Psychology Chapter 7 Quiz

Final Exam: Important Information

• The exam is scheduled for 3 hours on Wednesday, December 11th, from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM in room 8-142.
• The final exam will consist of 45-50 multiple-choice questions and two sets of short-answer questions.
• Multiple-choice questions will be roughly 50% from Chapters 6, 7, and 11, and 50% from Chapters 1-5.
• Set 1 of the short-answer questions will require answering 2 out of 3 questions related to Chapters 1-5.
• Set 2 of the short-answer questions will require answering 2 out of 3 questions related to Chapters 6, 7, and 11.
• No deferrals will be granted for the final exam.
• Any deferral requests must be submitted through Exam Services (780-497-4780) and come with a required fee.

Chapter 7: How Memory Operates

• Memory is the retention of information over time.
• Memory illusions are a kind of memory error.
• Hyperthymestic Syndrome involves superior autobiographical memory.
• Three types of memory: sensory, short-term (working), and long-term.
• Sensory memory initially stores information, but it has a large capacity and short duration.
• Iconic memory is sensory memory related to vision.
• Echoic memory is sensory memory related to hearing.
• Sperling's 1960 experiment shows sensory memory's characteristics.
• Short-term memory is a temporary store of information; it has limited capacity and duration.
• Control processes help enhance short-term memory (e.g., rehearsal).
• Short-term memory can be impacted by decay or interference.
• Retroactive interference refers to the interference of new information with previously stored information.
• Proactive interference refers to the interference of previously stored information with new information.
• Miller's "magic number" suggests the capacity of short-term memory (approximately 7 +/- 2 items), plus chunking.
• Level of processing theory suggests that more meaningful processing leads to better memory retention.
• Long-term memory is a relatively permanent storage of information.
• The serial position effect, with primacy and recency effects, describes how memory is affected by item order.
• Explicit memory, with semantic and episodic memory as subtypes, stores conscious memories (facts and personal experiences).
• Implicit memory, including priming, procedural, and classical conditioning mechanisms, stores unconscious memories.
• Specific encoding affects retrieval accuracy.

Chapter 11: Theories of Emotions and Motivation

• Discuss the different theories of emotion, like Cannon-Bard, James-Lange, two-factor theory, somatic marker theory, and cognitive theories.
• Explore the elements of nonverbal expression of emotions, like body language, gestures, and nonverbal leakage.
• Explain the methodologies of lie detection, with polygraph tests and brain-scanning techniques, and their limitations.
• Discuss different conceptions about happiness, including myths.
• Explain motivations, such as drive reduction theory, homeostasis, incentive theories, the hierarchy of needs, and the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Other Topics

• Memory processes: Encoding, storage, retrieval
• Memory measurement: Different ways to measure retrieval
• Distributed vs. massed study: Effects on memory
• Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon: Difficulty retrieving information
• The biology of memory: The engram, long-term potentiation, and areas in the brain relevant to different memories
• Types of amnesia: Retrograde and anterograde
• Emotional memories: Role of the amygdala and hippocampus
• The psychology of happiness: Different perspectives and factors associated with it
• Motivation: The needs and wants underlying our actions.

False Memories

• False memories: Misinformation and implanted memories, flashbulb memories, source monitoring errors, and cryptomnesia
• Factors diminishing accuracy of eyewitness testimony
• Strategies to enhance accuracy of testimony
• Positive psychology and related phenomena

Chapter 3: Brain Scanning Techniques

• Discuss different brain scanning techniques for visualizing the brain, e.g., CT (computed tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans.
• Explain their limitations.
• Describe the process of action potentials and the threshold for excitation.
• Explain agonists and antagonists in relation to drug effects.

Chapter 5: Dependence and Hypnosis

• Differentiate between physical and psychological dependence.
• Define and give examples of stimulants.
• Define hypnosis and mention some common myths about it.