STS Reviewer PDF

**STS REVIEWER** **Science** **Science- from the Latin word Scientia, meaning "knowledge"** - **The framework of knowledge of the natural word learned through the scientific method** - **Explores for the purpose of knowing** **Technology- from the Greek word Techne, meaning art, skill o...

**STS REVIEWER** **Science** **Science- from the Latin word Scientia, meaning "knowledge"** - **The framework of knowledge of the natural word learned through the scientific method** - **Explores for the purpose of knowing** **Technology- from the Greek word Techne, meaning art, skill or cunning hand and Logos "discourse"** - **A human activity involved with the making and using of material artefacts** - **Explores for the purpose of making something useful from that knowledge** **Society- Derived form the Latin word Societas, it typically refers to individuals belonging to a particular group** **General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society** **Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society** - Science is as old as the world itself. - Science is always interwoven with the society. **SCIENCE** - science as an idea - Intellectual Activity - Body of knowledge - Personal and Social Activity **Why do people do scientific activities?** - Understand everything around us. - Find meaning and seek answers to many questions. - provide alternative explanations for a certain phenomenon. **Scientific Revolution** \- was the **period of enlightenment** when developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed society\'s view of nature. **Some intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas** - Creativity - Curiosity - Critical Thinking **Copernican Revolution** - Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) - Astronomer and Mathematician - Adopted the \"Heliocentric model\" - Published an essay \"On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) **Darwinian Revolution** - Charles Darwin - Theory of Evolution - Suggested that all organisms are related and have descended from a common ancestor. - Explain that complex creatures evolved naturally from simplistic ancestors over time. - Proposed \"Natural Selection\", organisms survived due to random genetic mutations leading to the preservation of their descendants. - Survival of the fittest. the better adapted a species is, the more fitted it is to reproduce. **Freudian Revolution** - **Sigmund Freud - *Father of Psychoanalysis*** - Believe that when people explain their behaviour, they rarely give a true account of their motivation, not because they are deliberately lying, but because they are adept at self-deception - Freud\'s structural theory of personality emphasizes the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behaviour and personality. - ID, SUPER EGO, EGO - **ID** is made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to **satisfy basic needs, urges, and desires.** - The **SUPER EGO** is composed of people\'s internalized ideas acquired from parents and society. It works to **suppress the urges of the Id and tries to make the ego behave normally**, rather than realistically. - The **EGO** mandates the demands of the Id, the superego, and the reality. It works to **satisfy the id\'s desire in a manner** that is realistic and socially appropriate. **Cradles of Early Science: Development of Science in Meso America, Asia and Africa.** **MESO AMERICA** - includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. - **Maya Civilization** The Ancient Mayans developed the Science of Astronomy, calendar systems, and hieroglyphics writing. They were also known for creating elaborate ceremonial architecture such as pyramids, temples, palaces, and observatories. These structures were all built without metal tools. The Maya were skilled weavers and potters. - **Inca Civilization** The Inca also developed sophisticated calendars, elaborate textiles functional and decorative ceramics, surgical techniques, productive terrace agriculture, and the use of coca leaves as medicine and in religious ceremonies. 1\. Road paved with stone 2\. Stone Buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters 3\. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land 4\. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season. 5. The first suspension bridge 6\. **Quipu-** a system of **knotted ropes** to keep records that only expert can interpret. 7\. Inca textile clothes since clothes were one of the especially prized artistic achievements. - **Aztec Civilization** They produced highly skilled and sensitive art, conceived perhaps the most advanced calendar of their time, and built extraordinary temples in clean and well-organized cities. 1\. Mandatory Education 2\. Chocolates (Cacao Beans) 3\. Antispasmodic Medication (prevent muscle spasms) 4\. **Chinampa**- **agricultural farming** in which the land was divided into rectangular areas surrounded by canals 5\. Aztec Calendar - this enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season 6\. Invention of the **Canoe**- A **light narrow boat** used for traveling in water systems. **ASIA** - Is **the biggest continent in the world** and the home of many ancient civilizations. Stood out: India, China, and Middle East Civilization - **India** - is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern borders. - known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works - Famous in medicine (**ayurveda**) - Susruta Samhita (*medical procedures*) - Notable in the field of Astronomy. They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each (Siddhanta Shiromani) - Known for their Mathematics. The people of this civilization, according to Bisht (1982), tried to standardize measurements of length to a high degree of accuracy - Indian Astronomer and mathematician **Ayabhata**, in his Aryabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra. - Indian, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit. - Known for traditional medicines (acupuncture) - In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many tools. - Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools - Iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller. - Invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility. - **Middle East Countries**- Are dominantly occupied by Muslims. With the spread of Islam in the 7^th^ and 8^th^ centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13^th^ century. - Muslim scientist **Ibn Al- Haytham** the *Father of Optics*, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. (experiments on lenses, mirrors, refraction, reflection, and the dispersion of light) - Muslim mathematicians made several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation. - In terms of modern chemistry, **Jabir Ibn Hayyan** "*Father of Chemistry*" - In the field of medicine. **Ibn Sina** pioneered the Science of Experimental Medicine "*Book of Healing*" and "*The Canon of Medicine*'. **AFRICA**- The earliest human inventions such as the hand axe and manipulating fire originated in Africa. People in Africa developed inventions used up to the modern day, including fish hooks, bows and arrows, and boats. The most important centre of learning in the ancient world was the Library of Alexandria in Egypt. - The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the fields of Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine. - Development of geometry. (Rectilinear Structures) - Astronomy was also famous in the African region. Africans used three types of calendars: Lunar, Solar, and Stellar, or a combination of the three. - Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during ancient times. They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent architecture. - Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. - Tool for multiplication, division, four fundamental operations, basic concepts of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. **Lesson 3: Historical Antecedents of Science And Technology** **Antecedents**- are defined as a **precursor** to the unfolding of the existence of something. - Ancient period - Middle age - Modern age - Inventory of the Filipino scientist **Ancient period** The rise of ancient civilization paved the way for advances in science and technology. These advances during the ancient period allowed civilizations to flourish by finding better ways of communication, transportation, self-organization, and living in general. - **Ancient wheel**- grew out of a mechanical device called the \"**potter\'s wheel**\" - **Paper (papyrus)** - ancient Egyptian, made from pith of the papyrus plant \" cyperus papyrus\" - **Shadoof**- ancient Egyptian, spelled as shaduf a **hand-operated device used for lifting water.** - **Antikythera Mechanism** - ancient Greeks, used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes. **Middle ages** Between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 15th century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in the late 15th century AD, major advances in scientific and technological development took place. - **Aeolipile** - hero\'s engine (*steam* engine), steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated. - **Heavy plough**- the *most important technological innovation* during the Middle Ages. - **Gunpowder**- Chinese alchemist, Chinese called \" *huoyao*\" (fire portion) - Paper money- the first known version of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese 17th century. - Spinning wheel- used to transform fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven cloth on a loom. **Modern ages** As the world population increased people of the modern age realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation communication and production. - Compound microscope- a Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Jansen is credited with the invention compound microscope in 1590. - Telescope- a technological invention in the study of astronomy it was the practical telescope invented by Galileo Galilei. - Jacquard loom- built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, figure design on textiles. - Engine-powered airplane- Oliver Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft. - Television- Scottish engineer John Logic Baird is largely credited for the invention of the modern television. **Invention by Filipino scientist** The Philippines boasts of its history and tradition of scientific and technological innovation. - Electronic jeepney- the most recognizable national symbol of the Philippines and the most popular mode of public transportation in the country. - Erythromycin- Ilonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented this antibiotic out of a strain of bacterium called streptomyces erythreus. - **Medical incubator**- Filipino pediatrician and national scientist *Dr. Fe del Mundo*. - Mole remover- Rolando Dela Cruz, made of an extract of cashew nuts. - Banana ketchup- Filipino food technologist Maria Orasa, brownish yellow. **Lesson 4: Science And Technology And Nation Building.** - Pre-colonial - Spanish colonial - American period **PRE-COLONIAL 900-1521** - Herbal medicine - Use of writing - Numerical - Measurement - Calendar system - Farming - Fishing - Mining - Weaving **SPANISH COLONIAL 1565- 1898** - Science and technology developed through the establishment of formal education institutions and the launching of scientific organizations. - School mandated to teach religion mathematics reading and writing music and arts and health and sanitation. - Medicine and biology were taught in different educational and training institution - Agriculture was the major livelihood of Filipinos - Construct buildings churches bridges roads and ports engineering was introduced. **American period** - 1607 and ended between the years of 1776 to 1783 - Laboratorio Municipal was replaced by the Bureau of Government Laboratories - The bureau was established to study tropical diseases and other related research projects. - 1905 change bureau of science research center of the Philippines - In 1993 National Research Council was established - 1946 was replaced by the institute of science Formal education - Up - PNS/PNU - PUP - TUP **Development Of Science And Technology In The Philippines.** **Internal influences** - Survival - Culture - Economic activities **External influences** - Foreign colonizers - Trades with foreign countries - International economic demands. **Paulo Campos** "The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines" Born on July 27, 1921, was a Filipino physician and educator noted for his promotion of wider community health care and his achievements in the field of nuclear medicine. **STARTED NUCLEAR MEDICINE**: - Set up the first Nuclear Medicine Laboratory at UST Hospital. - Introduced new ways to use radiation to diagnose and treat diseases. - Improved how doctors detect and treat cancer, heart, and thyroid issues. **Thyroid Disease Research:** - Studied thyroid diseases like goiter, common in the Philippines**.** - Showed the importance of iodine in preventing thyroid problems. - Helped start health programs to fight iodine deficiency. **Promoted scientific research:** - Named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1989. - Published important research on nuclear medicine and thyroid health. - Encouraged more scientific studies in the Philippines. **Leader in medical education:** - Led the UP College of Medicine. - Helped improve the training of doctors in the Philippines. - Developed better teaching methods for future doctors. **Improve healthcare:** - Helped build better healthcare services. - Mentored many doctors, shaping the future of medicine in the Philippines. **ANGEL ALCALA** (March 1, 1929-February 1, 2023)**-** National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014 Background - A Filipino marine biologist, herpetologist, research advocate, civil servant, and an acclaimed scientist. - Known for his fieldwork to build **sanctuaries and to promote biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystems** of the Philippines. Chairman of the Board of Advisers at the Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management located at Silliman University Invention - Artificial coral reefs for fisheries in Southeast Asia. Active restoration tools to mitigate environmental damage and habitat loss, restore degraded ecosystems such as kelp forests and coral reefs, and promote biodiversity Contributions - Published more than 200 peer-reviewed articles and books and his biological contributions to the environment and ecosystems have made him a renowned figure of natural sciences in the Philippines. - First Filipino scientist to engage in comprehensive studies concerning Philippine reptiles and amphibians. Also, he made contributions to mammals and birds. - From the 400 already known species of reptiles and amphibians, 50 more species were identified due to his efforts. - Well-established conservation programs in the Philippines. Set up the first artificial reef in the Philippines in Dumaguete - Established the no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) in the 1970s to increase and preserve marine biodiversity, including fisheries **Ricardo Sigua** Dr. Ricardo Sigua is a leading expert in **the transportation field** where he has contributed to various national and international studies, projects, and activities, specifically in Road Safety, Traffic Engineering, and Intelligent Transport Systems, among many others. **Contribution &** **Invention** - Promotion of Walkable and Bikeable Communities: Sigua was a key advocate for \"walkable and bikeable\" communities in the Philippines. His efforts in this area were recognized by the Bayanihan sa Daan Awards in 2016 - Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering: Sigua authored a significant book titled Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, which serves as a foundational reference for students and professionals in the field. **Experience** Ricardo Sigua, a renowned inventor, pursued mechanical engineering and founded a startup focused on sustainable energy solutions. Despite financial constraints and market competition, his groundbreaking solar energy technology improved efficiency, attracting a major investor and reducing carbon footprints, making a positive impact on the world. **Baldomero M. Olivera-** Filipino Chemist **Background Information** Dr. Baldomero Olivera, Jr. is well-known for his significant research and accomplishments in **biochemistry and molecular biology**, particularly the discovery of numerous Conus peptides, which are now being tested in clinical trials as highly specific drugs for pain, epilepsy, and other nervous system disorders. **Studies Presented** - Enzymatic Cleavage and Repair of Transforming DNA - *Venomous Gastropods: Conus, Conoideans and other Neogastropod Families*, Systematics, Phylogeny and Biology of the Neograstropoda - *Replication of oX174 DNA by Escherichia coli PoIA-in vitro* - *Structure-Activity Relationships in a-Conotoxins: A model , Peptides: Structure and Function* - *Conus Peptides, a Pharmacologically Diverse Class of Marine Natural Products* - *Post-translational Modification: A two Dimensional Strategy for Molecular Diversity of Conus peptides* **Maria Ligaya Braganza** She is the Dean of the School of Food Science and Technology at the Philippine Women\'s University and conducts applied research on food and product development. **Contribution** - **(**Food and Product Development) - She has been involved in various projects aimed at developing new food products and improving existing ones. Her work often focuses on **enhancing nutritional value and sustainability**. - (Banana Flour)- She conducted pioneering research on using banana flour as a wheat flour extender. This innovation not only provides a healthier alternative but also supports local banana farmers. **Dioscoro Umali** (November 17, 1917 - July 1, 1992) **Background Information** Dioscoro L. Umali, popularly known as \"Diosing\", \"DLU\" and \"Jack\" was born on November 17, 1917 in Biñan, Laguna. He is considered as the **Father of Philippine Plant Breeding.** He specialized in breeding rice, corn, abaca, and mussaenda. **Contributions** - Strengthened Plant Breeding in the Philippines. - Breeding of mussaenda - Improvement of Abaca - Improvement of Rice and Corn - Improvement of Fruit Varieties - Coconut research and makapuno - Creation of multiple agricultural institutions **ENGR.DIOSDADO BANATAO** Dado Banatao was born on May 23 1946 to arise farmer and housekeeper where he grew up in a little barrio named Malabhac in the farming town of Iguig in Cagayan Valley Province Diosdado P. Banatao also known as \"*Bill Gates of the Philippines*\" is a Filipino entrepreneur and engineer. Banatao\'s dream was to become a pilot, so he worked at Philippine Airlines when he was 19. He later found himself at Boeing, where his passion for design engineering came to light SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS Created the PC chipset and the Windows Graphics accelerator chip, which can be found in every personal computer today. His contributions to the modern computer industry include the first single-chip, 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator through his first company Mostron; the first 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS Media Access Controller (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Chip, the first system e logic chipset for the PC-XT and the PC-AT He is also behind the technology that sped up the computer graphics via the first Windows Graphics accelerator chip for the PC. The enhanced graphics adapter chips sets were eventually acquired by semiconductor giant, Intel. **DR. AME GARONG** Dr Ame Garong is a Filipino archaeologist and a museum researcher at the archaeology division in National Museum of the Philippines. She specialized in **human remain** **Significant Contribution** Using isotope analysis, she reconstructed the diet from the archaeological human remains from different burial sites in the Philippines. Based on the bone, hair, muscle samples and plant and animal tissues, Garong traced the diet of ancient Filipinos. T Filipinos in the pre-colonial and early colonial past ate mostly aquatic resources (such as marine fish, freshwater shellfish, and coral reef resources). Some samples showed that the ancient Filipinos practiced prolonged breast feeding. She explained that \"food sources in the Philippines, especially plants, have not differed much then as now\" adding that plants were the staple food of ancient Filipinos. Dr. Ame Garong published a book called \"ANCIENT FILIPINO DIET; RECONSTRUCTING DIET FROM HUMAN REMAINS EXCAVATED IN THE PHILIPPINES\" **ABOUT THE BOOK**: FILIPINO DIET This book is arguably the first in the study of Philippine prehistory to specifically explore and understand the prehistoric diet of our ancestors. This is the first of its kind where stable isotopic analyses were applied to human bones, hair, and teeth in deciphering ancient food and the source of drinking water in prehistoric times. The results from this highly technical research work will go a long way in the elucidation of the rich archaeological heritage of the Philippines.\" Wilfredo P. Ronquillo, Chief, Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines. **Raymundo S. Punongbayan** - Raymundo S. Punongbayan made a significant contribution to the **mitigation of natural hazards involving volcanoes and earthquakes** - A Geologist and was the former director of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). He served from 1983 to 2002. **Gavino C. Trono, Jr. -** National Scientist of the Philippines for Marine Biology - At least 45 research projects, published more than 120 internationally refereed papers, including 10 books and technical manuals. He discovered 25 new marine benthic **algae Red seaweed species** Chondrophycus tronoi (Ganzon-Fortes) K.W.Nam and the brown seaweed genus Tronoella Santiañez & Kogame were named after Dr. Trono - *"**Father of Kappaphycus farming**"* PROCESO J. ALCALA - Born July 2, 1955, popularly known as \"Procy\" - Graduated from Luzonian University Foundation in a Bachelor of Science in Civil - Engineering (1978) is known for his role in agriculture rather than in the fields of science, technology, or direct societal contributions. - Served as Secretary of the Department of Agriculture from 2010-2016. - Environmentalist and non-government organization worker. - He was a two-term congressman of the 2nd District of Quezon Province from 2004 to 2010. Most Known Contribution Authored Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 (RA 10068). Mounts Banahaw - San Cristobal Protected Landscape Act (RA 2718). Co-author of Climate Change Act (RA 9729) Expanded Senior Citizens Act (RA 9994). **Alfredo Galang --** **Contributions:** - contributions to plant breeding and genetics - development of *high-yielding and disease-resistant rice varieties resistant to pests and diseases, and can withstand environmental stresses* such as drought and flooding - development of other crop varieties such as corn and vegetables **Most notable Contributions:** - The development of PSB Rc82 Rice variety - resistance to bacterial blight, reducing yield loss - largely adopted by farmed for increased rice production and greater food security in the country. **Lesson 4: Indigenous Science And Technology In The Philippines** Filipinos, especially during the early times tried to invent tools that will help them in their everyday life. They also developed alternative ideas to explain various phenomena and in explaining the world around them. This system of knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation of indigenous science. **INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE** - Is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. - They live and grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge. - Their parents and other older folks served as their first teacher and their methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. - The lessons are interwoven with their culture and their environment. Good Values. Life stories of people on their life struggles. - Their views about nature and their reflections on their experiences is evident in their stories, poems, and songs. EXAMPLE OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE - *Predicting weather conditions.* - *Using herbal medicines* - *Preserving foods* - *Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on their cultural properties* - *Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting using indigenous technology in daily life.* - *Building local irrigation systems* - *Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties* - *Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits;* - *Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard.* **INDIGENOUS SCIENCE** - It is *part of indigenous knowledge system* practiced by different groups of people and early civilization. - Includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their interactions with the natural milieu: Agriculture Medicine Naming and explaining natural phenomena Strategies for coping with the changing environment - It also developed desirable values that are relevant and consistent to scientific attitudes namely: Motivating attitudes Cooperating attitudes Practical attitudes Reflective attitudes - Indigenous science uses **SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS** such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem-solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting - Indigenous science uses **COMMUNITY, CULTURE, AND VALUES,** The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator. The Earth is referred to as "Mother Earth". It is the origin of their identity as people. All living things are interconnected and interdependent with each other. Humans are stewards of the land. They have the responsibility to preserve it Nature is a friend to human beings- it needs respect and proper care - Composed of **TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE** practiced and valued by people and communities such as ethnobiology, ethnomedicine, Indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy. Indigenous science is important in the development of science and technology in the Philippines. It gave birth to the development of science and technology as a field and as a discipline. Assessment: Quiz Indigenous science can help address modern challenges like climate change TRUE The use of herbal medicines is an example of Indigenous technology TRUE Indigenous science can contribute to sustainable development. TRUE Indigenous knowledge has been marginalized and undervalued in the Philippines TRUE The concept of \"Bayanihan\" is an example of indigenous social science. TRUE Indigenous science is a body of knowledge that is unique to a particular culture or society. TRUE Indigenous science has no relevance in today\'s world of modern technology FALSE The Banawe Rice Terraces are a testament to the ingenuity of indigenous people in TRUE engineering and agriculture. Indigenous people have always relied solely on modern science for their survival FALSE Indigenous science is based on observation, experimentation, and tradition TRUE **Lesson 5: Science Education In The Philippines** **Science Education in the Philippines** This lesson discusses the concept of science education and will identify some strategies to promote science education in the country. The strategies to establish schools that will encourage students to pursue their careers in science and technology and to mature their gifted potential in science. **The Concept of Science Education** Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science. Includes both pedagogy and helps students to understand and to love science. This implies developing and applying science-process skills and using science literacy. **MENTIONED PHILOSOPHERS** - **John Dewey** (2001)- Stresses the importance of utilizing the *natural environment* to teach students. Accordingly, nature must indeed furnish its physical stimuli to provide a wealth of meaning through social activities and thinking. - **Karl Marx** (1994)- *Science in education is important* he opines that "Science is going to be one of the most important school subjects in the future" SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC AND TERTIARY EDUCATION - In basic education, science education helps students learn important concepts, and facts that are related to everyday life. - Including skills; process skills, crucial thinking, and life skills. - Develops positive attitude; love for knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about the natural world. - In tertiary education, science education deals with developing student\'s understanding and appreciation of scientific ideas and scientific works. Focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and other professionals in various science-related fields such as engineering, agriculture, medicine, and health sciences. 1\. **Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)** The Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS), commonly known as PSHS or PISAY, stands out as the premier institution for science education in the Philippines. Established in 1964, PSHSS operates under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and boasts a network of 16 campuses across the country, with the main campus located in Diliman, Quezon City. PSHSS offers full scholarships to Filipino students demonstrating exceptional talent in science and mathematics. Admission is highly competitive, requiring students to pass a rigorous national examination. The school\'s challenging curriculum emphasizes a strong foundation in science and mathematics, preparing students for successful careers in these fields. PSHSS graduates are bound by law to pursue degrees in science, engineering, or mathematics upon entering college. This commitment to scientific advancement has resulted in a legacy of distinguished alumni who have made significant contributions to various scientific fields. PSHSS\'s dedication to excellence is evident in its consistent achievements in national and international science, technology, and mathematics competitions. The school\'s students have consistently brought home top honors in events like the International Math Olympiad, Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, and the Taiwan International Science Fair. PSHSS\'s commitment to nurturing future generations of scientists and innovators has solidified its position as the leading science high school in the Philippines and a beacon of excellence in the ASEAN region. The school\'s rigorous curriculum, dedicated faculty, and exceptional students continue to contribute to the advancement of science and technology in the Philippines. 2\. **Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project** The Special Science Elementary School (SSES) Project is a government initiative launched in 2007 to provide a specialized learning environment for gifted and talented students in public elementary schools across the Philippines. The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values. The project\'s mission is to: \- Provide a learning environment tailored to science-inclined children through a special curriculum that recognizes multiple intelligences. \- Promote the development of lifelong learning skills. \- Foster the holistic development of learners. The SSES Project has expanded significantly since its inception, with over 60 schools participating nationwide. This project has been instrumental in providing a platform for gifted students to excel in science and technology, contributing to the Philippines\' scientific advancement. 3\. **Quezon City Regional Science High School** The Quezon City Regional Science High School (QCRSHS) is a public high school in Quezon City, Philippines, known for its excellence in science education. Established in 1967, QCRSHS is one of the oldest and most prestigious science high schools in the country. QCRSHS offers a specialized curriculum that emphasizes science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. It aims to develop students\' critical thinking, problem-solving, and research skills, preparing them for successful careers in STEM fields. The school has a long history of academic excellence, consistently producing graduates who excel in national and international competitions. QCRSHS alumni have gone on to pursue prestigious degrees in science and engineering and have made significant contributions to various scientific fields. 4\. **Manila Science High School** The Manila Science High School (MSHS), established in 1963, holds the distinction of being the first science high school in the Philippines. This pioneering institution is renowned for its rigorous curriculum, which places a strong emphasis on science and mathematics, aiming to produce future scientists equipped with a solid foundation in both academic and humanistic values. MSHS\'s reputation for excellence is deeply rooted in its history of academic achievement. Its alumni have consistently excelled in various scientific fields and national competitions, demonstrating the school\'s effectiveness in nurturing future scientific minds. Furthermore, MSHS recognizes the importance of a well-rounded education, incorporating humanities courses and extracurricular activities into its curriculum. This ensures that students develop a comprehensive understanding of the world and its complexities, fostering not only scientific prowess but also critical thinking and personal growth. 5\. **Central Visayan Institute Foundation** The Central Visayan Institute Foundation (CVIF), located in Jagna, Bohol, Philippines, is a standout institution in science education. While specific details about its curriculum and achievements are limited in the available search results, CVIF is known for its innovative Dynamic Learning Program (DLP), which has been implemented in approximately 250 schools nationwide. Why CVIF is Outstanding: \- Pioneering DLP: CVIF is the pioneer of the DLP, a unique pedagogical framework that blends classical and modern teaching methods, emphasizing student engagement, creativity, and productivity. This innovative approach has earned recognition for its effectiveness in promoting student achievement. \- National Impact: The DLP\'s widespread adoption across the Philippines demonstrates CVIF\'s significant influence on science education in the country. \- International Recognition: CVIF and its founders, Dr. Christopher Bernido and Dr. Maria Victoria Carpio-Bernido, have received numerous accolades for their groundbreaking work, including the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2010. **Human Flourishing** - **HUMAN BEING- A man, woman or child of the species HOMO SAPIENS with superior mental development, power of articulate speech, and upright stance** - **HUMAN FLOURISHING - A state where people experience positive emotions, positive psychological functioning and positive social functioning, most of the time, " living" living " within an optimal range of human functioning"** - **HAPPINESS- a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment intense joy.** 1. **HEDONISTIC VIEW - type of happiness is achieved through pleasure and enjoyment.** - **Happiness is the polar *opposite of suffering*: the presence of happiness indicates the *absence of pain.*** 2. **EUDAIMONIC VIEW- based on the premise that people feel happy if they experience life purpose, challenges and growth.** - **Happiness is the pursuit of *becoming a better person.*** - **EUDAIMONIA- \"good spirited" (ARISTOTLE)** - ***Human flourishing*** - ***(Feel Purpose)*** - ***Describes the pinnacle of happiness*** that is attainable in human. - **HEDONIA** - ***Feel good*** - **NICOMACHEAN ETHICS** - **PHRONESIS-** knowledge of what is good and what is bad for humans ***(Practical Wisdom)*** - **FRIENDSHIP** - **POWER** - **WEALTH** **EASTERN AND WESTERN CONCEPTION REGARDING SOCIETY AND HUMAN FLOURISHING** - Focused in ***community-centric***. - Individual should ***sacrifice himself*** for the sake of society. - ***Chinese confusion system*** - ***Japanese bushido*** - Encourage ***studies of literature, sciences and art*** for a greater cause. - More focused on the ***individual*** - ***Human Flourishing*** as an end - ***Aristotelian view*** - Aims for ***Eudaimonia*** as the ultimate good **HUMAN FLOURISHING IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY** - **Technology-** is a human activity we excel in as a result of achieving science. (Heidegger) - **Good**- is inherently related to the truth. **SCIENCE AS A METHOD AND RESULTS** 1. ***Observe*** 2. *Determine the **Problem*** 3. *Formulate **Hypothesis*** 4. *Conduct **Experiment*** 5. ***Gather and Analyze*** 6. *Formulate **Conclusion*** 7. *Provide **Recommendation*** **VERIFICATION THEORY** - A discipline is science if it ***can be confirmed or interpreted*** in the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted - Premium on empiricism - Takes into account those results which are measurable and experiments which are repeatable. **VIENNA CIRCLE** - **Group of scholars** who believed that... - Only those which ***can be observed*** should be regarded as ***meaningful*** - ***Reject*** those which ***cannot be directly accessed*** as meaningless. **FALSIFICATION THEORY** - As long as an ***ideology*** is ***not proven to be false*** and can best explain a phenomenon over alternative theories, we should ***accept*** the said ideology - Allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected by the verification theory. **THE GOOD LIFE** **Three Dominant Ideas on what good life is:** 1. **The Moral Life *(Socrates and Plato) --*** one who has a good life **is someone** who **possesses and practices most of the important virtues** such as kindness a, courage, loyalty and generosity. 2. **The Fulfilled Life *(Aristotle)-*** 3. **The Life of Pleasure *(Epicurus)-*** states that life is worth living because of pleasures - The view that pleasures will lead to good life known as **hedonism** **Three Aspects of Good Life** 1. ***Self-mastery*** 2. ***Contemplation and Learning*** 3. ***Servitude to Society*** **Happiness as the Goal of a Good Life** 1. **MATERIALISM *(Democritus and Leucippus)*** - ***Success Materialism-*** wealth and material **possessions** is a sign of success in life - ***Happiness Materialism-*** wealth and material **consumption** is a sign of happiness in life 2. **HEDONISM *(Epicurus)*** - **Pleasure** has always been the priority 3. **STOICISM-** One must learn to distance oneself and be **apathetic (Apatheia- to be different)** - We should adopt the fact that **some things are not within our control** 4. **THEISM-** Most people find the meaning of their lives using **God** as a fulcrum of their existence. 5. **HUMANISM- Man** is the captain of his own ship