heart inflammation around the heart  Root + suffix Lipemia lip + emia Root Suffix Blood Fat condition A condition of fat in blood  Prefix + Root + suffix hyperlipemia Hyper + lip + emia prefix Root Suffix Blood Excessive Fat condition A condition of excessive fat in blood  Cardiac Cardi / ac Cardi + ac root suffix Pertaining to / Related to Heart Pertaining to heart  Combining vowels prefix Root Suffix 1 Combining Vowel a word part, usually an “O” or “i” 2 prefix Suffix Root Root + Root Combining Vowel a word part, usually an “O” or “i”  Combining vowels When a medical term has more than one root, each is joined by a vowel [ o ] is the most common combining vowel [ i ] is the second most common combining vowel. They are used to join: i – root to root. ii- root to suffix  Additional Roots {often a medical term is formed of two or more roots} Hyperlipoproteinemia Hyper/lip/o/protein/emia vowel prefix Suffix Root Root A condition of excessive fat and protein in blood Why we use Combining vowels To ease pronunciation Is their presence mandatory Not all medical terms have combining vowels Rules for Forming and Spelling Medical Terms 1. Memorizing and spelling basic medical word components are the first steps for learning how to form medical terms 2. The next step is to construct the words using the following steps 1-A combing vowel is used to join root to root as well as to any suffix beginning with a constant Electr + cardi + gram Root Root Suffix Electric Record Heart Electr/o/cardi/o/gram Electrical record of the heart 2-A combining vowel is not used before a suffix that begins with a vowel 2-A combining vowel is not used before a suffix that begins with a vowel Vas + Ectomy Root Suffix Vessel excision ‫استئصال‬ Vasectomy Excision of a vessel 3-If the roots ends in a vowel and the suffix begins with the same vowel, drop the final vowel from the root and do not use a combining vowel cardi + itis Inflammation Heart Carditis Inflammation of heart 4- when a prefix ends in a vowel and the root begins with a vowel, the final vowel is dropped from the prefix para + enter + al prefix Root Suffix Alongside of Pertaining to Intestine Parenteral Pertaining to alongside of the intestine 4-Most often a combining vowel is inserted between two roots even when the second root begins with a vowel. Cardi esophag eal Root Root Suffix Pertaining to Heart cardi/o/esophag/eal pertaining to heart and esophagus  Formation of medical terms All medical terms build from the root. Prefixes and suffixes are attached to the root to modify its meaning. Often two or more roots are linked before being modified.  Silent letters at the start of a word and unusual pronunciation Letter Pronunciation Example Ch K Chemical C (before a,o,u) K Cavity Colon Cure C (before e,i) s Cephalic Cirrhosis Dys dis Dystrophy Eu u euphoria Gn n gnathic Letter Pronunciation Example Ph f pharmacy Pn n pneumonia Ps s pseudo Pt t ptosis Rh r rheumatic X z xiphoid  Singular and Plural Forms Word ending Pleural Singular Pleural ending a ae vertebra vertebrae (Bone of the spine ) en ina lumen lumina (Central opening) ex, ix ices index indices (indicator) is es diagnosis diagnoses (identification of diseases)  Singular and Plural Forms Word ending Pleural Singular Pleural ending a ae vertebra vertebrae (Bone of the spine ) en ina lumen Lumina (Central opening) ex, ix ices index indices (indicator) is es diagnosis diagnoses (identification of diseases) Word ending Pleural Singular Pleural ending nx nges Phalanx Phalanges (anx,inx,ynx) ( bone of finger or toe) On a Ganglion Ganglia (mass of nerve tissue ) Um a Ovum Ova (egg) Us i Fungus Fungi (mold) 1-Hypothermia 2-Oncolysis 3-primigravida 4-Megabladder  los Learning Outcomes 1-Medical terminology 2-why we take Medical terminology 3- word structural analysis 4- word parts (prefix + root + suffix) 5- Combining vowels 6- Rules for Forming and Spelling Medical Terms 7-Silent letters + unusual pronunciation 8-Singular and Plural Forms  ‫‪Room‬‬ ‫‪Number‬‬ ‫‪AMIRA123‬‬ ‫رقم الجلوس (‪ 5‬أرقام) واالسم ثالثي (باإلنجليزي)‬ ‫‪EXAMPLE:‬‬ ‫‪20137 Ahmed Ali Hamdy‬‬ ‫أي اسم زيادة ب نقص ‪ 5‬درجات من اعمال السنة‬  ‫‪Room‬‬ ‫‪Number‬‬ ‫‪AMIRA123‬‬ ‫رقم الجلوس (‪ 5‬أرقام) واالسم ثالثي (باإلنجليزي)‬ ‫‪EXAMPLE:‬‬ ‫‪20137 Ahmed Ali Hamdy‬‬ ‫أي اسم زيادة ب نقص ‪ 5‬درجات من اعمال السنة‬  Medical terminology Dr. Amira El-Gazar Assoc. Prof. of Pharmacology and Toxicology Lecture (3) Roots and their pronunciation Root Roots pertaining to physical factors Root Meaning Example Definition aer/o Air, gas aerobe Organism that requires air (oxygen ) to live bar/o Pressure barotrauma Injury (trauma) caused by pressure  Root Meaning Example Definition Chrom/o Color, stain Chromatic Pertaining to color Chromat/o cry/o cold Cryoprobe Instrument used to apply extreme cold to tissues Opposite of Chromatic is Transparent  Root Meaning Example Definition Electr/o Electricity Electroshock Shock produced by electricity Erg/o Work Synergistic Acting together with increased effect Kine movement Kinesis movement Kinesi/o Kinet/o Kinetics Phot/o Light Photosensitive Abnormally sensitive to light  Roots Meaning Example Definition radio Radiation Radioactive Giving off radiation X-ray Son/o sound Sonic Having a frequency within the audibility range of human Pertaining to high Ultrasonic frequency sound Ultrasound waves (beyond human hearing ) Therm/o Heat Hypothermia Low body temperature temperature  Roots pertaining to Time Roots Meaning Example Definition Chron/o Time Synchronous Occurring together Noct/i Night Nocturnal Occurring at night nyct/o Night, Nyctophobia Fear of night darkness or darkness  Roots pertaining to chemistry Root Meaning Example Definition adiposis accumulation of fat in adip/o fat the body amyloid resembling (like) starch amyl/o starch nitrogen azoturia increased nitrogen azot/o compounds in urine Compound 8  Roots pertaining to chemistry Root Meaning Example Definition Ferric (ferric : containing iron in oxidized form ferr/i Iron ferr/o Ferrous (ferrous : containing iron in reduced) sugar glyc/o Hypoglycemia low blood glucose Glucose Roots pertaining to chemistry Root Meaning Example Definition hyperkalemia excess potassium kal/ potassium in the blood lip/o lipid liposuction surgical removal of fat by suction water, dehydrate to loss water hydr/o fluid  Roots pertaining to chemistry Root Meaning Example Definition natr/i sodium decrease of sodium hyponatremia in the blood prote/o protein Dissolving of protein Proteolysis in blood sider/o iron Deficiency of iron in Sideropenia blood Steat/o fatty steatorrhea Fatty diarrhea Easily recognized roots oxy oxygen calci calcium  Roots pertaining to diseases Root Meaning Example Definition Carcin/o Cancer Carcinogen Substance that produces cancer lith Calculus ,stone lithiasis Stone formation Onc/o tumor oncolysis Destruction (lysis) of a tumor Path/o Disease Pathogenic Producing disease  Roots pertaining to diseases Root Meaning Example Definition Py/o Pus Pyorrhea Discharge (rhea) of pus Pyr/o Fever ,fire Pyretic Pertaining to fever Antipyretic Drugs that decrease fever or temp  Root Meaning Example Definition Tox /o Poison, toxin Toxic Poisonous, Toxic/o damaging Scler/o Hard Sclerosis Hardening of tissue Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that can affect the brain and spinal cord, causing a wide range of potential symptoms, including problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation or balance. Prefix and their pronunciation Prefix  Prefix pertaining to numbers Prefix Meaning example Defination Prim/i First primigravida Woman pregnant (gravid) for the first time Mon/o One Monoclonal A cell colony (clone) arising from a single cell Uni One Unicellular Organism composed of single cell  Prefix pertaining to numbers Prefix Meaning example Defination Di Two, twice diplegia double Paralysis diplo Double Diplopia Double vision Bi Two, twice Bicuspid Having or ending in two points (cuspus)  Prefix pertaining to numbers Prefix Meaning example Definition Hemi Half, one side Hemi thorax One side of the chest ( thorax) Semi Half, partial Semilunar Resembling a half moon tri Three Triad Group of three  Prefix pertaining to numbers Prefix Meaning example Definition Quadr/i Four Quadrant One fourth of Terta an area Penta Five Pentanoic An acid with 5 carbons Multi Many Multiple Consisting of many parts Poly Many, much Polymorphic Having many shapes (morph/o)  Prefix pertaining to size and comparison Prefix Meaning example Definition Eu True, good, Euthanasia Easy or easy, normal painless death Heter/o Other Heterosexual Pertaining to different the opposite unequal sex Homo Same Homothermic Maintaining homeo unchanging the body temp iso Same ,equal Isograft Graft between two genetically identical individuals  Prefix pertaining to size and comparison Prefix Meaning example Definition Macro Large Macroscopic Visible with the abnormally naked eye large (without a microscope) Mega Large Megabladder Permanent Megalo Abnormally enlargement of large the bladder Micro small Microsurgery Surgery of extremely small structures under the microscope Prefix pertaining to size and comparison Prefix Meaning example Definition Neo New Neonate Newborn infant Infant in the first 28 days after birth normo Normal Normovolemia Normal blood volume ortho Straight Orthosis Appliance/ device ortho used to correct or upright prevent deformities  Prefix pertaining to size and comparison Prefix Meaning example Definition poikilo Varied Poikiloderma Mottled irregular condition of the skin pseudo False Pseudoparalysis False paralysis re Again, back Reflux Backward or return flow Reflux esophagitis  Prefix pertaining to color Prefix Meaning example Definition Cyan/o blue Cyanosis Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen Erythr/o red Erythrocyte Red blood cell Leuk/o White, Leukoplakia White colorless pathches in the mouth Melan/o Black, dark melanin The dark pigment that colors the hair and skin  Prefix pertaining to color Prefix Meani example Definition ng Xanth/o Xanthoma Yellow raised area on the skin yellow Icter/ Icterus index Index denoting blood concentration of bilirubin Polio grey Polioencephalities Inflammation of the Glauc/o gray matter of the brain Verd/o Green Verdoglobin Any of several green compounds derived from hemoglobin or related compounds  Prefix pertaining to direction Prefix Meaning example Definition Ab Away from Abduct To move away from the midline Ad Toward, near Adhesion An attachment of parts Dia Through Dialysis Separation (- lysis) by passage through a memberane  Prefix Meaning example Definition Per Through Percutaneous Through the skin Trans Through Transfusion Introduction of blood or blood components into blood stream  Prefix pertaining to position Prefix Meaning example Definition Dextro Right Dextrocardia ( rare condition) Location of the heart in the right side of the chest Sinistro/o Left Sinistrad Towards the left ecto Out Ectopic Outside the normal outside position (Ectopic pregnancy: out side the uterus) Prefix Meaning example Definition Ex/o Away from Excise To cut out Outside Endo In, within Endoscope Device for viewing the inside of a cavity or organ Quiz [Day + time] 3/11/2024  ‫‪Room‬‬ ‫‪Number‬‬ ‫‪AMIRA123‬‬ ‫رقم الجلوس (‪ 5‬أرقام) واالسم ثالثي (باإلنجليزي)‬ ‫‪EXAMPLE:‬‬ ‫‪20137 Ahmed Ali Hamdy‬‬ ‫أي اسم زيادة ب نقص ‪ 5‬درجات من اعمال السنة‬  Dr. Amira El-Gazar PhD of Pharmacology and Toxicology Lecture 4 Prefix- -Root- -Suffix Prefix-  Prefix pertaining to time and/or position Prefix Meaning example Definition Ante- Before antenatal Before birth Leading to a condition Before Pre- Predisposing such as a disease in front of (Predisposing factors ) Before Pro- Prophylaxis Prevention of disease in front of After Post- Postoperative After a surgical operation behind  Prefix pertaining to disease Prefix- Meaning example Definition Brady- Slow Bradycardia Slow heart rate Tachy- Rapid Tachypnea Rapid breathing ▪ Abnormal Dys- ▪ Painful Dysfunction Abnormal function ▪ Difficult Mal- Bad Malnutrition Poor nutrition Thickness of the Pachy- Thick Pachyderma skin dryness of the skin Xero- Dry Xerosis or membranes  Prefix pertaining to degree Prefix- Meaning Example Definition Over, excess High blood Hyper- Abnormally Hypertension pressure High, increased Under - below Low amount of Hypo- abnormally low Hypoventilation air entering lungs decreased Low number Few Oligospermia of sperm in Olig/o or the semen deficiency of Oligouria low urine out put Pan- All Panplegia Total paralysis Super- Above or excess Superinfection Second infection  Negative Prefix Prefix- Meaning Example Definition To remove Down, removal, Dis- disinfectant infectious separation organisms from Lack of control In- Not Incontinence over excretion Im- Not moving Un- Not Unconscious Not responsive A- Not Analgesia Pain killer  Anti- Anti-hypertensive drugs Anti-protozoal drugs Anti-viral drugs Antibiotics Prefix- -Root- -Suffix -Suffix and their pronunciation  Suffix pertaining to specialties -Suffix Meaning example Definitions Study of function in a -Logy Study of Physiology living organism Specialist in study and Specialist in a -ist Dentist treatment of the teeth field of study and mouth Specialist in a Practitioner of -ian, -ician Physician field of study medicines Study of treatment of Pediatrics children diseases -iatrics Field of medicine iatry Study of treatment of Psychiatry mental illness Specialist in a Specialist in study and -iatrist Podiatrist field of study treatment of the foot  Suffix that mean “condition of’’ Suffix that mean “condition of’’ -Suffix Example Meaning -ia Insomnia Inability to sleep -iasis Amebiasis Infection with ameba (parasites) Chronic dependence or addiction -ism Alcoholism to alcohol -oasis Neurosis Psychological disorder -y Atony Lack of muscle tone  Suffix pertaining to disease -Suffix Meaning example Definitions -Algia Pain Gastralgia Pain in the stomach -Dysnia Pain in the head Pain Cephalodynia -Dynia (headache) Hernia of the urinary -Cele Hernia cystocele bladder (cyst/o) -Clasis Karyoclasis Breaking of a cell Breaking -Clasia (karyolysis) nucleus Inflammation of the -itis Inflammation Colitis Colon Enlargement of the -megaly Enlargenemt Hepatomegaly liver (hepat/o)  Suffix pertaining to disease -Suffix Meaning example Definitions -Oma Tumor Lipoma Fatty tumor Any disease of the -Pathy Any disease of neuropathy nervous system Bursting -Rhage Profuse flow of Profuse Hemorrhage -Rhagia blood flow Frequent passage of -Rhea Flow, discharge Diarrhea watery stool Rapture of the -Rhexis Reputure Amniorrhexis amniotic sac (bag of waters) Fissure Splitting of the -Schisis Retinoschisis splitting retina of the eye  Suffix pertaining to disease -Suffix Meaning example Definitions Instrument used to record Instrument for the electrical signal from -graph Cardiograph recording data the heart to check for different heart conditions Roentgenography Obtaining pictures with -graphy Recording data radiography roentgen rays (x-rays) Record obtained by -gram A record of data Sonogram ultrasonography Instrument for Instrument for measuring -meter Spirometer measuring ventilation and breathing Measurement of vision -metry Measurement Optometry (opt/o) for glasses Instrument for Endoscope used to -scope viewing or for Cystoscope examine the urinary examining bladder Examination of the -scopy Examination Laparoscopy abdomen through the abdominal wall (lapar/o) suffixes that mean ‘‘small’’ suffixes that mean ‘‘small’’ -suffix Example Definition small belly or pouch -cle Ventricle - A cavity -ole Bronchiole small airway -ula Macula small spot -ule Pustule small pimple  Suffix pertaining to surgery -suffix Meaning example Definitions Puncture Puncture of the -centesis Celiocentesis or Tap abdomen Excision Excision of the tonsils -ectomy Tonsillectomy surgical removal (tonsill/o) Binding the pleural Binding -desis Pleurodesis membranes fusion (around the lungs) Surgical Surgical fixation of the -pexy Uteropexy fixation uterus (uter/o) Plastic repair of the nasal Plastic repair, -plasty Septoplasty septum reconstruction (partition) Surgical repair, Surgical repair of the -rrhaphy Herniorrhaphy suture hernia (herni/o)  Suffix pertaining to surgery -suffix Meaning example Definitions Surgical Creation of an opening -stomy creation of an Colostomy into the colon opening Instrument for Instrument for cutting -tome incision Dermatome the skin (cutting) Incision, Surgical incision of the -tomy Laparotomy cutting abdominal wall -tripsy Crushing Lithotripsy Crushing of a stone Prefix- -Root- -Suffix -Adjective Suffix Suffix that describes the root suffixes that mean ‘‘pertaining to’’ Adjective suffixes -Suffix example Definitions -ac Cardiac Pertaining to the heart -al Skeletal Pertaining to the skeleton -ar Muscular Pertaining to the muscles -ary Urinary Pertaining to the urine -ic Pelvic Pertaining to the pelvis -ical Surgical Pertaining to surgery -ile Febrile Pertaining to fever -ous Venous Pertaining to a vein Pertaining to having and -ive Effective intended effect suffixes that mean ‘‘Similar to’’ Adjective suffixes -Suffix example Definitions -form Epileptiform Like or resembling epilepsy -oid Mucoid Like or resembling mucus Differentiate between Physiatrist and Psychologist? Important notes -root- -suffix Prefix- ‫عم كامل‬ ‫د آيات عماد‬ Medical terminology Dr. Amira El-Gazar PhD of Pharmacology and Toxicology Lecture (5) Fields of Medical Practice Physicians’ Specialty Doctor John 2019  Physicians’ Specialty 1 Specialty Scope of Practice Specialist Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Allergist/ Allergy and - allergic diseases, including immunologist immunology asthma - immunologic diseases as autoimmune. disorders Anesthetic care before, during, and after surgery and long-term Anesthesiology Anesthesiologist pain management and critical care. Diagnosis, medical care, and Colon and rectal surgical treatment of conditions Colon and rectal surgery related to the small intestine, surgeon colon, and rectum  Physicians’ Specialty 2 Specialty Scope of Practice Specialist Medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the skin and its Dermatology Dermatologist appendages, e.g., hair, nails, including cosmetic care Prehospital emergency medical care of acutely ill or injured Emergency patients; most commonly Emergency medicine rendered in an emergency physician department of a hospital or a free- standing urgent care facility Comprehensive general medical care of individuals of all ages and Family practice their families, with emphasis on Family physician disease prevention and health promotion  Physicians’ Specialty 3 Specialty Scope of Practice Specialist Diagnosis and management of Cardiology conditions related to the heart and Cardiologist blood vessels Diagnosis and management of diseases of the endocrine glands, Endocrinology Endocrinologist e.g., diabetes, obesity, thyroid dysfunction Diagnosis and management of Gastroenterology conditions related to the digestive Gastroenterologist system Diagnosis and treatment of blood Hematology Hematologist disorders  Physicians’ Specialty 4 Specialty Scope of Practice Specialist Oncology Treatment of tumors and cancer Oncologist Treatment of arthritis and related Rheumatology Rheumatologist disorders Nonsurgical treatment of diseases Neurology Neurologist of the nervous system Surgical and nonsurgical treatment Neurological of diseases of the nervous system Neurosurgeon surgery and supportive structures, including blood vessels Care and treatment of mother and fetus throughout pregnancy, Obstetrics Obstetrician childbirth, and immediate postpartum period  Physicians’ Specialty 5 Specialty Scope of Practice Specialist Medical and surgical treatment of Gynecology disorders of the female Gynecologist reproductive and urinary system Medical and surgical treatment of Ophthalmology the eye, including vision care and Ophthalmologist services Medical, surgical, and treatment of disorders of the Orthopedic Orthopedic musculoskeletal system, including surgeon surgery the bones, joints, muscles, Orthopedist ligaments, tendons, and nerves Surgical and nonsurgical treatment of the male urinary and Urology Urologist reproductive system and the female urinary system  Physicians’ Specialty 6 Specialty Scope of Practice Specialist Comprehensive medical care of infants, children, and adolescents, with emphasis Pediatrics Pediatrician on disease prevention and healthful physical and mental development Surgery for restoration, repair, or Plastic surgery reconstruction of body structures, e.g., Plastic surgeon body contouring, skin grafting Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Psychiatry mental, emotional, and behavioral Psychiatrist disorders Use of x-ray, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound, to diagnose disease, or in therapies that involve imaging guidance; Radiology Radiologist primary fields include diagnostic radiology, radiation oncology, and radiation physics Fields of Medical Practice Medical term related to Disease  Medical term related to Disease 1 Term Meaning Sharp; having intense, often severe symptoms Acute and a short course A condition developing slowly and persisting Chronic over time Benign Mild or noncancerous Malignant Harmful or cancerous Gradual deterioration of normal cells and Degeneration body functions Degenerative Any disease in which there is deterioration of disease structure or function of tissue Determination of the presence of a disease Diagnosis based on an evaluation of symptoms, signs, and test findings (results)  Medical term related to Disease 2 Term Meaning Etiology Cause of a disease Increase in severity of a disease with Exacerbation aggravation of symptoms A period in which symptoms and signs stop or Remission abate Febrile Relating to a fever (elevated temperature) Gross Large; visible to the naked eye A condition occurring without a clearly Idiopathic identified cause Localized Limited to a definite area or part  Medical term related to Disease 3 Term Meaning Relating to the whole body rather than only a Systemic part A feeling of unwellness, often the first indication Malaise of illness Equivocal Vague, questionable Morbidity Sick; a state of disease Mortality Death; state of being mortal Progressive The advance of a condition as signs and symptoms increase in severity Prophylaxis A process that prevents disease. To occur again; describes a return of symptoms Recurrent and signs after a period of quiescence  Medical term related to Disease 4 Term Meaning Marked Significant Unremarkable Not significant A mark; objective evidence of disease that can Sign be seen or verified by an examiner Occurrence; subjective evidence of disease that Symptom is perceived by the patient and often noted in his or her own words A combination of symptoms and signs (running Syndrome together) that give a different clinical picture indicating a particular condition or disease, Body organs and parts  Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism  Roots pertaining to cells and tissues Root Meaning example Definition Morphologic Relating to the form or morph/o form structure of things Cyt/o or Cell Cytology Study of cells cyte kary nucleus Megakaryocyte Cell of large nucleus fibr/o fiber Fibroma Fiber tumor hist/o tissue Histology Specialty to study tissue reticul/o network Reticulocyte Immature red blood cells Myx or Mucus or Muco Mucus Myxoma Tumor of mucus tissue membrane Aden gland Adenoma Gland tumor The nervous system  Neurotransmission Neurotransmitter Receptor ++ +++++ ++++++++ Brain Ganglia Organ Action central nervous system peripheral nervous system  Roots pertaining to the nervous system Root Meaning example Definition Neur/o Nervous system Neuralgia Pain in a nerve Neur/i Nerve Gli/o Neuroglia Glioma Neuroglial tumor Gangli/o Ganglion Ganglionic Pertaining to a ganglion Ganglion/o Hernia of the meninges Mening/o Meninges Meningocele through the skull or spinal Meninge/o (memberane) cord Spinal cord Myel/o (also bone Myelogram X-ray of the spinal cord marrow) Root of a spinal Inflammation of the root of a Radiculi/o radiculitis nerve spinal nerve  Roots pertaining to the nervous system Root Meaning example Definition Medulla Oblongata Medull/o Medullary Pertaining to medulla (also spinal cord ) Treatment of disease Psych/o Mind Psychotherapy by mental means Stupor, un- State of stupor Narc/o Narcosis consciousness induced by drugs Somn/o Sleep Somnolence Sleepiness Somn/i  Roots pertaining to the nervous system Root Meaning example Definition Congenital absence Encephal /o Brain Anencephaly of a brain Pertaining to the Cerebr/o Cerebrum Cerebrospinal brain and spinal cord Outer portion Pertaining to the of the brain , Cortic/o Corticospinal cerebral cortex and cerebral spinal cord cortex Above the Cerebell/o Cerebellum Supracerebellar cerebellum Region of brain Thalam/o Thalamus Hypothalamus beneath the thalamus Suffixes pertaining to the nervous system Suffix Meaning example Definition Loss or defect in -phasia Speech Aphasia speech or communication Speech, -laila Echolalia Repetition of words babble -lexia Reading Bradylexia Slowness of reading -plegia Paralysis Paraplegia Paralysis of the legs Condition characterized by excessive sleepiness, -lepsy Seizures Narcolepsy sleep paralysis, and in some cases episodes of loss of muscle control  Words pertaining to the nervous system and used as suffixes Word/Suffix Meaning example Definition Partial paralysis of Paresis Paralysis Hemiparesis one side of the body Persistent Irrational Abnormal Phobia fear or Photophobia sensitivity pathological To light fear Excited state Abnormal self – Mania Egomania Obsession interest Medical terminology Lecture (6) Eye and vision  Eye structure Miosis or myosis: is excessive constriction of the pupil Mydriasis: is the dilation of the pupil myosis mydriasis  Retina, is the inner most layer of Let’s go deeper eye , receives light that the lens has focused, converts the light into neural signals, and send these signals to the brain for visual recognition. Lens: transparent eye structure that refract light to be focused on retina Cornea: the structure that covers most of eye inner structure  Roots pertaining to the eye and vision Root Meaning Example Definition Opt/o Eye, vision Optometer Instrument for measuring the refractive power of the eye Ocul/o Eye Ocular Pertaining to the eye Ophthalm/o Eye exophthalmos Protrusion of the eyeball Scler/o sclera Episclera Outermost layer of the sclera Corneo cornea Corneal Pertaining to the cornea Kerat/o cornea Keratoplasty Plastic repair of the cornea ,coreneal transplant Root Meaning Example Definition Lent/i Lens Lenticonus Conical protrusion of the lens Phak/o lens Phacolysis Destruction of the eye Phac/o lens Uve/o Uvea Uveitis Inflammation of the uvea Dipl/o Double Diplopia Double vision  Root Meaning Example Definition Ir,irit/o Iris Iridoschisis Separation of the iris Irid/o into two layers Pupill/o Pupil Pupillary Pertaining to the pupil Retin/o retina Retinopathy Any disease of the retina Cycl/o Ciliary body Cycloplegia Paralysis of the cillary Ciliary mucle muscle The ciliary body is a circular structure that is an extension of the iris, the colored part of the eye. The ciliary body produces the fluid in the eye called aqueous humor. It also contains the ciliary muscle, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a near object.  Suffixes pertaining to the eye and vision Root Meaning Example Definition -opia Eye, vision hemianopia Blindness in half the visual field -opsia Vision heteropsia Unequal vision in the two eyes  Prefix pertaining to the eye structure Prefix Meaning Example Definition Palpebr/o Eyelid Palpebral Pertaining to an eyelid Blephar/o Eyelid Blepharoptosis Dropping to an eyelid Lacrim/o Tear, lacrimal Nasolcarimal Pertaining to the nose and apparatus lacrimal apparatus Dacry/o Tear, lacrimal Dacryostenosis Construction of a lacrimal apparatus duct Dacryocyst/o Lacrimal sac Dacryocystitis Inflammation of the lacrimal sac Glaucoma  Glaucoma Glaucoma refers to a group of diseases where the pressure inside the eye is sufficiently elevated to cause irreversible optic nerve damage resulting in visual field loss. Why Increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) If not treated Can cause blindness. The respiratory system  The respiratory system The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange respiratory tract conveys air from the mouth and nose to the lungs, where the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and the capillaries, This exchange of gases, called respiration. Intake of air is called inspiration or inhalation, and outflow of air is called expiration or exhalation.  Roots pertaining to respiratory system Root Meaning Example Definition Nas/o Paranasal Near the nose Rhin/o Nose Rhinorrhea Discharge from the nose Pharng/o Pharynx Pharyngeal Pertaining to the pharynx Laryng/o Larynx Laryngoscope Endoscope for examination of the larynx Trachea/o trachea Tracheotomy Incision of the trachea Broncho/o Bronchus Bronchospasm spasm of lung tissue Bronch/i  Roots pertaining to respiratory system Root Meaning Example Definition Pneum/o Respiration Excision of lung Pneumon/o Lung, air, Pneumonectomy tissues Pneumat/o gas Pulm/o Lungs Pulmonary Pertaining to the Pulmon/o lungs Spir/o Breathing Spirometer Instrument for measuring breathing volumes Or Mouth Oral Related to mouth  Symptomatic terms related to respiratory system Medical term Meaning apnea inability to breathe bradypnea slow breathing tachypnea fast breathing hypopnea shallow breathing hyperpnea Increased rate and depth of breathing dyspnea difficulty breathing eupnea normal breathing orthopnea ability to breathe only in an upright position material expelled from the lungs by sputum coughing  Symptomatic terms related to respiratory system Medical term Meaning Excessive movement of air in and out of the hyperventilation lungs deficient movement of air in and out of the hypoventilation lungs causing hypercapnia hypoxemia deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells pulmonary fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, edema eventually flooding into the alveoli rhinorrhea thin, watery discharge from the nose  Diagnostic terms related to respiratory system Medical term Meaning obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of Asthma their mucous membrane, characterized by sudden and periodic attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough Bronchitis inflammation of the bronchi Bronchogenic lung cancer Carcinoma constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of Bronchospasm the peribronchial smooth muscle  Diagnostic terms related to respiratory system Medical term Meaning obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air, with Emphysema destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange Laryngitis inflammation of the larynx inflammation in the lung caused by infection Pneumonia from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals Tonsillitis acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils Sinusitis inflammation of the sinuses  Agents Used to Treat the Respiratory System Agents Meaning Antitussives Agents that control coughing. Agents that dilate the walls of the bronchi and prevent Bronchodilators spasms Agents that relieve mucus congestion of the Decongestants upper respiratory tract. Agents that promote the coughing and Expectorants expelling of mucus. Devices that deliver medication through the nose Nebulizers or mouth in a fine spray to the respiratory tract. Ventilators Mechanical breathing devices.