Science Technology and Society PDF

**Science** comes from the Latin word *scienctia*, meaning "knowledge". It refers to a systematic and methodological activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both. **Technology**, for its part, is the application of scienti...

**Science** comes from the Latin word *scienctia*, meaning "knowledge". It refers to a systematic and methodological activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or both. **Technology**, for its part, is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real world problems. It comes from the Greek root word *techne*, meaning "art, skill, or cunning of hand". According to Albert Einstein, "it is not knowledge if you only derived it from books, but if you can derive it on numbers, it is considered knowledge." Because numbers are the application of knowledge and technology is the application of numbers and science. **HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** In the ancient times, people were concerned with the transportation and navigation, communication and recordkeeping, mass production, security protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture. Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons, they are traveling to search for food and find better locations for their settlements. They also travelled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked. Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. The increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food and other basic necessities, this condition also implied that the people must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities. The people thus need a form of technology that would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs. **[SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION]** Sumerian is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the area later became Babylonia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology. - **Cuneiform** - **Wheel** - **Plow** - **Roads** - **Fabrication of Copper** - **Time** - **Numeral System** - **Sailboat** - **Weapons** - **Lunar Calendar**  Image from slideshare.net **[BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION]** Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates river. The Babylonians were great builders, engineers and architects. Babylonia emerged near the river because water is one of their basic necessities. Water brings food for them, brings energy and beauty, and it also enable them to travel from one place to another. With the use of river, they are able to exchange their goods to other places and they can also use it to conquer and also to escape. One of their major contributions is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon form the stories of historians and paintings that portray the place. It was said to be a structure made of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees and vines. However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact location is unknown. Image result for hanging gardens of babylon Image from nationalgeograpic.com **[EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION]** Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in North Africa. Many stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptian especially regarding infrastructure established by the Pharaohs. - **Paper or Papyrus**  Aside from the Sumerians, Egyptians also developed a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. Before, they are using tables made from clay tablets but they find it fragile, heavy and delicate to handle. Hence, the Egyptian invention of paper or papyrus was a welcome development. They were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things. - **Ink** - **Hieroglyphics** Their way of writing is also the root cause why many scientists are confused about their history. Hieroglyphics is not just an ordinary writing of text, but it is also consisting of many different symbols and illustrations that may lead the scientist to misinterpretation of data meaning. Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. Their records were well-preserved since they were carved at the walls of pyramids and other important Egyptian structures. - **Cosmetics and Wig** During the hot summers many Egyptians shaved their heads to keep them clean and prevent pests such as lice. Although priests remained bald as part of their purification rituals, those that could afford it had wigs made in various styles and set with perfumed beeswax. The Egyptian invented eye makeup as far back as 4000 B.C. They combined soot with a lead mineral called galena to create a black ointment known as kohl. They also made green eye makeup by combining malachite with galena to tint the ointment. Both men and women wore eye makeups; believing it could cure eye diseases and keep them from falling victim to the evil eye. Images by Ask-aladdin.com - **Watermills** - **Mummification** **[ROMAN CIVILIZATION]** The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. Political because of its huge population and territory and social because of religion. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during the period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified law. That is why many other civilizations were conquered by the Roman Empire because of its existing laws which make it more complex and more stable compared to the other civilizations or empire. The following are the inventions and innovations of the Roman Empire.  - Newspaper, bound books or codex, Roman architecture, Roman numerals All of the above-mentioned inventions are still existing in this present -day civilization and are used in the entire world. The most famous id the newspaper which is globally used by different races. Images from rublerum.com **[CHINESE CIVILIZATION]** The Chinese civilization is considered the oldest civilization in Asia, if not in the world. Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. It was very famous among the other ancient civilization because of its silk trade. The following are the contributions of Chinese civilization to the world. - Silk industry, tea production, worlds famous Great Wall of China, gunpowder China even until now controls the production of almost everything. Most of the things like gadget, furniture, weapon, medicine, basic necessities, and many others are made in China. That is why Chinese economy is getting bigger and its control over the international politics is indeed very impressive. NAME: Score: ---------------------- -- -------- -- Course, Yr, Section: Choose one or more contribution/s of ancient civilizations which you think was/were the most important. Elaborate your answers and give evidences of its/their impact to the society. Create an infographic material. Write your output in a short bond paper with your name, course and year. (20 points) **RUBRICS** -------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Category** **5** **4** **3** **2** **Presentation** The infographics clearly communicates the main idea and strongly promotes awareness. The infographics clearly communicates some of the important ideas and slightly promotes awareness. The infographics indirectly communicates the idea and hardly promotes awareness. The infographics does not sufficiently communicate any idea that can promote awareness. **Creativity and Originality** All of the graphics used reflect an exceptional degree of student ingenuity in their creation. Most of the graphics used reflect student ingenuity in their creation. The graphics were made by the student but were copied from the designs or ideas of others. The graphics were not made by the student. **Accuracy and relevance** All graphics are accurate and related to the topic. Most graphics are accurate and related to the topic. Some graphics are accurate and related to the topic. The graphics are neither accurate nor related to the topic. **Required Element** It includes all required elements as well as additional information. All required elements are included. Few required elements are included. Required elements are missing. In a short bond paper, write a short description of the medieval or middle ages based on your perception. **MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES** The start of the middle ages was marred by a massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the field of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production and health. Most innovative minds came from this period to control the increase of trade and commerce among nations. - **Alchemy** One important stimulus was the monarchs\' growing demand of coinable precious metals; mining made giant strides to meet this demand. New pumping devices, new machines for lifting heavy loads, and new methods of finding and extracting of metals were developed. Metallurgy and metal­working were carried to new heights during the 16th century. Alchemists, who were eager to solve the problem of the shortage of gold in their laboratories, more or less accidentally laid the foundation of modern Chemistry. - **Firearms, Architecture, Fortification** The invention of gunpowder and firearms made mathematical knowledge indispensable; artillery without ballistic competence would have been inefficient. The knowledge of geometry and statics enabled architects of the Middle Ages to construct such wonder­works like Gothic cathedrals. Also, the sophisticated fortifications constructed in Italy, France, and England during the 15th and 16th centuries would not have been effective if their architects had not applied mathematical principles. - **Visual Arts** Progress in visual arts was made via the study of light and pigments, and the new principles of perspective and proportion required careful study of the mathematical principles upon which they are founded. - **Anatomy** It was also painters and sculptors who, in the 15th and 16th centuries, made intensive studies of the human body. They improved their knowledge of human anatomy by drawing upon discoveries made by anatomists who, in contempt of a Church law, had started to dissect human cadavers and to study in detail the structure of the human body. - **Exploration of the Earth** From the 14th century onwards, western merchants travelled as far as China (e. g. Marco Polo, q.v.) and brought back information on the previously unknown countries in the East. Based upon new and more precise maps, the world was explored by Portuguese and Spanish sea captains (Bartholomeu Dias, Vasco da Gama, Columbus, q.v.), and the view of the Earth became shattered. The culmination point of this process was reached when Nicolaus Copernicus disproved the geocentric conception of the universe. - **Book Printing** The 15th century saw one of the greatest inventions in the history of humankind. In 1450 **Johannes Gutenberg**, a citizen of the German town of Mainz, was able to print books. Himself a gifted craftsman and engineer possessing a thorough knowledge of metallurgy, he developed the prototype of the printing press, which made it possible for humanity to spread and give access to the knowledge of the world to everybody everywhere on the globe, and to accumulate and store it in libraries, the ever-growing treasure houses of human knowledge. - **The Calendar** The Church almost never interfered with technological or scientific progress. On the contrary, there was a strong motive for the clergy to solve some of the problems posed by the Bible which mathematics, astronomy, and science were able to provide solutions to: the problem of the exact date for Easter which led to the publication of a reformed Christian calendar and chronology. The reform of the Christian calendar was the result of a commission of astronomers, presided over by the popes, which reacted to information provided as early as the 14th century. Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 concluded this effort by his bull Inter Gravissimas, thus introducing the Gregorian Calendar which, in the centuries to follow, came to be accepted as the established civil calendar worldwide. - **Pasteurization** As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to keep manufactured from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they usually spoiled faster. If this food is not consumed immediately after the production, it might lead to food poisoning, diphtheria and typhoid fever. **Louis Pasture**, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. - **Petroleum Refinery** **Samuel M. Kier** was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as the "illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. After sometime, it was applied for heating purposes. Nowadays, kerosene is still present as still used by many people for powering automobiles, factories and power plants, among others. - **Telephone** What do you think is the first sentence ever spoken on the telephone? It is "Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you". **Alexander Graham Bell** invented the telephone and it was one of the most important inventions at that time. but before, the connection is very limited, the commoners cannot afford to buy one, and it is not that reliable in terms of stability and consistency. Nowadays, telephones are one of the necessities in this fast-changing world. Millennials can no longer live without it according to time magazine. NAME: Score: ---------------------- -- -------- -- Course, Yr, Section: Explain your answers to the questions below. 1. How did the Middle Ages affect the modern world? 2. Explain the importance of the different innovations during the medieval ages. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history of the middle ages. What is the importance of science and technology during the twentieth century? **MODERN TIMES** About 200 years ago, the pace of technological change in western society began to quicken. Wind, water and animal power, with their limitations of place and capacity, were supplemented and the replaced by the steam engine, which went on to power the factories of the industrial revolution. The railroad made it possible to move things and the people quickly over great distances. The telegraph and later, the telephone carried communications across the countryside. Electric lighting supplanted the dim glow of candles, kerosene and gas lights. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the notion of progress was closely linked with technological development and that linkage intensified in the following decades. The automobile and the airplane changed not only travel but the nature of our cities and towns. Radio and then television brought more of the outside world into everyone's homes. Knowledge about the causes of diseases brought new treatment and preventive measures. Computers appeared, and soon the transistor made them smaller, more powerful, more accessible and cheaper. Today, the system by which research and development leads to new products is fundamentally different than it was in the nineteenth century. To the role of the individual inventor has been added the power of organized scientific research and technological innovation. Organized research and development which are increasingly international in character, have greatly increased the production of new knowledge. Deeper understanding of living organisms is leading toward cures of diseases once thought untreatable. Basic insights in materials science enable the development of structures that are lighter, stronger, and more durable than anything available before. The computer and novel modes of communication, such as optical fibers, bring new, interactive modes of work and more capable machinery. These new devices and new ways of working, in turn, speed the growth and dissemination of new knowledge. The accumulation of scientific knowledge and new technologies has transformed human life. Technologies have helped provide many - though far from all - people with standards of warmth, cleanliness, nutrition, medical care, transportation, and entertainment far beyond those of even the wealthy two centuries ago. They have also presented us with difficult questions about how to use science and technology most effectively to meet human needs. The rapid rate of material progress can continue, but it is not inevitable. The extent to which the products of science and technology are useful depends on the needs of society. Each of the four areas discussed in this chapter -- industrial performance, health care, national security and environmental protection -- uses these products in different ways. Progress is more likely if we understand these differences. Only then can we effectively translate scientific and technical understanding into techniques, tools, and insights that improve the quality of our lives. **THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY** Industries differ in the manner and extent to which they use the results of research. Some, such as the semiconductor industry, the biotechnology industry and parts of the chemical industry, were created and shaped almost entirely b ideas that grew out of science. The technologies at the heart of these industries were initially characterized more by promise than the real products. Semiconductors were in this stage right after the invention of the transistor. More recently, biotechnology went through this stage after the development of recombinant DNA techniques. High -- temperature superconductivity is a scientific discovery that shows promise of leading to new industries and is in this stage today. As science-based industries continue to develop, they remain closely dependent on continuous inputs of new science, often produced by university researchers. These industries depend as well on the technological development of these ideas in order to grow and to widen their range of products. At an early stage, these industries tend to be small, to move at a fast technical and competitive pace, and to have enormous potential. Biotechnology is now in this stage. For industries that rely on high technology but are technically self-contained (such as the semiconductor industry) and industries that do not depend heavily on current science (such as the automobile industry), the results of current fundamental research are generally not decisive. Japan, which has not been a leading research power, has exhibited great strength in such industries. In these areas, productivity, gains and product leadership can be attained by a number of strategies largely separate from scientific research but highly dependent on engineering, such as developing new technology in corporate laboratories, improving the development cycle to hasten the marketing of improved products, better coordination of design and manufacture, maximizing the creative capabilities of employees, and responding quickly to changes in consumer preferences. **THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MEETING OTHER NATIONAL OBJECTIVES** In addition to their influence on industrial performance, science and technology are directly involved in efforts to achieve a number of other important national goals. As in the case of industry, many other factors must also be in place for the goals to be achieved, but science and technology provide many of the crucial insights and techniques that enable progress. **Healthcare** Maintenance of health and prevention of illness are among the highest goals of our society, science and technology have become critical factors in achieving those goals, and the health sciences -- including the life sciences, health services research and public health research -- will remain vital elements in the promotion of the nation's well-being. In health care, as in other areas, science and technology are embedded in much broader social and institutional structures. For example, a research discovery can lead to experimental products in a very short time. Yet those products may require very long lead to bring to market because of the need to ensure their safety and efficacy (like the new vaccine for COVID 19). **National Security** Since World War II, the United States has sought military advantage through technological rather than numerical superiority. For example, technological superiority in the hands of a well-trained military contributed greatly to the success of the Persian Gulf War. In the past, the segment of industry that has supplied both hardware and software to the US military has been largely separate from civilian industry. This segment of industry has had essentially one customer, and its requirements were focused on product performance more strongly than on cost. In the 1950's and 1960's, the defense industry produced much technology of value to civilian industry. But today, the technological sophistication of civilian industry in many cases surpasses that of the defense industry. But as a result, the military has become more dependent on civilian technologies. This trend will make improvements in national security more dependent on overall national economic performance. A major challenge facing the military today is to maintain technological superiority in the face of declining defense budgets. Meeting this challenge will require a reexamination of the broad scientific and technological base that contributes to military needs, including research and development in government laboratories, in industry and universities. **Environmental Protection** Environmental degradation continues to accompany many aspects of economic growth. Emissions and effluents of contaminated materials continue, waste disposal plagues urban areas, forests continue to be devastated, and biodiversity losses are growing. At the same time, science and technology have exposed new issues of great complexity and uncertain consequences, such as global warming, acid precipitation, the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer, and the contamination of water supplies. By the middle of the twenty-first century, the human population is projected to double to around 11 billion people, and to meet their basic needs, the global economy will need to be several times larger than it is now. Many industrial and agricultural practices and products used today in energy and food production, transportation and manufacturing will need to be restructured to prevent pollution if sustainable economic growth is to be achieved. In some situations, existing technologies can be made cleaner and more efficient; in others, entirely new technologies, including energy technologies, will be needed. Almost all fields of science and technology can contribute to the reduction of environmental degradation. Biotechnology, materials science and engineering, and information technologies can enable the efficient use of raw materials and prevent pollution at the source. Reducing and preventing pollution is an important goal of the new field of industrial ecology, which, by examining industrial processes, strives to maintain sustainable technological growth. Submit a short reflection on the impacts, positive or negative, of science and technology in modern times. (20 points) Write your reflection on a short bond paper. Do not forget to write your name and course in your output. **RUBRICS** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | **5** | **4** | **3** | **2** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Content** | | | | | | | | | | | | Addresses | | | | | | all its | | | | | | parts | | | | | | thoroughly; | | | | | | incorporate | | | | | | s | | | | | | relevant | | | | | | course | | | | | | content | | | | | | into | | | | | | responses; | | | | | | uses | | | | | | specific | | | | | | information | | | | | | from case | | | | | | in response | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Understan | | | | | | ding/Applic | | | | | | ation** | | | | | | | | | | | | Demonstrate | | | | | | s | | | | | | deep | | | | | | understandi | | | | | | ng | | | | | | of course | | | | | | theories | | | | | | and ideas | | | | | | applied to | | | | | | analysis of | | | | | | case | | | | | | situations | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Original | | | | | | Thinking** | | | | | | | | | | | | Demonstrate | | | | | | s | | | | | | original | | | | | | thinking | | | | | | that adds | | | | | | insight to | | | | | | analysis of | | | | | | case; | | | | | | meaningful | | | | | | elaboration | | | | | | beyond | | | | | | text, | | | | | | notes, | | | | | | class | | | | | | discussion | | | | | | in strategy | | | | | | development | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Grammar | | | | | | and | | | | | | mechanics** | | | | | | | | | | | | Response is | | | | | | virtually | | | | | | free of | | | | | | mechanical, | | | | | | grammatical | | | | | | writing | | | | | | errors\" | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ Do not turn the pages yet. Give your answer to the activity below. Name at least ten Filipino inventions that impacted the world. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS** Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global advancement of science and technology. We have group of inventors called Filipino Inventors Society which aims to remedy the needs of the consumers by inventing useful machines that could help us in our everyday living. These inventors are supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). **PINOY INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THEWORLD** ========================================== **1. Sing Along System** Alright, Filipinos didn't TECHNICALLY invent the karaoke no matter how Pinoy it feels-- it's actually a Japanese invention (hence the Japanese name), created by Daisuke Inoue. BUT, the Sing Along System (SAS), known to many as "minus one" was invented by Roberto del Rosario in 1974! The Sing Along System actually sounds like a cousin of the karaoke machine: it had a microphone, an amplifier, a cassette tape mechanism, and a mixer with cool effects to enhance a singer's voice! Unlike the karaoke machine, it didn't come with a visual screen for lyrics, but it was usually accompanied with a songbook anyway. **2. Yo yo** Ah, the classic yo yo-- who hasn't played with this classic toy? I myself spent a summer as a child trying to twirl my yo yo with acrobatic movements-- to no avail, sadly. Pedro Flores, a Filipino immigrant to the United States is credited for inventing the modern yo yo in the 1920s as we know it today! He put up the Yo-yo Manufacturing Company in California, before selling it to Duncan, who continued to sell his inventions under the Duncan line. **3. Erythromycin** Modern antibiotics have Dr. Abelardo Aguilar to thank, a doctor hailing from Iloilo who observed the antibacterial actions of the Aspergillus species of fungi in his hometown. Erythromycin was meant to be an alternative to penicillin, for those who were allergic to the latter. He sent the samples to his employer, Eli Lilly Co., who quickly patented and marketed the medicine under the brand name Ilosone, in honor of the place where it was discovered. Abelardo, however, never received any royalties from his discovery up until his death.  **4. Modular Housing System** What could probably be a solution to the country's housing problem is the Modular Housing System, developed by Edgardo Vasquez. The modular housing system made use of pre-fabricated materials that can withstand typhoons and earthquakes. The modular housing system actually costs less than traditional building materials and is versatile with various types of housing architectures. Vasquez later put up his own company, Vazbuilt, to bring his development to the public. **5. Video Phone** A video phone... in 1955?! Sounds impossible considering cell phones were only introduced in the late 90s to 2000s, but there was such a thing back then! Pinoy scientist and inventor Gregorio Y. Zara is credited for creating the first videophone in 1955, which he called the photo phone single separator network. Five years after his invention, AT&T started to work on a similar device, which they were able to develop and release to the public in 1970. **6. E-Jeepney** After the Americans colonized the Philippines, the Filipinos were able to create their own version of the "jeepney" from scratch. Ever since, this vehicle can be seen over almost every street and road in the Philippines and is the primary mode of transportation in the country. This Philippine vehicle has undergone many transformations and the modern "E-jeepney" was introduced in Metro Manila and Bacolod City. These E-jeepneys, unlike the standard jeepneys, are nature friendly as they are noiseless and smokeless. The E-jeepney uses electricity which is significantly cheaper than that of ordinary diesel.\ \ **7. Patis** Patis or Fish Sauce is a condiment that is used as a salty partner for many Filipino dishes. Ruperta David (aka Aling Tentay) was responsible for its accidental discovery in 1949.\ \ **8. Banana Catsup** Banana Catsup is a condiment that many Filipinos love to use for almost every known dish in the Philippines. This was the brainchild of food technologist Maria Orosa y Ylagan (1893--1945). According to historical accounts, she created the first recipe for banana catsup and experimented with foods that are native to the Philippines and created food products such as calamansi nip, which is a powdered form of calamansi to make calamansi juice, and a powdered version of soya beans called Soyalac which was used to help save the lives of many Filipinos, Americans and others who were held prisoners in World War II. **9. The 3-in-1 fire truck** The "Patriot" is a 3-in-1 fire truck that was invented by inventor Alfredo M. Anos, Sr., who is known as the godfather of Filipino Inventors. This truck is special since it serves as a fire truck, a rescue vehicle, and an ambulance. Image to the right is from snippetmedia.com **10. Medical incubator** Fe del Mundo is the first Asian who was able to enter the prestigious Harvard University's School of Medicine. She is credited for her studies that led to the creation and development of the incubator and jaundice relieving device. Ac coding to Wikipilipinas, this improvised incubator comprised of two native laundry baskets that was placed one inside of the other. Hot water bottles were arranged around, and in-between the two baskets to provide warmth. It also included a makeshift hood over the overlapping baskets so that oxygen will be able to circulate within.   This was created in order to address the needs of families in rural areas that have no electricity that is needed to regulate the body temperature of new born babies. (image from ) **THESE INVENTORS ARE TRUE FILIPINO WORKING-CLASS HEROES** **1. Ronaldo Pagsanghan** Counted among the country's millions of Overseas Filipino Workers and employed as a seaman, Ronaldo Pagsanghan used his know-how in seafaring in making the "unsinkable" boat following the onslaught of Typhoon Ondoy.   According to an article in the Philippines News Agency, Mr. Pagsanghan was alarmed by the delay of deployment of rescue boats during the deadly typhoon and was compelled to come up with the invention.   The "unsinkable portable boat" was applied for patent protection as an invention in 2011, and granted protection in 2015. **2. Melchor Henosa**   Again, proving that adversity is not a hindrance to innovation and creativity, Mr. Melchor Henosa has gained widespread acclaim for a technology that automatically stops leaking of automotive brake fluid.   Like Mr. Miseula, inventor Henosa dropped out of second year high school and became a jeepney driver for 15 years. This did not prevent his ingenuity from kicking in, when he noticed one day the persistent brake fluid leakage in his vehicle. He thought of an automatic check valve to prevent drainage at first drip, and could not stop thinking about the idea days after.   He made his design soon after and borrowed money to make a prototype, which stood testing and evaluation. For his automotive safety invention, Mr. Henosa was declared the grand winner of the DOST's 2016 National Invention Contest and Exhibits (Nice), bagging the Outstanding Invention (Tuklas) Award, with P150,000 cash, certificate, plaque, and Wipo (World Intellectual Property Organization) Gold Medal.   **3. Mary Ann Macaloi**   Having no formal training in the sciences did not stop Ms. Macaloi from offering a technical solution to the problem of proper solid waste disposal. With a degree in accounting and for many years as a Church minister, Ms. Macaloi sought to offer an inventive solution through her patented garbage disposal machine. Ms. Macaloi hopes for the widespread use of her waste disposal machine to engender a sustainable and 'green' method of disposal. The invention, which can be placed in the home much like a washing machine, grinds solid waste into smaller particles or even into liquid form. These inventions are being recognized and being used all over the world. According to the Filipino Inventors Society Secretary Fortunato de la Pena, "we may lack resources, but our minds are filled with knowledge" which is true. NAME: Score: ---------------------- -- -------- -- Course, Yr, Section: Based on your readings, from the material above or other sources, which of the Filipino inventions impressed you the most? Explain your answer. Write your answer in a short bond paper with your name, course and year. SCORING RUBRICS +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | **5** | **4** | **3** | **2** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Content** | | | | | | | | | | | | Addresses | | | | | | all its | | | | | | parts | | | | | | thoroughly; | | | | | | incorporate | | | | | | s | | | | | | relevant | | | | | | course | | | | | | content | | | | | | into | | | | | | responses; | | | | | | uses | | | | | | specific | | | | | | information | | | | | | from case | | | | | | in response | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Understan | | | | | | ding/Applic | | | | | | ation** | | | | | | | | | | | | Demonstrate | | | | | | s | | | | | | deep | | | | | | understandi | | | | | | ng | | | | | | of course | | | | | | theories | | | | | | and ideas | | | | | | applied to | | | | | | analysis of | | | | | | case | | | | | | situations | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Original | | | | | | Thinking** | | | | | | | | | | | | Demonstrate | | | | | | s | | | | | | original | | | | | | thinking | | | | | | that adds | | | | | | insight to | | | | | | analysis of | | | | | | case; | | | | | | meaningful | | | | | | elaboration | | | | | | beyond | | | | | | text, | | | | | | notes, | | | | | | class | | | | | | discussion | | | | | | in strategy | | | | | | development | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Grammar | | | | | | and | | | | | | mechanics** | | | | | | | | | | | | Response is | | | | | | virtually | | | | | | free of | | | | | | mechanical, | | | | | | grammatical | | | | | | writing | | | | | | errors\" | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ In this module, you were able to learn the following concepts: 1. Contributions of the different civilizations, like the Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian. Roman and Chinese civilizations, in the ancient times to science and technology. 2. Developments in alchemy, firearms, architecture, fortification, visual arts, anatomy, exploration of the earth, book printing, the calendar, pasteurization, petroleum refinery and telephone in the middle ages. 3. The impact of science and technology in the modern times, how science and technology changed the way people think on important innovations. The role of science and technology in industrial performance, health care, national security and environmental protection. 4. The notable inventions of Filipinos which raised the flag of the Philippines not only in the country but in the whole world. As a student, what can you contribute or innovate to improve the practices and production of agricultural products in the community of ASIST? (20 points) Write your output in a short bond paper. Write your name, year and course on top of the bond paper like the format below. NAME: Score: ---------------------- -- -------- -- Course, Yr, Section: SCORING RUBRICS +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | **5** | **4** | **3** | **2** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Content** | | | | | | | | | | | | Addresses | | | | | | all its | | | | | | parts | | | | | | thoroughly; | | | | | | incorporate | | | | | | s | | | | | | relevant | | | | | | course | | | | | | content | | | | | | into | | | | | | responses; | | | | | | uses | | | | | | specific | | | | | | information | | | | | | from case | | | | | | in response | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Understan | | | | | | ding/Applic | | | | | | ation** | | | | | | | | | | | | Demonstrate | | | | | | s | | | | | | deep | | | | | | understandi | | | | | | ng | | | | | | of course | | | | | | theories | | | | | | and ideas | | | | | | applied to | | | | | | analysis of | | | | | | case | | | | | | situations | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Original | | | | | | Thinking** | | | | | | | | | | | | Demonstrate | | | | | | s | | | | | | original | | | | | | thinking | | | | | | that adds | | | | | | insight to | | | | | | analysis of | | | | | | case; | | | | | | meaningful | | | | | | elaboration | | | | | | beyond | | | | | | text, | | | | | | notes, | | | | | | class | | | | | | discussion | | | | | | in strategy | | | | | | development | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Grammar | | | | | | and | | | | | | mechanics** | | | | | | | | | | | | Response is | | | | | | virtually | | | | | | free of | | | | | | mechanical, | | | | | | grammatical | | | | | | writing | | | | | | errors\" | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ ***End of this Module*** This module comprises lessons on Intellectual Revolutions that defined society. The same module utilizes outcome -- based education which applies the **3D** model. The first part of each lesson will start with the "**Let's DISCOVER**" part. In this part introduces the topic with surfacing of your prior knowledge. The second part, the "**Let's DISSECT**", processes your prior knowledge through thorough discussion with concrete examples. Third is the **"Let's DEEPEN"** part. It is where you are given various exercises where you can apply the concepts with some exercises. At the end of the module, you are to accomplish the task which culminates all concepts and skills acquired. A rubric will guide on how you are going to do the task. This is called **"Culminating Activity".** The following general guidelines should be strictly considered in order to for you to effectively learn the knowledge and skills in assessment which is one of the primary tools for future teachers. 1. **Activities**. All answers under **DISCOVER** shall be treated as your class recitations. All outputs under **DEEPEN** are entered as your written works or performance task. Thus, never leave any activity unanswered. And all outputs under "**Culminating Activity**" shall be treated as your performance tasks. 2. **Output Submission**. Submission can be done on a given schedule. You can always contact me through my Messenger for clarifications and questions. Good luck and enjoy learning! ***At the end of this module, you will be able to*** 1. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. 2. Differentiate between heliocentric and geocentric view of the universe. 3. Explain how the Copernican Revolution affected the way people think. 4. Discuss the impact of Darwinian Revolution on how people accepted new ideas in science and technology as presented by Darwin. 5. *Elaborate the importance of Psychoanalysis developed by Freud to modern society.* 6. Explain the theory of Information Revolution. 7. Understand the impact of the Meso-American societies to the modern world. 8. Articulate how Meso-American technology preserved their identity. 9. Discuss the impact of Asian and African revolutions to modern societies. Without turning the pages of your module yet, will you differentiate the heliocentric and geocentric view of the solar system. **COPERNICAN REVOLUTION** The motions of celestial bodies visible to the naked eye are mostly regular and repeatable. Planetary motions are much more complex, showing occasional retrograde motion. Planets rise and set and move generally eastward relative to the stars at varying speeds. But they occasionally stop, move westward (or retrograde), then stop again and resume moving eastward. For 2000 years, a geocentric model for the universe was widely assumed. Aristotle (384-322 BC) argued for a geocentric model on physical grounds. Earth was fixed and unmoving at the center because it was too big to move, including rotation. The Sun, Moon, Planets and stars are fixed to crystalline spheres in uniform circular motion. The combination of perfect motions produces the net retrograde and non-uniform motions observed. Ptolemy's explanation of retrograde motion was illustrated below. The combination of small and large circles creates "loop-the-loop" retrograde motion. Aristarchus of Samos (310 - 230 BC) proposed the first known Heliocentric model. Heliocentric models have the planets, including earth, in motion around a central Sun. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) revived the heliocentric system in the 16^th^ century after 18 centuries of neglect. He still clings to Aristotle's belief in uniform circular motion. He had to use epicycles to get the motions correctly. The English astronomer Thomas Digges (1546 - 1595) discarded the idea of a "Celestial Sphere". stars are at different distances from the Sun. Nearby stars are bright; more distant stars are dimmer; very distant stars are too dim to be seen. Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) made crucial discoveries with the newly invented telescope. The observation of craters and mountains on the Moon showed that it had terrain like Earth. The observation of sunspots showed that the Sun was imperfect and rotating slowly. The discovery of four Moons of Jupiter showed that the Earth was not the only center of motion. The phases of Venus demonstrated decisively that Venus orbits the Sun. The Copernican Revolution gives us an important framework for understanding the universe. We do not occupy a special or privileged place in the universe. The universe and everything in it can be understood and predicted using a set of basic physical laws (rules). The entire universe obeys the same physical laws everywhere (and at all times). Do not turn the page of your module yet. Explain the concept of 1. Natural selection 2. The Ego, Superego and the Id **DARWINIAN REVOLUTION** In 1859, there was a groundbreaking revolution in both the scientific and religious realms: the origin of species, authored by Charles Darwin, was published. The book changed how people approach biology forever, and has fundamental impacts on modern science, religion, and other aspects of the society. A century and a half later, the influence of Darwin remains. In Australia there is City of Darwin, named after the evolution giant. There are Darwin branded merchandises, restaurants, even colleges. However, as Prof. Browne from Harvard University have lectured, Darwin's opinions were not fully acknowledged till at least a hundred years later. At the time when Origin of Species was published, the theories did not immediately gain popularity. As Prof. Browne put it, it was not a "revolution" but rather a slow change, stretched out over the course of a century. Darwin's opinions, as they start to gain popularity, were very much challenged. Most of the questions come from people who come from a religious background and the concept of evolution particularly disputed the existence of a creator. Darwin's response what safe yet smart: instead of labeling himself as an atheist, he resorts to being an agnostic, refusing to enter the debate of whether God exists. Despite his great achievements, Darwin is still a person with unique personalities, and by revisiting his life we could unveil how his thoughts came to be and how his theory of evolution is sparked. Living in a very private, remote estate, Darwin had a wealthy heritage which provided him with ample time and financial support to pursue his interests. Because of his remote location, most of the communications with his scientific colleagues are achieved through mails, and this large amount of correspondence left us with a rather streamlined thought process of how his theory took its shape. First, through those mails, we could see that he was a very organized person, and made decisions through listing pros and cons. One example was when deciding whether or not to get married, he listed the pros and cons of marriage, and in the end concluding that dying alone would be worse that having too much company. Another aspect of Darwin's theories that the correspondence revealed was the emergence of similar theories at the time. Multiple people have written to Darwin regarding similar evolution theories and without Darwin, the evolution theory would probably still be discovered, but under a different name. Now, since Darwin is the name attached to this theory, his name, like the Bible, is quoted by people with different agendas. Eugenicists insist that Darwin's theory implies that we need to actively "better" our gene while other groups cite Darwin for other discriminatory policies. Science history views Darwin as a "saint", burying him at Westminster Abbey while the British Natural History Museum puts his sculpture up and down depending how Darwin is perceived by the general public. Darwin's simple theory is interpreted and misinterpreted in many different dimensions, but it is this social discourse that keeps the theory alive and drives science forward. **FREUDIAN REVOLUTION** Sigmund Freud was born in 1856, before the advent of telephones, radios, automobiles, airplanes, and a host of other material and cultural changes that had taken place by the time of his death in 1939. Freud saw the entirety of the first World War--a war that destroyed the empire whose capital city was his home for more than seventy years--and the beginning of the next. He began his career as an ambitious but isolated neurologist; by the end of it, he described himself, not inaccurately, as someone who had had as great an impact on humanity\'s conception of itself as had Copernicus and Darwin. Freud\'s most obvious impact was to change the way society thought about and dealt with mental illness. Before psychoanalysis, which Freud invented, mental illness was almost universally considered \'organic\'; that is, it was thought to come from some kind of deterioration or disease of the brain. Research on treating mental illness was primarily concerned--at least theoretically--with discovering exactly which kinds of changes in the brain led to insanity. Many diseases did not manifest obvious signs of physical difference between healthy and diseased brains, but it was assumed that this was simply because the techniques for finding the differences were not yet sufficient. The conviction that physical diseases of the brain caused mental illness meant that psychological causes--the kinds that Freud would insist on studying--were ignored. It also meant that people drew a sharp dividing line between the \"insane\" and the \"sane.\" Insane people were those with physical diseases of the brain. Sane people were those without diseased brains. Freud changed all of this. Despite his background in physicalism (learned during his stay in Ernst Brücke\'s laboratory), his theories explicitly rejected the purely organic explanations of his predecessors. One of Freud\'s biggest influences during his early days as a neurologist was Jean-Martin Charcot, the famous French psychiatrist. Charcot claimed that hysteria had primarily organic causes, and that it had a regular, comprehensible pattern of symptoms. Freud agreed with Charcot on the latter point, but he disagreed entirely on the former. In essence, Freud claimed that neurotic people had working hardware, but faulty software. Earlier psychiatrists like Charcot, in contrast, had claimed that the problems were entirely in the hardware. As psychoanalysis became increasingly popular, psychology and psychiatry turned away from the search for organic causes and toward the search for inner psychic conflicts and early childhood traumas. As a consequence, the line between sane and insane was blurred: everyone, according to Freud, had an Oedipal crisis, and everyone could potentially become mentally ill. Psychoanalysis has had an enormous impact on the practice of psychiatry, particularly within the United States, but today it is regarded by most sources--medical, academic, governmental, and others--as almost entirely incorrect in its conception of the mind. This judgment is based on the crucial test of psychoanalysis: whether or not it really helps patients with behavioral or psychological problems. The consensus is that is does not. Psychoanalysis in its many varieties appears to have little or no efficacy in treating mental illness. In contrast, psychopharmacology and cognitive- behavioral therapies (therapies that simply try to change what the patient thinks and does rather than analyzing the causes of the behavior), while far from perfect, do appear to help. If this is true--and we have a great deal of evidence that it is--why is Freud still so important? Why do we generally speak of him as a great figure in Western thought, instead of as a strange and misguided figure of turn-of-the- century Europe? There are at least two reasons. The first is purely practical: psychoanalysis has enormous historical significance. Mental illness affects a large proportion of the population, either directly or indirectly, so any curative scheme as widely accepted as was Freud\'s is important to our history in general. The second, more important, reason is that Freud gave people a new way of thinking about why they acted the way they did. He created a whole new way of interpreting behaviors: one could now claim that a person had motives, desires, and beliefs--all buried in the unconscious--which they knew nothing about but which nonetheless directly controlled and motivated their conscious thought and behavior. This hypothesis, derived from but independent of Freud\'s psychiatric work, was the truly radical part of his system of thought.