Medical Terminology 2024-2025 PDF

Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Introduction to the course 1  Course Objectives By the end of this course, you should be able to: Divide, analyze, define, and pronounce complex medical words by recognizing their compo...

Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Introduction to the course 1  Course Objectives By the end of this course, you should be able to: Divide, analyze, define, and pronounce complex medical words by recognizing their components: prefixes, suffixes, combining forms, and root words. Explain the common rules for proper medical term formation, pronunciation, and spelling. Name the organs of the digestive system, urinary system, cardiovascular system, respiratory systems, musculoskeletal system, eye and ear and describe their locations and functions using related terminology Identify and define medical terms which describe major pathological conditions and disease processes that affect each body system Identify and define useful diagnostic and procedural terms related to each system Apply this new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper context such as in medical reports and records. 2  General Information Course Title Medical Terminology Course code TERM211 Credit hours 2 Pre-requisites ENGH 101, ENGH 102, ENGH 103 Course duration 15 weeks Course dates 18 August 2024 – 28 November 2024 Course chief coordinator Dr. Nabeel Qamar Course coordinator 3 Recommended reference Book 4  Course Contents The following chapters will be selected from the core textbook The Language of Medicine, 12th Edition- 2017 (LM), Davi-Ellen Chabner: Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Chapter 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Chapter 3 Suffixes Chapter 4 Prefixes Chapter 5 Digestive System Chapter 6 Additional Suffixes and Digestive System Terminology Chapter 7 Urinary System Chapter 11 Cardiovascular System Chapter 12 Respiratory System Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System Chapter 17 Eye & Ear 5 Faculty names and their responsibilities Chapter Title of Chapter Faculty names Introduction 1 Basic Word Structure 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole 3 Suffixes 4 Prefixes 5 The Digestive System 6 Additional suffixes and Digestive System Terminology 7 The Urinary System 11 The Cardiovascular System 12 The Respiratory System 15 The Musculoskeletal System 17 Eye and Ear 6 Exams Dates MID TERM EXAM Week-8 FINAL TERM EXAM End of semester 7  Course Evaluation Number Of Items Type Duration (Questions) Continuous Midterm 45 Questions 1.5 hrs. 40% Assessment Exam (Lectures 1 to 14) 60 Questions Final [15 (25%) from lectures Final Exam Written 2 hrs. 60% 1-14 and 45 (75%) from Examination the rest)] Total 100% 8  ASSESSMENT TOOLS Written exercises will be conducted throughout the course to assess students’ progress from the core textbook, The Language of Medicine, 12th Edition, (Davi- Ellen Chabner). The midterms and final exams will consist of the following assessment tools: 1. Multiple choice questions 2. Definition of word parts 3. Spelling drills 4. Case scenarios 5. Pronunciation 9  Attendance requirements Students are required to attend all educational activities during a TERM, no less than 75%. Your lecture attendance will be recorded during all the sessions. Failure to meet this requirement attendance without a valid explanation will result in exclusion from the final examination 10  No Re-sit Exam POLICY THERE IS NO RESIT EXAM FOR THE STUDENTS WHO FAILED IN THE EXAM, SO THERE IS NO SECOND CHANCE. ONLY RARELY WHO ARE ADMITTED TO THE HOSPITAL WITH A VALID REASON CAN APPEAR IN THE MAKE-UP EXAM, BUT IT WILL BE VERY HARDLY SCRUTINIZED. 11  Class Policy Attendance: Mandatory Late arrivals: after 10 minutes not allowed Cell Phones & Text Messaging: Not allowed. Phones: off! No talking: pay attention 12 THANK YOU 13  Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Chapter-1. Basic word structure 1  Learning outcomes By the end of the lecture student will be able to: Identify the basic objectives to study the medical language Understand the components of the medical terms Recognize the meanings of basic combining forms, suffixes and prefixes of the medical language. Build basic medical terms using prefixes, suffixes, root words, and combining forms Divide, analyze, define and pronounce complex medical words by recognizing their components: prefixes, suffixes, combining forms, and root words. Learn the common rules for proper medical term formation, pronunciation, and spelling. 2  Why you need to study the medical language The health care workers and related people use medical terms to communicate Medical literature uses the medical language / terms It is a sort of global medical language Knowing the rules applied in making a medical term helps you to interpret the long and difficult term 3 Important elements of medical terms Parts of a medical term (word): 1. Prefix: Beginning part of a word 2. Root. It is a foundation of the term 3. Suffix: Ending part of a word IMPORTANT: Root can combine easily with suffix if the first letter of suffix is a vowel, however, if it is not then add a vowel after the root called Combing vowel it is usually “O” that links the root to the suffix and the root combined with "o" is called Combining form of the root. 4 Important elements of medical terms Parts of a term Root is the foundation of the term e.g., Hematology. Here Hemat is root Suffix: Ending part of a word e.g., Hematology. Here logy is suffix 5 Important elements of medical terms Parts of a term Combing vowel: vowel usually (O) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root e.g., Hematology. Here o is combining vowel Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel e.g., Hematology. Hemato is the combining form of Hemet (the root) and logy is suffix Always read meaning of medical terms starting from suffix back to beginning of the term e.g. “Endometritis” Inflammation of the endometrium (of Uterus). 6  Root Frequently indicates a body part e.g. Hemat means Blood Or may be an action e.g. Cis means to cut Word roots are usually derived from Greek or Latin Greek word Meaning Word Root Kardia (heart) Cardi Gaster (stomach) Gastr Hepar (liver) Hepat Osteon (bone) Oste 7  Root Some medical terms are built without a word root e.g. Hypertrophy = Hypertrophy: Excessive development a) Hyper = Prefix meaning excessive. b) Trophy = Suffix meaning development. A single word root cannot stand alone A suffix and a combining vowel must be added to complete the term e.g. Hematology – process of study of blood Root Vowel Suffix 8  Combining Vowel/FORMS To make a medical term easier to pronounce, a combining vowel is added to combine two-word parts Between two-word roots Between word root and suffix Combing vowel is most commonly the letter ‘O’ A word root with a combining vowel is called a Combining Form e.g. cardi/o = cardio hemat/o = Hemato (combining form) Root Vowel 9  Combining Vowel/Forms It appears between word root and suffix. If the suffix begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u), do not use a combining vowel e.g. Gastr/o + itis = Gastritis , not gastroitis If the suffix begins with a consonant, use a combining vowel e.g. Enter/o + pathy = Enteropathy not enterpathy. Combining two roots tegether: e.g., In the term gastroenterology, “gastr” and “enter” are roots When two roots are there in a term, the combining vowel (o) is kept between two-word roots, even if the second root begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) e.g.Gastr/o/ enter/ o/ logy = Gastroenterology (not Gastrenterology) 10  Basic Combining forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology aden/o Gland Adenopathy arthr/o Joint Arthritis bi/ o Life Biopsy carcin/ o cancerous, cancer Carcinoma cardi/ o Heart Cardiology cephal/ o Head Cephalic cerebr/o Cerebrum Cerebral cis/ o to cut Incision crin/ o to secrete Endocrinology cyst/ o Bladder Cystoscopy cyt/o Cell Cytology 11  Basic Combining forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology derm/o, dermat/o skin Dermatitis electr/o electricity Electrocardiogram encephal/o brain Electroencephalogram enter/o intestines (small) Enteritis erythr/o red Erythrocyte gastr/o stomach Gastrectomy gnos/o knowledge Diagnosis gynec/o woman, female Gynecology hemat/o, hem/o blood Hematology hepat/o liver Hepatitis iatr/o treatment, healing Iatrogenic 12  Basic Combining forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology leuk/o white Leucocyte log/o study of Biology nephr/o kidney Nephritis neur/o nerve Neurology onc/o tumor Oncology ophthalm/o eye Ophthalmoscope oste/o bone Osteitis path/o disease Pathology ped/o child Pediatrics psych/o mind Psychology radi/o radiation Radiotherapy 13  Basic Combining forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology ren/o kidney Renal rhin/o nose Rhinitis sarc/o flesh Sarcoma sect/o to cut Resection thromb/o clot, clotting Thrombocyte ur/o urinary tract, urine Urology 14  Suffixes A suffix comes at the end of a word Suffixes usually, but not always, indicate a procedure, a condition, a disorder or a disease A suffix is always added after a word root to complete the term e.g. Root word: neur/o means nerves 1. Neural: means 'pertaining to nerves'. 2. Neuralgia: means 'A painful condition of nerves' Important: Read the meaning of the term from the suffix back to the beginning of term!!! 15  Basic Suffixes SUFFIX MEANING Terminology -ac Pertaining to Cardiac -al, -ar Pertaining to Renal, Nuclear -ic, -ical Pertaining to Gastric, dorsal -algia Condition of pain Arthralgia -cyte cell Erythrocyte -ectomy Excision, removal Nephrectomy -emia Blood condition Anemia -genic Pertaining to producing Cardiogenic -globin protein Hemoglobin -gram record Electrocardiogram -ion process Excision 16  Basic Suffixes SUFFIX MEANING Terminology -ist specialist Endocrinologist -itis inflammation Gastritis -logy Process of study Hepatology -oma tumor Adenoma -opsy Process of viewing Biopsy -osis Condition, usually abnormal Nephrosis -pathy Disease condition Neuropath -scope An instrument for visual examination Endoscope -scopy Process of visual examination Laryngoscopy -sis State of or condition of Prognosis -tomy Process of cutting Nephrotomy 17  Prefixes A prefix comes to the beginning of the term Can have an important influence on the meaning of the term Usually indicate a number, measurement, position/direction, color or status Not all medical terms contain prefixes e.g.: Subgastric means pertaining to under stomach Epigastric means pertaining to above the stomach 18  Basic Prefix Prefix Meaning Terminology A- no, not, without Aphonia An- no, not, without Anemia Auto- self, own autolysis Aut- self, own Autopsy Dia- through, complete diagnosis Endo- in, within, inside endoscopy Epi- upon, above epigastric Ex- out excision Exo- outside of, outward exocrine Hypo- below, less than normal hypothermia Hyper- excessive, more than normal hyperthyroidism 19  Basic Prefix Prefix Meaning Terminology In- into, in Incision Peri- surrounding, around Pericardium Pro- before, forward Prostate gland Re- back, backward, again Resection Retro- behind Retroperitoneal Sub- below, under subhepatic Trans- across, through transurethral 20 Determining the meaning of terms If you know the meaning of word parts you can guess the meaning of the whole term 1. First, define the suffix 2. Second, define the prefix 3. Third, define the word root (s) Transhepatic: pertaining to across the liver Hypoglycemia: blood condition of low sugar 21 Determining the meaning of terms Carcinogenic: 'pertaining to producing, cancer'. Pathogenic: 'pertaining to producing, disease'. Iatrogenic: 'pertaining to producing, healing'. Erythrocyte: Cell red (RBC) Leukocyte: Cell white (WBC) Thrombocyte: Cell clotting (platelet). Excision: 'process of cutting out'. Incision: 'process of cutting into'. 22 Determining the meaning of terms Hematology: 'Process of study, blood'. Endocrinology: 'Process of study, endocrine (glands). Gastroenterology: 'Process of study, stomach (&) intestine'. Hepatoma: 'Tumor (of) liver'. Carcinoma: Cancerous tumor of epithelial cells (cover the outside of the body, organs and lines the body cavities and tubes) Sarcoma: (Cancerous) 'tumor (of) connective tissue'. Hematoma: 'Tumor (Mass or collection or swelling of), blood 23  Determining the meaning of terms Epidermis: 'Above dermis' (this is the uppermost layer of the skin) Hyperthyroidism: 'A condition (of) increase (blood level of) thyroid (hormone). Pericardium: 'Surrounding the heart'. Prostate: 'Pro-:"before" and -state: “stands” or placed'. (Gland present in front of the male urinary bladder). Resection: 'Removal of part of an organ' (like liver, brain or bone). Excision: 'Removing it out' or 'cutting it out all'. 24  Points to remember Some words have more than one accepted spellings e.g.: Orthopedic (American) and Orthopaedic (British) Some combining forms have the different origins but same meaning. There are 3 combining forms that mean uterus 1. hyster/o, 2. metri/o, 3. uter/o. Some combining forms have nearly similar sound with different meaning, like ather/o means fatty e.g. atherosclerosis (hardening of vessel walls due to fatty deposits) and arthr/o means joint e.g. arthralgia (pain in a joint) 25  Points to remember Some terms have same sound with different meaning and spelling e.g. 1. Ileum means part of the small intestine 2. Ilium means part of the hip bone. 3. psy (psychiatry) and 4. cy (cytology). 26  Useful for pronunciations 1. C (before a,o,u) = k e.g. cavity, Colon, cure 2. C (before e, i) = s e.g. Cephalic, Cirrhosis 3. Ch (sometimes) = k e.g. Cholesterol 4. g (before a,o,u) = g Gall-bladder, Laryngology, Fungus 5. g (before e,i) = j Laryngitis, Genetic, giant 27  Useful for pronunciations ph = f phase pn = n Pneumonia ps = s Psychology rh = r Rhythm, Rhinitis rrh = r Hemorrhoid x (as 1st letter) = z Xeroderma 28 THANK YOU 29  Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Chapter-2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole 1  Learning Outcomes By the end of the lecture student will be able to: Define the terms that apply to the structural organization of the body Understand the terms pertaining to the body cavities Identify the terms related to the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions with their related contents Name the divisions of the spinal column Identify the terms related to body planes Distinguish the terms related to positions 2 Terms Related to Structural Organization of the body The body is structurally organized into four levels: 1. Cells 2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Systems 3  Cells Cytology is the study of the cell Familiar terms related to the cell are: cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondria nucleus chromosomes genes DNA endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes 4  Terms related to cells Cell membrane Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. Cytoplasm Formation in cell (material outside nucleus yet within cells membrane) Nucleus Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes Nucleic Pertaining to the nucleus Chromosomes Rod like structures in the nucleus that contain regions called genes Genes Regions of DNA within each chromosome DNA Chemical found within the each chromosome Mitochondria Sausage shaped structures in the cytoplasm which provide the principle source of energy Endoplasmic Network of canals within cytoplasm of cell reticulum 5  Chromosomes Rod like structures inside nucleus There are 46 chromosomes in (23 pairs) each human cell (except sex cells). Why? Arranged into pairs, 22 identical pairs + 1 pair (XX or XY) that determine the sex Contain regions called genes Each gene is made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which carries all genetic information in cells Genes are coded instructions for making everything the body needs, especially proteins, it directs the activities of the cell e.g. protein synthesis, cell division. 6  Karyotype Kary/O = nucleus, -type = classification, form, picture Karyotype = classification of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell Chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number & structure Downs Syndrome is an example of abnormal karyotype, in which chromosomes number become 47 instead of normal 46. 7 Unfamiliar terms related to the cell: Term Meaning Ism Process Bol/o to cast (or to throw) Cat/a breaking down Ana building up Meta to change Cata bol ism: The process of breaking down complex materials to form simpler ones and released energy Ana bol ism: The process of building up complex materials, such as proteins from simpler ones Meta bol ism: The total of chemical processes occurring in a cell (anabolism and catabolism) 8  Tissues A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function; such as muscle tissue Hist/o = tissue , log (logos) = study y = process, ist = specialist Histology is the microscopic study of the structure of tissues. Histologist is the specialist in the study of tissues. The cell types of the body are grouped into four basic kinds of body tissues Epithelial tissues Muscle tissues Connective tissues Nervous tissues 9  Types of tissues 1. Epithelial tissue: (protect and cover/line) lines internal organs & cover outer surface of skin epi = above or upon thel/o = nipple or cell layer ial = pertaining to 2. Connective Tissue: (support and connect) supporting tissues Adipose (fat) tissue, fibrous tissue, cartilage, bones, and blood are examples of connective tissue 10  Types of tissues 3. Muscle: (relax and contract) have property to contract. It Produce movement by virtue of contraction Voluntary muscles: under your control e.g. arm and leg muscles Involuntary muscles: not under your control e.g. smooth muscles in heart & digestive system) 4. Nervous tissue: (react to stimuli, conduct impulses) Composed of neurons. Form brain, spinal cord, and nerves Allows for conduction of electrical impulses between brain and rest of the body 11  Organs Organs of the body are made of combinations of different tissues in a proper order Example: the heart composed of muscle tissue and connective tissue Medical term for internal organs is viscerae (plural) / viscus (singular) Abdominal viscera include : liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen & gallbladder viscer/o = internal organs visceral = pertaining to the internal organs 12  Systems A system is a group of organs arranged in a specific order that work together to carry out major activities or processes Each organ belongs to at least one organ-system System Organs Digestive system Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Urinary system Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Respiratory system Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes and lungs. Endocrine system Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes and pancreas. 13  Systems System Organs Nervous system Brain, spinal cord and nerves. Musculoskeletal system Muscles, bones and joints. Skin and sense organs system Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, eyes, ears, nose, and tongue. Circulatory system Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) lymphatic vessels, spleen and thymus. Male Reproductive system Testes, ducts, urethra, penis and prostate. Female Reproductive system Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. 14  Terminology Recap ! Adipose: pertaining to or full of fat Epithelial: pertaining to above the breast nipple (originally). Now it describes all the tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal Nervous: pertaining to nerves Histology: study of tissue Histologist: specialist in the study of tissue Visceral: pertaining to the internal organs 15  Body Cavities Spaces within the body that contain and protect important and vital organs Two main groups of body cavities 1. Dorsal cavities (dorso means back)– posterior (back portion of body) 2. Ventral cavities (ventro means belly side of body)–anterior (front portion of body) 16  Body Cavities - Dorsal Dorsal body cavities protect the structures of the nervous system There are 2 dorsal cavities: 1. The cranial cavity: contains the brain 2. The spinal (vertebral) cavity: contains the spinal cord - crani/o = skull - spin/o = spine 17  Body Cavities - Ventral There are 3 ventral cavities: 1.Thoracic cavity: contains the heart & lungs 2. Abdominal cavity (abdomen): mainly contains gastrointestinal tract The diaphragm is a partition which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities 3.Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and excretory systems Combining Form Meaning Terminology abdomin/o abdomen abdominal thorac/o chest thoracic pelv/i pelvis, hip region pelvic 18  The Thoracic Cavity The thoracic cavity is divided into two smaller cavities: 1.Pleural cavity - space surrounding each lung 2.Mediastinum - area between the lungs, containing: Heart Aorta Esophagus Trachea Thymus gland 19  The Abdominal Cavity The Abdominal Cavity Abdominal cavity is present below the diaphragm Contains digestive organs: Stomach small & large intestines Spleen Pancreas liver & gallbladder 20  The Pelvic Cavity It is continuous with abdomen and form lower part of the abdominopelvic cavity Contains: portions of small & large intestines Excretory, and reproductive organs 21  Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning Terminology ventr/o belly side of body ventral dors/o back portion of body dorsal poster/o back, behind posterior crani/o skull craniotomy peritone/o peritoneum peritoneal abdomin/o abdomen abdominal pelv/i pelvis pelvic thorac/o chest thoracotomy trache/o trachea tracheal spin/o spine spinal 22  Abdominopelvic Quadrants A simpler way to divide the abdominal cavity is into QUADRANTS 23  Abdominopelvic Quadrants Two planes: Vertical median plane and horizontal transumbilical plane, divide the whole abdomen into four quadrants 24 Abdominopelvic Quadrants 25  Abdominopelvic Regions For the purpose of examining the internal organs from the surface of the abdomen, the abdominal surface is divided in nine different regions 26  Abdominopelvic Regions Hypochondriac region (upper right & left ) Below the ribs Epigastric region Above the stomach Lumbar region (middle right & left) Near inward curve of spine Umbilical region Surrounds the umbilicus Iliac / Inguinal region (lower right & left) Over the hipbone, near the groin Hypogastric region Lower middle region below the umbilical 27  Epi- above or upon Gastr - stomach Hypo- below Chondr/o - cartilage Umbilic/o- umbilicus (navel) Lumb/o – lower back Lumb/ar – pertaining to lower back Ilium – upper portion of hip bone Ili/ac –pertaining to hip bone Hypo- below Inguin/o – groin Gastr - stomach Inguinal –pertaining to groin 28  Divisions of the Back (Spinal column) Spinal column also called the vertebral column and spine (Do not confuse with spinal cord) Series of bones (vertebrae) from neck to tailbone Intervertebral spaces between any two vertebrae, and also a small pad called a disk or disc (shock absorber) 29 Divisions of the Back (Spinal Column) 5 divisions 1. Cervical (C) 2. Thoracic (T) 3. Lumbar (L) 4. Sacral (S) 5. Coccygeal (Co) 30  Divisions of the Back (Spinal column)  Cervical vertebrae (neck region): 7 vertebrae forming the neck, (C1 to C7)  Thoracic vertebrae (chest region): 12 vertebrae forming the outward curve of the spine, (T1 to T12)  Lumbar vertebrae (loin (waist) region): 5 vertebrae forming the inward curve of the spine (L1 to L5)  Sacral: consists of 5 bones fused to form 1 (sacrum)  Coccygeal (Tail bone, the coccyx): consists of 4 small vertebrae fused together, forms the end of the spine 31  Terminology Recap Combining Form Meaning Terminology cervic/o neck cervical vertebr/o vertebra(e) intervertebral sacr/o sacrum sacral sarc/o flesh sarcoma coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone) coccygeal lumbo/o Lower back (sides) lumbosacral ili/o ilium iliac inguin/o groin inguinal chondr/o cartilage chondroma umbilic/o navel/umbilicus umbilical 32  Anatomical Position Anatomical Position Standing erect Facing forward Arms at side Palms forward Feet and toes pointing forward All directional terms assume that the body is in the anatomic position 33  Anatomical Body Planes  Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned  Allows for a three-dimensional perspective 34  Anatomical Body Planes 1. Sagittal plane (lateral plane) 2. Frontal plane (coronal plane) 3. Transverse plane (cross-sectional plane) 35  Anatomical Body Planes Sagittal (lateral) plane Vertical plane which divides the body or structure into two parts right and left Midsagittal plane (midline): Vertical lines which divides the body or structure into equal right and left portions 36  Anatomical Body Planes Frontal (coronal) plane Vertical plane which divides the body or structure into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections 37  Anatomical Body Planes Transverse Plane (cross-sectional) Horizontal plane which divides body or structure into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts Can be at waist level or any other level 38  Positional & Directional Terms  Assist medical personal in identify position or location of patient’s complaint  They are listed in pairs that have opposite meanings  Help to describe one process, organ, or system as it relates to another 39  Positional & Directional Terms  Anterior (Ventral)- means to the front (belly) side of the body  Posterior (Dorsal) - means the back side of the body 40  Positional & Directional Terms Superior - above another structure or cephalic (cranial) - towards the head Inferior - below another structure or caudal - towards the tail or lower end of body away from the head crani/o = skull cephal/o= head caud/o = tail 41  Positional & Directional Terms Medial – near to the median plane Lateral – away from median plane or near to the side medi/o = middle later/o= side 42  Positional & Directional Terms  Proximal – near the point of attachment to the trunk, OR near the beginning of a structure  Distal – away from the point of attachment to the trunk OR far from the beginning of a structure. dist/o = far Proxim/o= nearest 43 Positional & Directional Terms  Deep – away from or through the surface  Superficial – on or near the surface Deep Superficial 44 Positional & Directional Terms  Supine – Body is lying on back face is directed upwards  Prone - Body is Lying on belly Face is directed downwards 45  Positional & Directional Terms Dorsal lithotomy position dors/o = back lith/o = stone -tomy = incision This position used for gynecological examinations and removal of stones from the urinary tract 46  Terminology Recap Combining Form Meaning Terminology cephal/o head cephalic caud/o tail caudal later/o side lateral medi/o middle medial dist/o far, distant distal proxim/o nearest proximal 47  Terms Related to the Surgical Procedures and their Applications Tracheotomy: Means incision of windpipe / trachea. This is an emergency procedure to remove foreign body from the windpipe Craniotomy: Means incision of skull. This procedure is used to cut a diseased or injured portion of the skull. Mediastinoscopy: Means visualization of mediastinum. This procedure is used for inspection of lymph nodes in the region between the lungs Thoracotomy: Means incision of thorax. This procedure is used for open heart surgery or removal of lungs Peritoneoscopy: Means visualization of peritoneal cavity. This procedure is used for inspection of abdominal organs Diskectomy: Removal of bulging intervertebral disc Laryngectomy: Means removal of voice box. It is used for removal of squamous cell carcinoma of voice box. 48 49  Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Chapter-3 Suffixes 1  Learning Outcomes By the end of the lecture student will be able to: Understand the meaning of new combining forms. Define the common suffixes used in the medical language. Distinguish the shorter noun suffixes. Identify the suffixes meaning “pertaining to”. 2  Common Suffixes - algia: pain arthralgia - pain in a joint otalgia - pain in the ear neuralgia myalgia - pain in the nerve pleuralgia - pain in the muscle - pain in the pleural cavity/ chest wall 3  Common Suffixes - cele: hernia A condition in which part of an organ is displaced or protrudes through the wall of the cavity containing it. Hiatal/Diaphragmatic hernia Inguinal hernia 4  Common Suffixes -cele: hernia Rectocele- Cystocele  Omphalocele Omphalo = umbilicus/navel 5  Common Suffixes - centesis: to puncture or a procedure to remove fluid. Thoracentesis (remove of fluid from chest) Amniocentesis (remove of fluid from amnion sack) Abdominocentesis (remove of fluid from abdomen) (also called as abdominal paracentesis). 6  Common Suffixes - coccus: (singular) - cocci: (plural):  berry-shaped or rounded (bacterium) – streptococcus (strept/o) = twisted chains of rounds – staphylococci (staphyl/o) = clusters of rounds – diplococci (diplo – two) = paired rounds 7  Common Suffixes Cyte (cell): Erythrocyte(Red blood cell), leukocyte(White blood cell), Throm bocyte (Platelet/clotting cell) Poly/morph/o/nuclear – pertaining to many shaped nuclei. 1. Phagocyte – (phago) = eating, swallowing Mono/nuclear – pertaining to one nucleus 1. Lymphocyte - cell white (lymph): that fight against disease. 2. Monocyte - cell one (nucleus). 3. Thrombocyte- cell that clot 8 Polymorphonuclear cells Mononuclear cells  Common Suffixes - dynia:pain - pleurodynia- pain in the pleural cavity/ chest wall - ectomy: excision, removal: - excision of the larynx = Laryngectomy - excision of a breast = mastectomy - removal of the tonsils = Tonsillectomy Tonsillectomy Rule: the letters g and c are pronounced softly when followed by an i or e, and hard when followed by an o or a. Laringitis, laryngectomy, laryngotomy  Common Suffixes -emia: blood condition Anemia: (an= no, not, without; -emia = blood) A blood condition of reduced oxygen delivery to tissues because of low hemoglobin concentration or deficiency of red blood cells. – e.g; aplastic anemia (a = no), (plas/o = formation) Ischemia : Isch/o (to hold back); -emia =condition of blood); (A condition of holding back blood from an organ or a tissue due to narrowing or obstruction of blood vessels). 10  Common Suffixes - genesis: condition of producing or forming carcinogenesis - a condition of producing cancer pathogenesis - a condition of producing disease angiogenesis - a condition of producing vessels agenesis - a condition of producing nothing - genic: pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in carcinogenic - pertaining to producing cancer osteogenic -pertaining to producing bone 11  Common Suffixes - itis: inflammation bronchitis - inflammation of bronchial tubes tonsillitis - inflammation of tonsils thrombophlebitis (phlebitis = inflammation of a vein) accompanied by a clot 12  Common Suffixes - gram: record electroencephalogram - record of an electricity in the brain myelogram - a record of the spinal cord Mammogram - (an x-ray) a record of the breast - graph: instrument for recording electroencephalograph -an instrument for recording electricity in the brain - graphy: process of recording Electroencephalography -process of recording the electricity in the brain angiography -x-ray recording of blood vessels after injecting a contrast dye 13 electroencephalograph electroencephalogram electroencephalography Mammograph Mammogram 14 Angiography Angiogram - Record (Process of recording of vessels) vessels) 15  Common Suffixes - logy: study of morphology - study of the shape ophthalmology - study of the eye Optometrist Ophthalmologist​ Optician​ 16  Common Suffixes - lysis: breakdown, destruction, separation Hemolysis - breakdown of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin lipolysis- breakdown of fat Hemodialysis - complete separation of waste products from the blood 17  Common Suffixes - malacia: condition of softening Osteomalacia - condition of bone softening Chondromalacia - condition of cartilage softening - megaly: enlargement acromegaly - enlargement of extremities splenomegaly - enlargement of the spleen 18  Common Suffixes - oma: tumor, mass, collection of fluid Myoma - tumor (benign) of muscles Myosarcoma - tumor (malignant) of the muscle connective tissue Multiple myeloma - Many (malignant) tumor of bone marrow Hematoma - Tumor (mass) of blood (under the skin). Clue: My/o means muscle Sarc/o means flesh (muscle tissue) Myel/o means spinal cord or bone marrow Hemat/o means blood 19  Common Suffixes - opsy: to view/process of viewing Biopsy - process of viewing a living tissue necropsy/autopsy - examination of dead body for cause of death (postmortem examination) 20  Common Suffixes - osis: condition, usually abnormal necrosis - Condition of death (cells). Leukocytosis An abnormal condition of increase in white blood cells (as a response to infection). hydronephrosis - Condition of watery kidney - (swelling of the kidney due to accumulation of urine that is fluid, due to an obstruction to the free flow of urine from the kidney) 21  Common Suffixes - pathy: condition or process of a disease cardiomyopathy - disease of the heart muscle 22  Common Suffixes - penia: deficiency erythropenia - a decrease in the number of RBCs neutropenia - a decrease in the number of neutrophils thrombocytopenia - a decrease in the number of platelets pancytopenia -a decrease in the number of all cells in the blood 23  Common Suffixes - phobia: fear Acrophobia - fear of heights Agoraphobia - fear of public or open places Necrophobia - fear of death agor/o = market place 24  Common Suffixes - plasia: development, formation, growth achondroplasia - a disorder in which the bones of arms and legs fail to grow to normal size due to a defect in cartilage and bone 25  Common Suffixes - sclerosis: hardening arteriosclerosis - hardening of arteries atherosclerosis - a form of arteriosclerosis where deposits of fat collect in arterial wall athero means plaque (fatty material) 26  Common Suffixes - plasty: surgical repair angioplasty - surgical repair of a blood vessel 27  Common Suffixes - ptosis: drooping, sagging, prolapse blepharoptosis - prolapse of the upper eyelid Nephroptosis - prolapse of the kidney Ptosis alone is commonly used to indicate drooping of the eyelids or the breast. 28  Common Suffixes - scope: instrument for visual examination Laparoscope - an instrument to visually examine the abdomen Ophthalmoscope - an instrument to visually examine the eye 29  Common Suffixes - scopy: process of visual examination (with an endoscope) endoscopy - visual examination of interior of a hollow organ or canal laparoscopy - visual examination of the abdomen cystoscopy - visual examination of the urinary bladder 30 laparoscopy cystoscopy endoscopy 31  Common Suffixes - stasis: stopping, controlling metastasis - spread of a malignant tumor beyond its original site to a secondary organ or location hemostasis - stoppage of blood flow by natural or mechanical means meta = change, beyond 32  Common Suffixes - tomy: incision, cutting into laparotomy - incision of the abdomen phlebotomy - incision of the vein tracheotomy - incision of the trachea 33  Common Suffixes - stomy: new opening to form a mouth (stoma) colostomy - new opening of the colon to the outside of the body tracheostomy - new opening of the trachea to the outside of the body 34  Common Suffixes - therapy: treatment hydrotherapy - treatment with water chemotherapy - treatment with drugs or chemicals radiotherapy - treatment with high energy x-ray 35  Common Suffixes - trophy: development, nourishment hypertrophy - an increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to enlargement of cells atrophy - a decrease in the size of cells within an organ (-plasia: development, formation, growth) 36 Hypertrophy atrophy 37  Shorter Noun Suffixes Usually attached to word roots - er: one who radiographer - a health care professional who operates radiological equipment - ia: condition Leukemia - higher than normal number of (cancerous) white blood cells pneumonia - abnormal condition/ inflammation of the lungs 38  Shorter Noun Suffixes - ist: specialist nephrologist - a kidney specialist - ole: little, small arteriole - small artery - ule: little, small venule - small vein 39  Shorter Noun Suffixes - um, ium: structure, membrane, tissue pericardium - a membrane surrounding the heart - us: structure, substance mucus - a sticky substance secreted from a mucus membrane esophagus - a tube leading from the throat to stomach 40  Noun Suffixes - y: condition, process nephropathy - disease condition of the kidney enteropathy - disease condition of the small intestine 41  Suffixes meaning ‘Pertaining to’ ac, iac Cardiac (Heart) al peritoneal, inguinal, pleural ar tonsillar ary pulmonary, axillary Cardiac: pertaining to the heart Peritoneal: pertaining to the peritoneum Inguinal: pertaining to the groin Pleural: pertaining to the pleur Tonsillar: pertaining to the tonsils Pulmonary: pertaining to the lungs Axillary:pertaining to the armpit 42  Suffixes meaning ‘Pertaining to’ eal laryngeal ic,ical chronic, pathalogic ous mucous tic necrotic Laryngeal: pertaining to the larynx Chronic: occurring over a long period of time Pathologic: pertaining to the study of disease mucous membrane: an epithelial membrane that secretes mucus and lines the tubular organs of the body Necrotic: pertaining to death of cells 43  Suffixes meaning ‘Pertaining to’ genic pertaining to, carcinogenic, osteogenic producing, produced by, or in oid resembling adenoids, mucoid ose full of adipose Adenoids: enlarged lymphatic tissue in the upper part of the throat near the nasal passage Mucoid: resembling mucus Adipose: full of fat Osteogenic: pertaining to produce in or by bones Carcinogenic: pertaining to producing cancer 44 THANK YOU 45  Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Chapter-4 Prefixes 1  Learning Outcomes By the end of the lecture student will be able to: 1. Define prefixes 2. Analyze medical terms that combine prefix and other word elements 3. Differentiate between similar prefixes used to build medical terms 2 Dr. Ismail Memon  Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning carp/o wrist bones cib/o meals cis/o to cut cost/o rib cutane/o skin dactyl/o fingers, toes duct/o to lead, carry flex/o to bend furc/o forking, branching 3  Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning gloss/o tongue glyc/o sugar immun/o protection morph/o shape, form mort/o death nat/i birth nect/o to bind, tie norm/o rule, order ox/o Oxygen pub/o Pubis (pubic bone): anterior portion of the pelvic or hip bone seps/o infection 4  Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning somn/o sleep son/o sound the/o to put, place thel/o, theli/o Nipple thyro/o thyroid gland; top/o place, position, location tox/o Poison trache/o trachea, windpipe urethr/o urethra 5  Suffixes Suffix Meaning -blast embryonic, immature -crine to secrete -cyesis pregnancy -drome to run -fusion Coming together, to pour -gen substance that produces -lapse to slide, fall, sag -lysis breakdown, separation -meter to measure -mission to send 6  Suffixes Suffix Meaning -or one who -partum birth, labor -phoria to bear, carry; feeling (mental state) -physis to grow -plasia development, formation, growth -plasm structure or formation -pnea breathing -ptosis droop, sag, prolapse -rrhea flow, discharge -stasis stop, control -trophy nourishment, development 7  Define Prefixes A prefix comes to the beginning of the term Can have an important influence on the meaning of the term Usually indicate a number, measurement, position/ direction, color or status Not all medical terms contain prefixes 8  Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example a-, an- no, not, without apnea, anoxia ab- away abnormal, abductor ad- towards adductor, Adrenal glands Apnea: Without breathing. Anoxia: A condition of no oxygen in the tissue. Abnormal: Irregular. Abductor: Any muscle that moves a part of the body away from the body. Adductor: Any muscle that moves a part of the body towards the middle line of the body. Adrenal glands: Two endocrine glands each above a kidney / suprarenal glands. 9  Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example ana- up, apart anabolism, analysis ante- Before, forward antecibum, anteflexion, antepartum Anabolism: The process of making complex molecules such as proteins from simpler substances. Analysis: Separating a substance into its components. Antecibum: Before meals. Anteflexion: Bending forward (especially the bending of the body of the womb towards the front). Antepartum: Before birth. 10  Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example anti- against antisepsis, antibiotic, antigen, antibody, antitoxin Antisepsis: fights against infection. Antigen: Any substance that the body regards as foreign and stimulates production (-gen) of antibodies. Antibody: A protein produced by WBCs against antigens. Immune response 11  Prefixes Antibiotic: An antibiotic destroys or inhibits growth of microorganisms (small living things) such as bacteria. Antitoxin: Acts against toxin Erythroblastosis: Condition of immature red blood cells - Immature - red blood cell 12  Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example auto- self, own autoimmune disease bi- two bifurcation ,bilateral brady- slow bradycardia cata- down catabolism Autoimmune: The body makes antibodies against its normal cells and tissues causing inflammation. Bifurcation: Branching into two parts such as bifurcation of the trachea. Bilateral: Pertaining to both sides. Bradycardia: A condition of slow heart rate / a pulse of below 60. Catabolism: Breaking down of complex materials to form simpler substances and release energy. 13  bifurcation bi : two furc/o: branching -ation: process,condition The trachea splits into 2 branches: the bronchi brady- SLOW vs tachy-FAST 14  Prefix Meaning Example con- with, together connective congenital Connective tissue: A tissue that binds or supports other tissues and parts - bone, cartilage and fibrous tissues are examples. 15 Congenital anomaly Birth defects are also called "congenital anomalies" or "congenital abnormalities." The word "congenital" means "present at birth." The Syndactyly words "anomalies" and "abnormalities" mean that there is an irregularity in a structure or organ e.g. syndactyly, congenital heart disease. Congenital heart 16 disease  Prefix Meaning Example contra- against, opposite contraindication contralateral ipsi- same ipsilateral de- down, lack of dehydration Contraindication: Any factor in a patient’s condition that makes it unwise to pursue a certain line of treatment. Contralateral: Affecting the opposite side of the body. Ipsilateral: same side of the body. Dehydration: Deficiency of water in body tissue. 17 Prefix Meaning Example dia- through, complete diameter diarrhea dialysis Diameter: Length of a straight line between opposite points on the periphery of a circular body part (blood Normal artery vessels or intestines). diameter Diarrhea: Frequent discharge of watery and loose wastes from the colon. Vasoconstriction Dialysis: Complete separation of Vasodilatation nitrogenous wastes/urea from the blood when kidneys fail. 18  Prefix Meaning Example dys- bad, painful, dyspnea difficult, abnormal dysplasia ec-, ecto- out, outside ectopic Dyspnea: Painful/difficult breathing. Dysplasia: Condition of abnormal formation. Ectopic pregnancy: Development of a fetus in a place other than the uterus (fallopian tubes). 19 Dysplasia Ectopic Pregnancy ec: outside top/o:place,position, location ic:pertaining to 20  Prefix Meaning Example en-, endo- in, within endocardium endoscope endotracheal Endocardium: The inner lining of the heart. Endoscope: An instrument to visually examine the interior of the body (bronchoscope and colonoscope). Endotracheal: Pertaining to within the trachea. 21  Prefix Meaning Example epi- upon, on, above epithelium epigastric eu- good, normal euphoria euthyroid Epithelium: Layer of cells covering the external surface of the body and lining the hollow tubes within the body. Euphoria: A condition of exaggerated well-being (feeling good). Euthyroid: Having a normally functioning thyroid gland. 22  Prefix Meaning Example ex- Outside ,away exophthalmos hemi half hemiglossectomy Exophthalmos / proptosis: Forward protrusion of the eyeballs (associated with hyperthyroidism). Hemiglossectomy: Removal (resection) of half (one side) of the tongue. exophthalmos 23  Prefix Meaning Example hyper- excessive, above hyperglycemia hyperplasia hypertrophy hypo- deficient, under hypodermic hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia: High levels of sugar in the blood Hypodermic injection: Placement of a needle under the skin Hypoglycemia: Lower than normal level of sugar in the blood 24 Hyperplasia: Condition of increased formation of cells / increase in cell numbers Hypertrophy: an increase in the size of a muscle or an organ because of an increase in the size of the individual cells Hypertrophy Hyperplasia 25 Prefix Meaning Example in- not insomniac in- into, within incision infra- Beneath, under infracostal inter- between intercostal intra- In, into, within intravenous (i.v.) Insomniac: Pertaining to without sleep. Incision: The process of cutting into. 26 Infracostal: Pertaining to below the ribs. Intercostal: Pertaining to between the ribs. Intravenous: Pertaining to within a vein. 27  Prefix Meaning Example macro- large macrocephaly mal- bad malignant malaise ignis (Latin) means fire → malignant = cancerous ben- means good → benign = non cancerous Macrocephaly: Abnormal largeness of the head Malaise: A general feeling of being unwell Malignant: Cancerous; harmful 28  Prefix Meaning Example meta- beyond, change metacarpal bones metamorphosis metastasis Metacarpal bones: Bones that lie beyond the wrist bones (hand bones) Metamorphosis: Condition of change in shape or form Metastasis: Spread of a cancerous tumor from its original site to a new or distant location 29  Prefix Meaning Example micro- small microscope microorganism neo- new neonatal neoplasm pan- all pancytopenia Microscope: An instrument to view small objects. Neonatal: Pertaining to a new born baby/ the first four weeks after birth (28 days). Neoplasm: A new and abnormal growth of tissue / tumor (benign or malignant). Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all blood cells – red, white blood cells and platelets. 30 Prefix Meaning Example para- abnormal, paralysis beside, near parathyroid Paralysis: abnormal disruption of the connection between nerve and muscle tissue leading to loss of sensation or motion in a part of the body Parathyroid glands: Two pairs of endocrine glands situated behind the thyroid gland 31  Prefix Meaning Example per- through percutaneous peri- surrounding pericardium periosteum Percutaneous: Pertaining to through the skin. Pericardium: A membrane (sac) surrounding the heart. Periosteum: A membrane surrounding a bone. 32  Prefix Meaning Example poly- many, much polymorphonuclear polyneuritis post- after, behind postmortem postpartum pre- before, in front of precancerous prenatal Polymorphonuclear: Pertaining to a nucleus with several shapes Polyneuritis: Inflammation of many nerves Postmortem: After death Postpartum: After birth Precancerous: occurring before a malignant condition Prenatal: Pertaining to before birth 33  Prefix Meaning Example pro- before, forward prolapse Pros- Prodrome Prosthesis Prodrome: Symptoms that appear before the onset of a more serious illness. Prolapse: sliding forward or downward of a part of the body / uterus. Prosthesis: is an artificial limb. 34  Prefix Meaning Example pseudo- false pseudocyesis re- back, again relapse remission Pseudocyesis: False pregnancy. Relapse: Return/recurrence of recombinant DNA symptoms of a disease after apparent recovery (sliding back). Remission: disappearance of the symptoms of a disease. Recombinant DNA: Insertion of a gene (region of DNA) from an organism into the DNA of another organism. 35  Prefix Meaning Example retro- behind, backward retroperitoneal retroflexion Retroperitoneal: Pertaining to behind the peritoneum. Retroflexion: The bending backward of an organ or a part of an organ especially the upper part of the womb. 36  Prefix Meaning Example sub- under subcutaneous (hypodermic) supra- above, over suprapubic Subcutaneous: Pertaining to under the skin. Subcutaneous layer: Lower layer of the skin composed of fatty tissue. Suprapubic: Pertaining to above the pubic bones / anterior part of the hip bone. 37 Prefix Meaning Example syn-, sym- together, with syndactyly synthesis syndrome symbiosis symmetry symphysis 38 Syndactyly: The congenital fusion of fingers or toes Synthesis: The combination of simple substances to create something new and more complex Syndrome: A set of symptoms that occur together indicating a particular condition or disorder Symbiosis: An association between two different species of organisms in which there is mutual aid and benefit or not Symmetry: Equality of parts, literally measured together (on the opposite side of the body) Symphysis: is a joint in which the bones that grow together united by a piece of fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis 39  Prefix Meaning Example tachy- fast tachypnea trans- across, through transfusion transurethral Tachypnea: A condition of fast breathing. Transfusion: The transfer of blood from one person to another. Transurethral: Pertaining to through the urethra. 40  Prefix Meaning Example ultra- beyond, excess ultrasonography uni- one unilateral Ultrasonography: Use of high frequency sound waves that are beyond the range of normal hearing to produce a record or a picture of an organ. Unilateral: Pertaining to one side 41 42  Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Chapter-5 The Digestive System 1  Learning Outcomes By the end of the lecture student will be able to: 1. Name organs of the digestive tract and accessory digestive organs 2. Describe terms related to the steps of digestion. 3. Compose medical terms related to the digestive system by using previous knowledge of suffixes and prefixes. 4. Define the parietal and visceral peritoneum 5. Recognize the common congenital anomalies of the digestive system and their clinical effects. 6. Define the medical terms related to the diagnostic procedures for the digestive system. 7. Define the major signs and symptoms correlated to the digestive system disorders. 2 Dr. Ismail Memon  The Organs Digestive System Also called gastrointestinal tract (GIT), gut and alimentary canal It is a continuous muscular tube between mouth and anus Organs of the alimentary canal Accessory organs This canal is a continuous tube They are connected to gut in the following order: tube by ducts Oral cavity Include: Pharynx Salivary glands Esophagus Pancreas Stomach Liver Small intestine Gallbladder Large intestine Anus 3 The Organs Digestive System 4  Terms related to the function of Digestive system Ingestion Complex food material taken into the mouth Digestion: Food is broken down mechanically and chemically. Absorption: Digested food passes into the bloodstream and nutrients travel to all cells of the body. Elimination: Solid waste materials are removed from the body. 5 The Oral Cavity (or/o = mouth) Combining forms gingiv/o - gums dent/i, odont/o - teeth palat/o - hard palate palat/o - soft palate uvul/o - uvula tonsill/o - tonsil bucc/o - cheeks gloss/o, lingu/o - tongue cheil/o, labio - lips 6  Anatomy of the tooth Tooth - dent/i, odont/o divided into: –Crown – above gum –Root – below gum Enamel Outer coveringIn crown only Dentin – dent/i Under enamel In crown and root Pulp Gum - gingiv/o In crown and root Cementum and periodontal Contains Blood vessels and membrane nerves Anchors root in jawbone 7 Combining Forms Combining form Meaning Example or/o mouth oral stomat/o mouth stomatitis uvul/o uvula uvulectomy cheil/o lip Cheilosis (abnormal state, condition of lips, with cracking scaling ) labi/o lip labial bucc/o cheek buccal faci/o face facial 8 Combining Forms Combining form Meaning Example mandibul/o lower jaw, mandible submandibular dent/i tooth dentibuccal odont/o tooth orthodontist (orth/o = straight) periodontist endodontist lingu/o tongue sublingual gingiv/o gums gingivitis gloss/o tongue hypoglossal palat/o palate Palato plasty (surgical repair) 9  The Pharynx – pharyng/o It is a common passageway for solid food, liquids and air. Deglutition (swallowing) 10  The Esophagus – esophag/o It’s a long muscular tube, the food enters from pharynx and delivered to stomach Peristalsis (peri- surrounding; stalsis is constriction) Food is propelled along by wavelike muscular movements Called peristalsis 11  Stomach - gastr/o It is a muscular organ located in the upper left quadrant of abdomen It receives food from esophagus and mixes it with gastric juice containing pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCL) Forms chyme which is watery mixture of food and digestive juices 12  Stomach Cardiac end: site where esophagus attaches with stomach It has 3 divisions: 1. Fundus (upper rounded part) 2. Body (main portion) 3. Antrum (lower part) It has 2 sphincters: Lower esophageal sphincter - Keeps food from backing up into esophagus Pyloric sphincter - Allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine in small amounts 13  Small Intestine - enter/o Longest portion of alimentary canal, extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal junction. Site of completion of digestion and majority of absorption. It has 3 parts: 1) Duodenum (duoden/o): Starts at pyloric sphincter ileocecal 2) Jejunum (jejun/o): middle valve part 3) Ileum (ile/o): Connects to first part of large intestine (cecum) at ileocecal junction. 14 Small Intestine 15  Large Intestine(large bowel) Extends from ileocecal valve to anus It is divided into 3 parts: 1. Cecum – cec/o 2. Colon – col/o, colon/o 3. Rectum – rect/o Indigestible food residue that remains after digestion and absorption enters in large intestine. Most of water is absorbed through it Solid waste left over make feces. 16  Cecum (cec/o) Cecum is a pouch on right side of abdomen. Cecum extends from ileum to colon At the lower portion of cecum hangs the vermiform appendix (common name is appendix – append/o, appendic/o) 17  Colon (colon/o) Divided into 4 parts: 1. ascending colon 2. transverse colon 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon (sigmoid/o) 18  Rectum (rect/o) & Anus (an/o) Last division of the large intestine Area for storage of feces Leads to anus (external opening of alimentary canal) Feces are evacuated (defecation) anorectal: pertaining to the anus & rectum perianal: pertaining to surrounding the anus 19  Peritoneum & Mesentery Peritoneum: It is the double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity Peritoneum: peri –surround (e.g. Peritonitis –inflamation of peritoneum) 20  Peritoneum & Mesentery Mesentery: Mes- 'middle' entero –intestine y; noun suffix (condition/process) The part of the peritoneum in the middle (mes) of the abdomen that connects the intestines (especially jejunum and ileum) to the dorsal abdominal wall. 21  PARTS OF THE BODY (COMBINING FORMS) Combining form Meaning Example perianal :Pertaining to anus an/o anus surrounding appendectomy: removal of append/o appendix appendix appendicitis: inflammation of the appendic/o appendix appendix cec/o cecum, cecal: pertaining to Cecum celi/o abdomen celiac: pertaining to abdomen colostomy: Making a mouth opening of colon to outside body col/o, colon/o colon Colonoscopy: Process of visualization of colon duoden/o duodenum duodenal: Pertaining to Duodenum Enterocolitis: inflammation of the enter/o small intestines large and small intestines 22 colonoscopy sigmoidoscopy 23  PARTS OF THE BODY (COMBINING FORMS) Anastomosis – surgical connection between two parts 1. ana= up 2. stom= opening 3. sis = state of (condition) Parenteral: Pertaining to outside intestines 24  PARTS OF THE BODY (COMBINING FORMS) Combining form Meaning Example esophageal: pertaining to esophag/o Esophagus esophagus gastrostomy: making a mouth gastr/o stomach opening of stomach hepatomegaly: condition of hepat/o liver enlarged liver hepatoma: tumor of liver ileostomy: making an artificial ile/o ileum mouth opening of ileum into the anterior abdominal wall jejunum (second part jejunorrhaphy: a condition of jejun/o of small intestine) suturing the jejunum laparoscopy: process of visualization lapar/o Abdomen of inside abdomen 25  PARTS OF THE BODY (COMBINING FORMS) Combining form Meaning Example mandibul/o lower jaw submandibular: under the lower jaw pylor/o Pyloric sphincter pyloroplasty pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreat/o Pancreas pancreas peritonitis: inflammation of the peritone/o Peritoneum peritoneum Pharyn/o throat Pharyngitis: inflammation of Pharynx proctologist: specialist in study of proct/o anus and rectum the anus and the rectum rectocele: herniation of the rectum rect/o Rectum into the vagina sigmoidoscope: an endoscope used sigmoid/o sigmoid colon to examine the sigmoid colon 26 27  Accessory Organs Generally function by producing substances necessary for chemical breakdown of food Salivary glands – sialaden/o Liver – hepat/o Gallbladder – cholecyst/o Pancreas – pancreat/o 28  Salivary Glands Saliva – sial/o Three types of salivary glands Allows food to be swallowed without choking Saliva + food = bolus Secretes ‘amylase’ – amyl/o It begins carbohydrates digestion 29  The Liver (hepat/o) Functions: Processes nutrients Detoxifies harmful substances Produces bile – bil/i Bile is an orange- greenish substance that breaks up large fat globules into smaller droplets, this process is called Emulsification Bilirubin (pigment in bile): Bilirubin/o When needed, bile travels from the cystic duct into common bile duct into the duodenum. 30  The Liver (hepat/o) Hepatic: pertaining to liver Biliary: pertaining to bile or bile ducts. (Bile is stored in the gallbladder) Hyperbilirubinemia: excessive bilirubin in the blood; this condition is called jaundice 31  The Gallbladder (cholecyst/o) Located under the liver It stores bile produced by liver -Hepatic duct -Cystic duct Common bile duct (choledoch/o) carries bile to duodenum 32  PARTS OF THE BODY (COMBINING FORMS) Cholecystic: pertaining to gallbladder Cholecystectomy: excision of the gallbladder Choledochotomy: incision of the common bile duct Choledochojejunostomy: opening jejunum and bile duct to make an anastomosis → ectomy/tomy/stomy 33 34  The Pancreas – pancreat/o Located posterior to stomach Secretes pancreatic juices Pancreatic juices travel into pancreatic ducts which joins the common bile duct just as it enters the duodenum 35  The Pancreas – pancreat/o As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces enzymes: -amylase (amyl/o = starch, -ase = enzyme) to digest starch - lipase (lip/o = fat) to digest fat - protease (prote/o = protein) to digest proteins These pass into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct As an endocrine gland (secreting into the bloodstream), the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon 36  PARTS OF THE BODY (COMBINING FORMS) Combining form Meaning Example bil/i Bile Biliary: pertaining to bile Bilirubin (bile Hyperbilirubinemia: excess bilirubin bilirubin/o pigment) in the blood cholecystectomy: Excision of the gall chol/e Gall, bile bladder Cholelithiasis: A condition of lith/o stone gallstones Gluconeogenesis: Formation of new gluc/o sugar sugar Glycosuria: Sugar in the urine Glyc/o sugar Hyperglycemia: high level of sugar in the blood 37  PARTS OF THE BODY (COMBINING FORMS) Combining form Meaning Example Glycogenolysis: Break down of glycogen/o Glycogen glycogen lip/o fat Lipoma: tumor of fatty tissue lith/o stone lithogenesis: formation of stone protease: enzyme protein prote/o protein proteinuria: protein in the urine sial/o saliva, salivary sialolith: stone in saliva steatorrhea: fats in flow steat/o fat (discharge) 38  Suffixes Suffix Meaning Example enzyme (a chemical that Lipase: an enzyme that aids -ase regulates a process) in breaking down fats -iasis abnormal condition Cholelithiasis: Gallstones Postprandial: Pertaining to -prandial pertaining to a meal after a meal Defecation, elimination of Hematochezia: Bright red -chezia waste (feces) blood in feces. 39  Pathology of the Digestive System Sign: objective, measureable indication of a condition, e.g., fever, rash, heart murmur (what doctor sees/examines) Symptom: subjective sensation felt by patient, e.g., itching, fatigue, nausea (what patient experiences) Etiology of a condition: cause (eti/o) of a condition (Literally: “process of the study of the cause”) Idiopathic condition: condition of unknown (idi/o) cause (Literally: “pertaining to an unknown disease”) Example: pulmonary fibrosis – the unexplained development of excess connective tissue (fibers) in the lungs 40 What are dysphagia and odynophagia? How about heart burn? Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing (compare: dyspnea: difficulty in breathing [asthma]) (Note: dys- can also mean painful: dyspepsia “upset stomach”, dysuria “painful urination”, dysentery “painful, inflamed intestines”) Odynophagia: painful swallowing (compare: pleurodynia – painful breathing) Heartburn: Burning sensation in chest, caused by hydrochloric acid in the esophagus. Often a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Treated with antacids. 41  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Term meaning Anorexia (an- lack of) lack of appetite (an eating disorder) (-orexia = appetite) Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal ascites cavity, often due to cirrhosis or other liver conditions. constipation difficulty in passing stools (feces) Dia rrhea frequent passage of loose watery stools dysphagia difficulty in swallowing gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth eructation (belching, burbing) flatus Gas expelled through the anus 42  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Eructation Borborygmus a rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas “Burping” or “Belching” in the intestines. ‘Bowel sound or Gut sound’ in diarrhea or hunger. 43  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Abdominocentesis/ paracentesis Surgical puncture to remove fluid from abdomen 44  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Terms Meaning hematochezia Passage of bright red blood in feces jaundice (icterus or yellowness) Yellow coloration of skin caused by ‘’ – Hyperbilirubinemia condition of high levels of bilirubin in the blood dark, tarry stool (feces), due to digested melena blood unpleasant sensation in stomach nausea associated with the urge to vomit steatorrhea fat in the feces (frothy, foul smelling) 45  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) 46  Pathologic conditions Pathology Meaning Aphthous stomatitis aphth/o=ulcer. Inflammation of mouth pertaining -ous (pertaining to) to an ulcer (canker sores) Inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpetic stomatitis herpes virus dental caries tooth decay (caries=decay) herpetic stomatitis Aphthous stomatitis 47  Pathologic conditions Pathology Meaning Oral leukoplakia White plaques or patches on mucosa of mouth Periodontal disease Inflammation and degeneration of gums, and (pyorrhea) surrounding bone. PYORRHEA: (pyo-;pus, -rrhea;to flow) 48  Pathologic conditions Pathology Meaning achalasia a- absent, Chalasia = relaxation Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle to Esophageal achalasia relax Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophageal varices esophagus 49  Pathologic conditions Pathology Meaning Protrusion of an organ through the cavity that contains it. Hiatal hernia - protrusion of stomach through diaphragm into Hernia thoracic cavity; also called Diaphragmatocele Inguinal hernia – protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak abdominal muscle (treatment = hernio rrhaphy) 50  Pathologic conditions Pathology Meaning Ulcer epithelial damage to the lower portion of stomach or peptic ulcer duodenum; caused by high acidic secretion of stomach disease (PUD) commonly as a result of Helicobacter pylori infection 51  Pathologic conditions Pathology Meaning Acid from stomach flows backward up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain. Heartburn – burning Gastro- sensation due to this Esophageal acid reflux Reflux Reflux Esophagitis – Disease Reflux esophagitis is an (GERD) esophageal mucosal injury that occurs secondary to retrograde flux of gastric contents into the esophagus 52  Pathologic conditions ANAL FISTULA = (Fistula-flute or pipe) ‘abnormal tube like passage way near the anus’ COLONIC POLYPS: Benign growths on the mucosa of colon. 53  Pathologic conditions colorectal carcinoma malignant tumor in the colon, rectum or both. 54  Pathologic conditions Pathology Meaning Crohns disease Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract diverticulosis Abnormal condition of out pouching in the intestinal wall When abnormal side pockets (diverticula) form in the diverticulitis intestinal wall. Feces is sometimes “diverted” into them and becomes trapped, causing diverticulitis. 55  Pathologic conditions Pathology Meaning Painful inflamed Intestines. Diarrhea with mucus and blood, dysentery severe abdominal pain, and fever; caused by contaminated food or water Hemorrhoids Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region 56  Pathologic conditions Ileus Failure of peristalsis, which obstructs the intestines 57  Pathologic conditions Cholelithiasis stones in the gallbladder 58  Pathologic conditions Cirrhosis It’s a chronic fibrotic disease of the liver 59  Pathologic conditions Irritable bowel syndrome GI (gastrointestinal) symptoms related to stress​ (IBS) 60  Pathologic conditions intestine twists upon itself causing an volvulus obstruction 61 Thank you 62  Medical Terminology TERM 201,Semetser -1, 2024-2025 Chapter-6 Additional Suffixes & Digestive System Terminology 1  Learning Outcomes By the end of the lecture student will be able to: 1. Compose medical terms related to the digestive system by using previous knowledge of suffixes and prefixes. 2. Name the instruments, laboratory tests and procedures used to diagnose and treat digestive system Dr. Ismail Memon  Suffixes Suffix Meaning Terminology -ectasis, Dilation, cholangiec