S1 Science, Technology and Society.pdf

Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 MODULE 1 Mesoamerica - production and founder of cocoa People in China often li...

Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 MODULE 1 Mesoamerica - production and founder of cocoa People in China often live beside rivers while the people SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION in Egypt often stay in one place because people already have enough resources to survive. ★ It is the development or changes that happen in science. RIVERS ★ period of great scientific intellectual achievements that YANGTZE RIVER, Huang he (Yellow River) - CHINA contributed to essential changes in scientific NILE RIVER - ANCIENT EGYPT investigations. TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER - MESOPOTAMIA Examples INDUS RIVER - ANCIENT INDIA 1. The Earth’s theory that in our past, philosophers believed Sedentary - settled in one place that the earth was flat but after a long Period of time and Philippines did not have ice age changes people had an idea that the earth is not flat, where it was a circle. Scientists started investigating the Key Concepts truth and it is where they discovered that the earth was neither flat nor circular, since the earth was in the shape of an oblate spheroid. Scientific revolution - period of great scientific intellectual Geocentric - Earth is the center of the achievements that contributed to essential changes in scientific universe investigations. 2. Philosophers said and proven that the sun revolves All the ancient civilizations emerged in 4th millenium. Historians around the earth, but after some time an idea of a still debate which one emerged first. It may have been in the philosopher opposed this and claims that it was Middle East in an area called the Fertile Cresent impossible because the weight or the mass of the sun is greater than earth. In which the earth revolves around SIGNIFICANT HIGHLIGHTS the sun. Heliocentric ★ Mesopotamia: CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION ○ from Greek word “between rivers” ○ early cities called temple towns ○ ziggurats - temples placed atop towers ★ The Cradle of Civilization is made up of locations that ○ cuneiform writting (wedge-shaped) - first form once located the world's first modern cultures. These of writing areas include Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Indus ○ first calendar - they adjusted the phases of the Valley, Ancient China, and Mesoamerica. Each of moon these locations contributed significantly to the ○ the wheel and creating one of the first legal development of agriculture, literature, and social laws, the Code of Hammurabi. structure, which inspired contemporary civilizations ★ Ancient Egypt: across ○ notably the construction of large-scale ★ The term civilization basically means the level of monuments such as the Pyramids development at which people live together peacefully in ○ They also invented papyrus, an early form of communities. paper used for writing. ○ They developed hieroglyphic writing and began ★ Ancient civilization refers specifically to the first settled to build with stone. and stable communities that became the basis for later ○ The Egyptians were ruled by kings known as states, nations, and empires. pharaohs ○ It Is the growth or development of a region ★ Ancient India/Indus Valley Examples and BEST KNOWN CONTRIBUTIONin term Egypt - infrastructure and engineering of pyramids ○ Now Pakistan Mesopotamia - drainage system/ irrigation system or ○ Caste system divides all people into social tunnels classes with differing rights and obligations. India - Decimal system ○ They also created a standardized system of China - rice, discovery of gunpowder and guns weights and measures for trade. Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 ○ basis for religions like Hinduism and Simple tools by sawing, drilling and polishing hard Buddhism. stones. ○ Their literature Vedas, reflects their spiritual They also produced seashells, ornaments and pottery knowledge and philosophy. of various designs and manufacture tools made of ★ Ancient China: copper, gold, bronze and iron. ○ Ancient China had extensive knowledge of Ue of boats for coastal trade like the caracoa astronomy, used for creating calendars. medicinal and therapeutic plants and the methods of ○ silk manufacture and the development of cast extracting medicine from herbs. iron. ○ paper, gunpowder, the compass, and Spanish Period 1565 - 1898 movable type printing Society ○ The Great Wall of China is also an example of their engineering prowess. Reduccion system, made more compact towns ○ Confucianismeveloped the code of ethics that Widespread adoption of Christianity and religion dominated Chinese thought and culture for the Social Stratification: Distinction of Spanish colonizers, next 25 centuries. Mestizos (mixed heritage), and indios (native Filipinos). ○ government ruled by emperors. ★ Mesoamerica: The Mesoamerican civilizations had Technology incredibly precise astronomy systems and were among Education: Reading and Writing the first to employ rubber. Their complex urban capitals, Establishment of schools that led to offering of higher like Tenochtitlán, showcased advanced societal education organization and engineering abilities. printing presses started the early publications and ○ the Maya are known for their achievements in literature. astronomy and mathematics Studies on infectious diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis, leprosy and beriberi were also conducted. ○ Cities like Teotihuacan and Tikal served as local industries. (Weaving, embroidery, hat making, religious and economic centers carriage manufacture, rope, cigarette making) Modern Facilities were introduced in Manila. When there is river , there is life/ civilization (Waterworks, team tramways, electric lights,newspaper and banking system). STS IN THE PHILIPPINES American Period 1898 - 1946 Pre - Colonial Period 900 - 1521 Marked a rapid advancement of science and technology in the Philippines Society Society Used bolo for hunting Extensive public education system; Scholarships, Independent social unit barangay led by a Datu or Rajah. establishments of science research agencies, and Relatively egalitarian with a clear distinction between the science based public services. ruling class, free people and slaves. English as the medium of instruction ancestor worship with oral tradition and strong connection to nature., Education: Higher education Believers of superstitions. Demand for professional education increased. Technology Technology People were growing crops, raising farm animals and Development of modern infrastructure such as railways, producing products. bridges and improved urban planning in cities Had their own writing and measuring systems and Introduction of telegraphs, telephones, and eventually counted the years by moons and from one harvest to radio another. Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 COMPARE Geophysical and Years Implemented: Various Astronomical Services initiatives have been implemented Pre colonial and Spanish Period Administration since the 1970s (54 yrs) Both periods had structured societal systems but with (PAGASA) Projects different underlying principles (tribal vs. colonial). DOST-Philippine Development of agricultural techniques, though differing Institute of Status: Ongoing in complexity and tools used. Volcanology and Years Implemented: Influence of trade with other Asian nations. Seismology Established in 1984 (40 (PHIVOLCS) yrs) Spanish and American Period Programs Both introduced European and Western technologies and infrastructure. QUIZ Impact on social structures, with increased focus on ❖ 2 education from spanish formal education and governance. READING AND WRITING ❖ egypt writing system American and Pre Colonial Period HIEROGLYPHICS ❖ 3 RIVERS OF ANCIENT CHINA Continued use of traditional practices alongside the Yellow river, Yangtze river, Liao river introduction of modern technologies. ❖ Where civilization started Shifts in social structures, with the American period rivers , yellow river and yangtze bringing more significant reforms. ❖ 2 ambag ng american period All Higher education Railways, bridges Development and changes in infrastructure and ❖ 2 used for hunting in pre colonial technologies over time. Bolo, bow, sickle blades Shifts in governance and social structures reflecting the prevailing colonial or foreign influences. THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND They all saw dramatic shifts in Philippine society TECHNOLOGY AGENDA Technological advancements progressed from traditional tools and navigation methods Early as the 1980s, the Philippine government has prioritize the initiatives on promoting the role of science DOST PROGRAMS STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION and technology in the national development. IMPLEMENTED OR NOT (YEARS The 1987 Philippine Constitution acknowledges the IMPLEMENTED) significant role of science and technology for national DOST-Science and Status: Ongoing development and progress. Technology (S&T) Years Implemented: Since 1958 (66 Scholarship Program years) THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA (PREZI VER.) Small Enterprise Status: Ongoing Technology Upgrading Years Implemented: Since 2004 INTRODUCTION Program (SETUP) (20years) The Department of Science and Technology in the Philippine Council for Status: Ongoing Philippines is a government agency tasked with Industry, Energy, and Years Implemented: Various overseeing and managing national technology Emerging Technology programs under PCIEERD have development and acquisition, undertaking technological Research and been implemented since its and scientific research and promoting public Development establishment in 1972(52 years) consciousness of science and technology. (PCIEERD) Programs Philippine Status: Ongoing Atmospheric, Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 HISTORY MODULE 4 1. Pre- Spanish Period How do the Filipinos envision the country in the next 25 The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the years? sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos. Filipinos envision a Philippines where all citizens enjoy a 2. Spanish Colonial Period high standard of living and equitable opportunities. The colonization of the Philippines contributed to A country with a strong economy that provides growth of science and technology in the well-paying jobs and reduces poverty. archipelago. A society where everyone has access to quality The Spanish introduced formal education and healthcare, education, and social services, leading to a founded scientific institution more balanced and inclusive growth. A nation that is resilient to natural disasters and climate Parish schools were established where religion, change, with sustainable practices that protect the reading, writing, arithmetic and music was environment. taught. Sanitation and more advanced methods of 2. How relevant are the pillars of development to the aim agriculture were taught to the natives. of the development plan of the government? 3. American Period and Post-Commonwealth era On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commision They give an organized way to deal with different parts of established the Bureau of Government national growth and well-being. Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. Economic growth is essential for improving living standards and The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, creating job opportunities, while social development ensures that which was established under the Spanish this growth benefits all segments of society. colonial era. Good governance is key to implementing policies effectively and The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical ensuring that resources are used wisely. diseases and laboratory projects. On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Environmental sustainability is critical for long-term progress, as Government Laboratories was replaced by the it ensures that development does not come at the expense of Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, natural resources. the National Research Council of the Philippines was established. 1. What are the major goals of PDP 2017- 2020? The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the Philippines until World Ambisyon Natin 2040, "MATATAG, MAGINHAWA, at War II. PANATAG NA BUHAY" ➔ Marcos Era and Martial Law These are the main goals: During Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, the importance given to science grew. ➔ Poverty Reduce ➔ Fostering Economic Stability In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, more employment opportunities and higher Article XV, Section 9, he declared that the wages for people in general. “advancement of science and technology shall ➔ Improving Human Capital have priority in the national development.” The plan was to improve the educational and healthcare systems of the nation thereby raising Filipino economic productivity. ➔ Regional Development The idea was to establish sites outside of Manila and other major cities so that the country as a whole might benefit from economic growth. ➔ Good Governance Good governance is what we mean when we discuss an efficient, transparent, fair government. Part of the plan were developments Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 meant to reduce corruption and increase The principle of continuous development states government service efficiency. that there must be a never-ending cycle of refinement and change. a. Input: Layco (2018) shared the three main pillars from 4. Presentation of Vice President Ma Leonor G Robredo which the PDP 2017-2020 is founded: on Ambisyon Natin 2040: 1. Malasakit: Highlights the need for a shared future objective for the This pillar concentrates on raising public service nation. quality and building confidence in government. It covers programs aiming at encouraging social This vision links the three pillars of long-term growth: protection, cultural awareness, and good Malasakit, Kaunlaran, and Pagbabago.. government. Driven by a defined, aspirational goal, help all Filipinos to 2. Pagbabago (Reducing Inequality): reach a better degree of living. Pagbabago aims to ensure that every Filipino, It offers a structure for matching investments and policies from all socioeconomic levels, has equal access to reach sustainable economic development and a better to opportunities thereby helping to reduce quality of life. inequality. Among these are improvements in access to chances for livelihood, healthcare, and What are the priority areas included in the S&T agenda educational possibilities. 2017-2022? 3. Kaunlaran (Increasing Growth Potential): Economic expansion and long-term viability are The S&T agenda for 2017–2022 comprises the following main the primary concerns of Kaunlaran. priority areas: Necessity of increasing productivity, generating a greater number of employment, and ensuring comprehensive economic growth. 1. National Integrated Basic Research Agenda:(NIBRA) Fundamental study in basic sciences helps to clarify b. How the Pillars Affect Socioeconomic Progress: natural events and advance new ideas development. Studies in disciplines such chemistry, biology, and 1. Malasakit by Senator Loren Legarda: physics that provide the stage for practical inquiry. The efforts of this pillar on social protection and 2. Health: Research and innovation in medical governance help to make society more fair and technologies, pharmaceuticals, and public health safe, therefore enabling inhabitants to feel interventions. supported and involved in the development of the country. 3. Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources: (AANR) Supports reform of healthcare and social Enhancing food security, sustainable agriculture, and the protection. efficient use of natural resources. Innovations in crop 2. Pagbabago by Guillermo M Luz: production, sustainable fisheries, and conservation of biodiversitY. This pillar underlines the need of lowering inequality in order to support fair opportunity for 4. Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology:(IEET) underprivileged groups and inclusive economic Promoting innovation in industries such as development. manufacturing, energy, and ICT to drive economic This is essential if we are to enhance growth. institutional reforms and strengthen government. 5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change This pillar promotes a more open and Adaptation (DRRCCA): Enhancing technologies and responsible system for the eradication of systems for disaster preparedness, mitigation, and corruption and inefficiency. climate resilience. Implementation of early warning 3. Patuloy na Pag-Unlad: systems and disaster risk assessment tools. This pillar primarily aims to preserve and enhance economic expansion. Development guarantees that the nation can adjust to evolving global circumstances while maintaining its competitiveness, fostering long-term prosperity. Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 MODULE 5 SCIENTIST AS ADVOCATES They are the lifeblood of research, innovation and have important roles in the industry and the manufacturing sector. PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA Innovation Culture What recent success we have with the saltwater lamp, the salamander tricycle and the Diwata 1 microsatellite is a good start but only indicates that we have a long way to go before we create an innovation culture. Asean Integration requires competitive technology It therefore requires that we as Filipinos, expand our science and technology base to enable us to compete in an integrated ASEAN. TWO MAJOR APPROACHES 1. Stronger Research and Development in the regions, not just Manila Expand research and development initiatives by providing more grant support, through the DOSTs sectoral planning councils such as PCIERD, PCAARD and ASTI in cooperation with universities in the regions. 2. Strategic projects in five areas: Renewable energy – we need new technologies to enable high electricity yields in limited space Science and Technology for industry development – we need stronger participation of our scientists and engineers if we want to revitalize our basic industries such as the steel industry. Faster and cheaper internet – we have Asia's slowest internet, yet our archipelago needs it bridge gaps and build networks. Increased food production – given limited lands, technology is needed to expand yields while increasing quality of output and being less dependant of foreign inputs like fertilizers. Climate change adaptation – we need cutting edge technology to enable our farmers to adapt to changing climates and the need to do away with technologies that destroy the capacity for good healthful yields. Enabling mechanisms and specifics Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 1. More Research grants through the DOST and its sectoral These agenda include: planning councils and institutes 2. Strengthen the Balik Scientist Program and retention Science-based know-how and tools that enable the program for current young scientists – our young agriculture sector to raise productivity to world class scientists must be engaged through actual research standards. projects. Innovative, cost-effective and appropriate 3. Cooperation between industry and the science technologies that enable micro, small and medium community by involving them in the sectoral planning enterprises (MSMEs) to develop and produce competitive councils. DOSTs programs for SMEs (Such as SET-UP) products that meet the world-class standards. needs to be replicated further. State-of-the-art facilities and capabilities that enable 1. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND local industries PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE Idea of the Philippines as a global leader in Information PHILIPPINES Technology- Business Instituted by USAID in partnership with the Department of Science Process Management Services generating direct and Technology (DOST). employment of 1.3 million(520,000 of which in the countryside) These development programs are: ICT-Based transformation of governance broadening access to government services (i.e. health and education) Storm Surge modeling, training, and study visits to Improved quality healthcare and quality of life thru National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's science, technology, and innovation. (NOAA) scientific centers. Highly skilled and globally competitive S&T human Registered 1.3 million fisher folk to give them access to resources in support of the national S&T programs. Government of the Philippines (GPH) basic services and Science-based weather information and climate help in fisheries conservation. change scenarios with associated mitigation strategies for Use of renewable energy and environment-friendly a disaster and climate change resilient Philippines. alternative energy to realize the guiding vision which is “Energy Access for More”. Prominent and Major Personalities in Science and Technology Addressed increasing levels of emission due to rapid in the Philippines urbanization. Assisted Batangas City in more effective and sustainable Table 1 List of Major Filipino Scientists in ST in the Philippines local planning. Helped the Philippines to improve its ability to respond to Filipino Scientists Significant contributions to S&T. natural disasters and adapt to the negative impacts of 1. Reina General theory of Relativity climate change by setting up EWS in flood and landslide Reyes She and her colleagues looked at data prone communities. obtained from hundreds of thousands of Introduced mobile and web-based applications of galaxies and found that they clustered all technology. around the universe, just like Einstein's theory Promoted digital literacy. had predicted the "General Theory of Helped create an electronic medical record system, which Relativity". facilitated access to 300,000 patients and generated Profession: Astrophysicist 700,000 patient consultations which improve delivery health services. 2. Irene Irene Crisologo manipulates radar waves to Initiated support for researching utilization of oxytocin in Crisologo study a broad range of weather events. Uniject, a free-filled, exact dose of oxytocin that provides Her research on making weather predictions an efficient alternative to prevent post-partum more understandable and accurate is crucial hemorrhage. for typhoon-prone nations to lessen the Supported research in tuberculosis (TB) in children and likelihood of disasters. the relationship of tobacco and TB to children..Profession: Radar Meteorologist This is known as the DOST’s “8-point action agenda” which was initially launched by the agency in 2006 to promote and support science, technology, and innovation. Science, Technology and Society MARANAN, EVA | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 In 2014, four Filipino scientists were recognized in the field of 3. Julius With regard to his knowledge in biology. In the field of biology, there are other prominent Filipino Sempio geoinformatics and remote sensing, he helps scientists. build a trustworthy archive and database for photos taken by the Philippine microsatellite Diwata-1 and the soon-to-be-launched Table 2 List of National Scientists (Bautista, et. al, 2018) Diwata-2. improve early warning systems and strengthen communities in order to National Significant Contributions mitigate the impact of geological Scientis catastrophes. ts Profession: Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing Specialist 1. Angel Research on ecology and diversity of 4. Andreia Although she was researching stellar halos C. Philippine amphibians and reptiles, as well as Carillo and stellar populations overseas, she wrote Alcala, marine biodiversity and conservation of an essay on a dwarf galaxy in the M83 group PhD marine-protected areas. that was 15 million light-years away, Her His research led to the national policy on main research focus is on the structural marine no-take zones evolution of spiral galaxies, Profession: Astrophysicist 2. Achieved in the field of plant physiology, Ramon especially the induction of flowering of mango C. and micro propagation or the rapid multiplying Barba, of stock plant of important crop species. 5. Kamela Ng "Utilization of molecular resistance test results PhD as tools to support public health efforts for improved control of rifampicin-resistant 3. Research and conservation efforts in tuberculosis (RR-TB)" was the title of her Edgardo invertebrate biology and ecology. recently completed PhD dissertation. Her D. Pivotal in the world’s first national–scale studies have shown that these tests can Gomez, assessment of damage to coral reefs, resulting accurately identify certain TB mutations, which PhD in international conservation initiatives such as can help with patient care by reducing the Global Reefs and Risks Analysis, Global Coral likelihood of wrong diagnosis and ensuring Reef monitoring Network and the International Profession: Molecular they get the appropriate treatment. Coral Reef Action. Epidemiologist 4. With outstanding contributions in the marine 6. Migs Canilao Using geographic information systems and Gavino phycology, focusing on marine biodiversity. high-resolution satellite pictures, he has C. Trono Published extensive studies on the culture of looked at the involvement of indigenous Jr., PhD seaweed species that benefited the livelihood peoples in networks involved in gold of coastal populations. trafficking. By bringing Philippine archaeology First to report on the “ice-ice” disease that into the present day and teaching the affected Many seaweed farms. necessity of maintaining cultural heritage to future generations, Profession: Anthropologist and Archaeologist QUIZ PRIORITY PROGRAM NIRBRA - WATER SECURITY 7. Sarah Jaye HEALTH - DIAGNOSTICS Oliva "Displaced cratonic mantle concentrates deep SAPAT - SAGANANG PAGKAIN PARA SA LAHAT carbon during continental rifting" is the title of HILLARY CLINTON - As a former U.S. Secretary of State her paper To understand the connections and U.S. Senator, she has been involved in various between faults and magma in rifting and initiatives that intersect with science and technology. volcanic regions,. ADDED PROGRAM SA NIBRA PDP 2017 - 2022 - BLUE SKIES (CLEAR RESEARCH) AND TISSUE PROGRAM The study delves into geological methods such as seismic imaging, geochemical analysis, and models of tectonic plate movements to explore Geophysicist the connections between continental rifting and the carbon concentration of the Earth's mantle.