Study Guide Final Exam PDF

Study Guide Final Exam: Important Exam Information: The exam is scheduled for 3 hours on Wednesday, December 11th from 6:00- 9:00pm in 8-142 (the gymnasium) The final exam will consist of 45 - 50 multiple-choice questions, and two set...

Study Guide Final Exam: Important Exam Information: The exam is scheduled for 3 hours on Wednesday, December 11th from 6:00- 9:00pm in 8-142 (the gymnasium) The final exam will consist of 45 - 50 multiple-choice questions, and two sets of short answer questions. The multiple-choice questions will be roughly 50% from Chapters 6, 7, and 11, and the other 50% will be from Chapters 1-5. Set 1 of the SA questions will ask you to answer 2 out of 3 questions related to chapters 1-5. Set 2 of the SA questions will ask you to answer 2 of 3 questions related to Chapters 6, 7, and 11. Unlike the midterms I WILL NOT be holding deferrals for the final exam. All exam deferral requests will go through Exam Services (780-497-4780) with the required fee. This study guide covers **only** material from Chapters 7, and 11. Review the other two study guides (from the midterms) for material related to Chapters 1-6. I will test on material from both summary lectures and the textbook (just like the midterms). CHAPTER 7: How Memory Operates Describe/define memory (retention of information over time). What are memory illusions? What is Hyperthymestic Syndrome? Know, and be able to clearly di=erentiate, the three types of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory). What is sensory memory? Describe the work of Sperling (1960) for uncovering that sensory memory seems to have a large capacity, but very short duration. Which sensory system applies to iconic memory? How long does iconic memory last? Which sensory system applies to echoic memory?  What is photographic (eidetic) memory? How is it thought to relate to sensory memory. What is short-term (working) memory? How long does short-term memory typically last (what is its duration)? What is a control process? How does a control process help in short-term memory? Memory loss in short-term memory comes from decay or interference. What is decay? What is interference? There are two di^erent kinds of interference: retroactive and proactive. What is retroactive interference? What is proactive interference? What is Miller’s magic number? What does it have a plus or minus 2 mean and help explain (individual variability). How was it originally tested? Short-term memory capacity can be increased by chunking. What is chunking? Short-term memory duration can be increased by rehearsal. What are the two di^erent types of rehearsal? How do they di^er? There are di^erent levels of processing (LOP). LOP states that the more meaningfully we engage in material, the better we remember it. What is long-term memory? What are the key di^erences between short-term memory and long-term memory? What is the serial position e^ect? From the serial position e^ect, we tend to see and primacy and recency e^ects. What are primacy e^ects? What are recency e^ects? There are two main subdivisions of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. What is explicit memory? What is implicit memory? Explicit memory has two subtypes: semantic memory and episodic memory. What is semantic memory? What is episodic memory? Implicit memory has four subtypes: priming, procedural memory, classical conditioning, and habituation. What is priming? What is procedural memory? Be able to diagram the di^erent divisions of long-term memory. The Processes of Memory There are three major processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Describe the three major processes of memory using an analogy (e.g., the library analogy). What is encoding? What is the next-in-line e^ect? What are mnemonics? What are some common mnemonics techniques? What is storage? What are schemas? What is a script? How does it di^er from a schema? What is retrieval? What are retrieval cues? What are the three ways of measuring retrieval? What is distributed vs massed study? What is the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon? Encoding specificity is the phenomena where we are more likely to remember information when there is a match between conditions at study (encoding) and test (retrieval). What are the two main types of encoding specificity? Provide an example of each, based on the pattern of results from other studies discussed in class. The Biology of Memory What is the engram? Hebb (1949) suggested that the engram is located in assemblies. What are assemblies? What is long-term potentiation (LTP)? What does LTP demonstrate about the engram? How are memories actually stored? Does the hippocampus store memories? What role does the hippocampus play in memory? What area of the brain stores memories? There are two common types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. What is retrograde amnesia? What is anterograde amnesia? What is generalized amnesia? The amygdala and the hippocampus interact to give us emotional memories. How? The amygdala helps us recall what?  What does the hippocampus help us recall? What is Alzheimer’s disease? What is Alzheimer’s disease the most frequent cause of (dementia)? The Development of Memory What is habituation? How can it be used to study memory? How does memory change as a person ages? What are Meta-memory skills? What is infantile amnesia? False Memories What are false memories? Some false-memory e^ects are: flashbulb memories, source monitoring errors, the misinformation e^ect and other implanted false memories. What are flashbulb memories? Are flashbulb memories a special type of memory, according to the research presented in class? Describe source monitoring errors. Provide an example of a source monitoring error? What is cryptomnesia? What is the misinformation e^ect? What study demonstrates that we can implant false memories? When is eyewitness testimony less likely to be accurate? What are some ways to combat the problems with eyewitness testimony? CHAPTER 11: Theories of Emotions Be able to define emotions. Explain discrete emotion theory, and evidence that has been used to support it (e.g., Ekman faces). Be able to list the 7 primary emotions and explain what primary emotions are. Describe secondary emotions. What makes them di^erent from primary emotions? How are cognitive theories of emotion di^erent from discrete emotion theory?  What are the four types of cognitive theories we discussed in class. Be able to briefly describe each (e.g., James-Lange theory of emotion, somatic marker theory, cannon-bard theory of emotion, and Two-factor theory of emotion) Know about variables outside of our awareness (unconscious) that can a^ect our emotions (automatic behaviours, mere exposure e4ect, facial feedback hypothesis, etc.). Nonverbal Expression of Emotion Understand how nonverbal expression of emotion is important in communicating emotions. Be able to describe things like body language, gestures, and nonverbal leakage. Be able to explain how di^erent lie detection tests work (polygraph, guilty knowledge test, brain-scanning) as well as what their disadvantages are (e.g. false positives, countermeasures, etc.). Happiness Explain what positive psychology is, how this field focuses on helping people, and how it emerged within psychology. Be able to explain 4 misconceptions about happiness, as well as what things have been shown to relate to happiness (marriage, friendships, religion, etc.,). What is flow? Motivation: Our wants and needs What is motivation? What is drive reduction theory? What do most drive reduction theories propose? What is homeostasis? Give an example of how homeostasis works. Explain how arousal and the strength of drives can be related. What is the Yerkes-Dodson law? Explain it. What happens if we are below the optimal point of arousal? What if we are above it? What are incentive theories? What is the di^erence between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation? What are primary needs? Give examples of primary needs. What are secondary needs? Give example of secondary needs. Who developed the hierarchy of needs? What is the hierarchy of needs? What area of the brain plays a role in eating?  What parts of the brain are known as the “feeding centre” and the “satiety centre?” What is the set-point hypothesis? What is the internal-external theory? What is bulimia nervosa and what is it characterized by? What is anorexia nervosa and what is it characterized by? Attraction and Love The three major principles that guide attraction and relationship formation are: proximity, similarity, and reciprocity. What is proximity? What is similarity? What is reciprocity? What is social role theory? What is passionate love? What is companionate love? What are the three major elements of love as proposed by Robert Sternberg? Final Exam Potential Short Answer Questions Chapter 11: a) Explain four myths or misconceptions about happiness. (1 mark for each) (5 marks in total) Potential Answer: 1. the prime determinant of happiness is what happens to us 2. Money makes us happy. 3. Happiness declines in old age 4. People on the west coast are the happiest. b) please identify (.5 mark) the e^ect that people say may cause happiness to increase as people get older and define it (.5 mark). potential answer: positivity e^ect: the tendency for individuals to remember more positive than negative information with age. Chapter 6: Please explain how Pavlov first demonstrated classical conditioning. Use the UCS, UCR, CR and CS terminology in your answer for full marks. (5 marks total). Potential answer: He started with a neutral stimulus (metronome) and then paired it with the unconditioned stimulus which was the meat powder (1 mark) to get the dogs to salivate which is the unconditioned response (1 mark). As he continued to pair the NS with the UCS, now he noticed the metronome alone elicited salivate (1 mark). Therefore, the metronome became the conditioned stimulus (.5 mark) and the salivation to the metronome became the conditioned response (.5 mark) Chapter 3: 1) Explain the di^erent ways a CT scan and an MRI scan allow you to visualize the brain and what significant limitation both of these have. 2) Explain what an action potential is and what is the threshold of excitation. 3) Please explain the di^erence between drugs that function as agonists and those that function like antagonists. Chapter 5: 1) Please explain the di^erence between physical and psychological dependence 2) What are stimulants, and give an example of one legal and one illegal stimulant drug. 3) Please define hypnosis and mention 3 myths about hypnosis. Chapter 6: 1) Define stimulus generalization, and what is meant by a generalization gradient. 2) Please define positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment as well as give an example of each. 3) Please explain the di^erence between continuous vs. partial reinforcement and explain how partial/intermittent reinforcement can play a part in people staying in dysfunctional relationships. Chapter 11: 1) Explain the two psychological events required to produce emotion according to the two-factor theory of emotion. 2) Within the polygraph-controlled question test can you define relevant questions, irrelevant questions, and control questions. As well as explain what kind of results would be considered “deceptive”. 3) Define positive psychology and why some psychologists have called this type of psychology a fad.