Science, Technology and Society Week 1 & 2 Handout PDF

Science, Technology and Society Week 1 & 2 Handout Week 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of S&T Learning Objectives 1. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history. 2. Discuss...

Science, Technology and Society Week 1 & 2 Handout Week 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of S&T Learning Objectives 1. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history. 2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment. Introduction to STS  interdisciplinary field  examines and reflects on science and technology's impacts  studies the conditions under which the production, distribution, and utilization of scientific knowledge, and technological systems occur  opportunity to compare science, technology, and society with each other  appreciate how science and technology contribute to the latest knowledge/information construction Dr. Rafael Guerrero’s Tilapia Sex Reversal Technology Kevin Ashton’s RFID Tags on Lipstick packaging Dolomite Beach Risk assessment and promotion of research-based solutions – identifies the potential problems, it collects data with regard to the problem, considering alternative solutions, and considering the consequences based on a particular decisions Methyl testosterone - hormones were given to tilapia fish as feed to convert them to males Brown- lipstick shade was missing that led to the installment of RFID in packaging Cebu - is the source of the dolomite sand in Manila Bay HISTORY Ancient  transportation & navigation  Communication  record-keeping  mass production  safety and protection  architecture Middle  increase of new inventions,  introduction of innovations  emergence of scientific thinking and method Modern  faster production of goods  more efficient means of transportation  faster and easier means to communicate and compute  Ancient Period  The start of early civilization that also gave rise to the major advancement of science and technology. Cuneiform  the invention of the first writing system is one of the Sumerians' main contributions.  a device that makes use of word representations and triangular symbols  Ancient Wheel  Developed by Sumerians  Carts & battle chariots  Pottery  Agriculture (animal traction, irrigation) Hieroglyphics  writing system that used symbols established by the Egyptians  well-preserved as they were carved at pyramid walls and other important structures of Egyptians Papyrus Egyptian discovery of paper or papyrus papyrus - a plant in Egypt that grew abundantly along the river Nile they were able to process the plant to create thin sheets Watermills  considered one of the greatest contributions of the Greek civilization to the world  widely used in agriculture with only the need to use flowing water Newspaper  one of the Romans' greatest contributions is newspaper  the first articles, known as gazettes, published people's reports of the Roman Empire. Shadoof  hand-operated device used for lifting water  was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians Antikythera Mechanism  Devised by Greeks; used to predict astronomical position (position of planets, position of sun and moons, etc.) and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes Aeliopile  “wind ball” a steamed powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine Middle Age  the start of the Middle Ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations; wars were prevalent during this time Printing Press  Johann Gutenberg managed to invent the printing press after the Chinese invented woodblock printing, a more efficient method of printing using a cast type Heavy Plough  Developed to cut a long soil slice and turn it upside down, burying the surface residue, conserving moisture, aerating the soil and killing weeds. Miscroscope  in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to create the first compound microscope, led by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses. Telescope  The telescope's invention, an optical instrument that helps to view distant objects, has been of great benefit to navigators War Weapon (Gun Powder)  Around 850 A.D., Chinese alchemists accidentally invented the gunpowder.  The invention of gunpowder has allowed advanced warfare such as fiery arrows, cannons, and grenades. Mechanical Clock  The development of mechanical clock helped the people in accurately keeping the track of time. Jiaozi  Paper money was first used by Chinese in 17th century. Modern Age The demands of the booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards: Communication, Food Processing, Medicine and health Pasteurization  French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist Louis Pasteur developed pasteurization, the method of heating dairy products to destroy harmful bacteria, that caused them to spoil more easily Handwashing  Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was a Hungarian gynecologist who is known as a pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically cut by the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics. Vaccination   Edward Jenner inoculated James Phipps with cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, to trigger immunity Petroleum Refinery  Animal oils production could not keep up with the demand. Petroleum currently is widely used, among others, in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants. Telephone  Alexander Graham Bell's telephone development was one of the most significant developments at the time Engine Powered Airplane  Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft.  Their pioneering success marked an age of powered flights and paved the way for modern aircraft technology Calculator  The invention of modern calculators not only paved the way for simpler arithmetical calculations but also created more complicated processing machines. Keypoint One of STS’ main objectives is to examine the impacts of the scientific and technological advances throughout history on the dominant cultural, political, and economic contexts. Week 2: History of Science and Technology in the Philippines Learning Objectives: 1. Discuss significant events in the development of S&T in the Philippines during: a) Pre- colonial Era b) Spanish Colonial Era c) American Period d) Post-Commonwealth Period 2. Recognize the contributions of Filipinos in the field of Science and Technology through different inventions from past to present. Pre-Colonial Period  Healing practices and rituals performed by Babaylans or Albularyos often used medicinal plants.  Doctrina Christiana in Baybayin  A bamboo bow inscribed with Hanuno’o characters of Mangyans in Mindoro The Ifugao “Manomnoman ” was the tribe’s designated time-keeper. The Phases of the Moon “Buan” serve as time markers The Sunrise and Sunset determine the start and end of the day  Ancient Filipinos already knew how to farm before the arrival of the Spaniards.  Balangay and Karakoa are pre-colonial ships in the Philippines.  Weaving is part of our early history.  Our ancestors were experts in mining.  The Banaue Rice terraces is a proof that early Filipinos are great engineers and agriculturists Spanish Occupation Era  The Rise of Parish Schools in the Philippines such as: Colegio de San Ignacio, first school for boys, Colegio de Santa Potenciana, first school for girls, Beaterio de Santa  Catalina de Siena, Colegio de Santa Isabel, Colegio de La Inmaculada Concepcion de La Concordia, Universidad de Santo Tomas and Ateneo Municipal de Manila.  Manila Observatory in the old location of Ateneo in Padre Faura  Galleon Trade in the Philippines  Polo Y Servicios  Encomienda System Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte- product of Polo y Servicios  Effects of the Opening of Canal Suez  Ilustrados American Period  The Thomasites, first public school teachers during the American Period  Philippine Normal School, established in 1901  Bureau of Government Laboratories (formerly Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila), through time evolved as: 1. Bureau of Science Institute of Science (IS) 2. Institute of Science & Technology (IST) 3. National Science Board (NSB) 4. National Science Development Board (NSDB) 5. National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) 6. In 1987, was reorganized as Department of Science and Technology (DOST).  Establishment of the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) Post-Commonwealth Era  Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was established in 1993 Among its priorities were: exporting winners identified by the DTI; domestic needs identified by the President's Council for Countryside Development; support industries; and coconut industry development  Republic Act 8439 - DOST Magna Carta For Scientists, Engineers, Researchers and Other Science and Technology Personnel in Government Incentive system to provide additional benefits to S&T employees in the Philippines  REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7687 - Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 provides for scholarships to talented and deserving students whose families' socio-economic status does not exceed the set cut-off values of certain indicators. Moon - became the markers of agricultural stages to many parts of the Philippines. Manomnoman - Ifugao tribe official who serves as timekeeper. Opening of Canal Suez - made the travel from the Philippines to Europe easier, allowing the entry of scientific ideals through the educated Ilustrados. Bureau of Government Laboratories- the first institution in charge of biochemical studies, established by the Americans. Additional benefits to S&T employees - main purpose of Magna Carta for Scientists. Filipino Contributions to Science and Technology 1. Dr. Fe Del Mundo  Pediatrician, a distinguished scholar, humanitarian  First pediatric hospital in the Philippines: Fe Del Mundo Medical Center, also known as Children Medical Center  First Woman Pediatrician to be admitted to Harvard Medical School   First Woman to be awarded National Scientist of the Philippines  Invented the Bamboo Incubator 2. Maria Orosa  Chemist, pharmacist, food scientist, humanitarian, and a freedom fighter and a war heroine from Batangas Known for the following inventions:  Banana ketchup  Darak or Tikitiki cookies (made of rice bran, to address Beriberi)  Soyalac (powdered soybeans)  Pineapple vinegar  Fruit preserves, jams, jellies and juices (including calamansi juice)  She died during the war.  3. Gregorio Zara  Aeronautical Engineer, Physicist and Inventor  Father of Videoconferencing: the inventor of the first two-way videophone  Other inventions include, alcohol-fueled airplane engine and solar-powered water heater  Zara Effect: law of electrical kinetic resistance 4. Germiniano De Ocampo  Father of Modern Ophthalmology in the Philippines  Introduced corneal transplant in PH and designed corneal dissector  Established the Philippine Eye Bank (1950)  Founded the De Ocampo Eye Hospital, the first eye hospital in the country (1952)  founder and first President, Philippine Ophthalmological Society (1958)  5. Luz Oliveros – Belardo  pharmaceutical chemist who worked on herbal medicine and plant extracts  extracted 33 new essential oils  found out that potassium citrate in lemongrass can potentially treat high blood pressure  Investigated the anti-cancer properties of compounds extracted from periwinkle  Used oleoresin from Apitong as component for motor fuel