MST2-Week4-Science-and-Technology-in-Philippine-Society.pdf

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PHILIPPINE SOCIETY MST2: WEEK 4 HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  The history of science and technology is not clear.  However, based on archaeological findings, primitive Filipinos have simpler technology than neighboring countries i...

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PHILIPPINE SOCIETY MST2: WEEK 4 HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  The history of science and technology is not clear.  However, based on archaeological findings, primitive Filipinos have simpler technology than neighboring countries in Asia, such as China and India.  Simple stones and metal tools were used, which gave rise to the development of ceramics, potteries, weavings, handicrafts, and other devices. HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  For about 40,000 years, Filipinos made simple tools or weapons of stone flakes but eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones.  By about 3,000 B.C., they were producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery of various designs.  The manufacture of pottery subsequently became well developed and flourished for about 2,000 years until it came into competition with imported Chinese porcelain.  Gradually, the early Filipinos learned to make metal tools and implements - copper, gold, bronze and, later, iron. HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  By the 1st century A.D., Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass ornaments and were also engaged in agriculture.  Filipinos had also learned to build boats for the coastal trade.  By the 10th century A.D., these boats had become a highly developed technology.  The inhabitants of Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam); those of Ma-i (Mindoro) with China. HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  The Filipinos in Mindanao and Sulu traded with Borneo, Malacca and parts of the Malay Peninsula.  This trade seems to have antedated those with the Chinese.  By the time the Spaniards reached the archipelago, these trade relations had been firmly established such that the alliance between the rulers of Manila and Brunei had become strengthened by marriage.  It was through these contacts that Hindu Buddhist, Malay-Sanskrit and Arab- Muslim Cultural and technological influences spread to the Philippines. HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  By the time the Spaniards came to colonies the Philippines in 1565; they found many scattered, autonomous village communities (called barangays) all over the archipelago.  The Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific research and these had important consequences for the rise of the country’s professions. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  Spanish conquest and the colonization of the archipelago were greatly facilitated by the adoption of an essentially religious strategy which had earlier been successfully used in Latin America known as reduccion.  The net result of reduccion was the creation of towns and the foundation of the present system of local government.  The precolonial ruling class, the datus and their hereditary successors, were adopted by the Spanish colonial government into this new system to serve as the heads of the lowest level of local government; i.e. as cabezas de barangay. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  Primary instruction during the Spanish regime was generally taken care of by the missionaries and parish priests in the villages and towns.  Owing to the dearth of qualified teachers, textbooks and other instructional materials, primary instruction was mainly religious education.  Throughout the Spanish regime, the royal and pontifical University of Santo Tomas remained as the highest institution of learning. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  For the doctorate degree in medicine, at least an additional year of study was required at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain.  The study of pharmacy consisted of a preparatory course with subjects in natural history and general chemistry and five years of studies in subjects such as pharmaceutical operations at the school of pharmacy. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  There were no schools offering engineering at that time.  The few who studied engineering had to go to Europe.  There was a Nautical School created on 1 January 1820 which offered a four-year course of study (for the profession of pilot of merchant marine) that included subjects as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, hydrography, meteorology, navigation and pilotage.  A School of Commercial Accounting and a School of French and English Languages were established in 1839. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  In 1863, the colonial authorities issued a royal decree designed to reform the existing educational system in the country.  It provided for the establishment of a system of elementary, secondary and collegiate schools, teacher-training schools, and called for government supervision of these schools. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  The Spaniards introduced the technology of town planning and building with stones, brick and tiles. In many places, religious (such as Bishop Salazar in Manila) personally led in these undertakings  In this manner, the construction of the walls of Manila, its churches, convents, hospitals, schools and public buildings were completed by the seventeenth century.  Towards the end of the sixteenth century, the religious orders had established several charity hospitals in the archipelago and in fact provided the bulk of this public service DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  By the second half of the nineteenth century, studies of infectious diseases such as smallpox, cholera, bubonic plague, dysentery, leprosy and malaria were intensified with the participation of graduates of medicine and pharmacy from UST  In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was created by decree. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  There was very little development in Philippine agriculture and industry during the first two centuries of Spanish rule. This was largely due to the dependence of the Spanish colonizers on the profits from the Galleon or Manila-Acapulco trade, which lasted from 1565 to 1813.  Agricultural development was left to the resident Chinese and the Spanish friars.  At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Bourbon dynasty ascended to the Spanish throne and brought with it political and economic ideas of the French Enlightenment.  Enterprising Spaniards began to exploit the mineral wealth of the islands, develop its agriculture, and establish industries. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  Research in agriculture and industry was encouraged by the founding of the Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais de Filipinas (Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Philippines) by Governador Jose Basco y Vargas under authority of a royal decree of 1780.  During the nineteenth century, it was endowed with funds which it used to provide prizes for successful experiments and inventions for the improvement of agriculture and 8 industries: to finance the publication of scientific and technical literature, trips of scientists from Spain to the Philippines, professorships; and to provide scholarships to Filipinos.  In 1789, Manila was opened to Asian shipping.  In 1814, Manila was officially opened to world trade and commerce; subsequently other Philippine ports were opened. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  Foreign capital was allowed to operate on an equal footing with Spanish merchants in 1829.  By this means agricultural production particularly of sugar and hemp, was accelerated and modernized.  Local industries flourished in Manila and its suburbs -weaving, embroidery, hat making, carriage manufacture, rope-making, cigar and cigarettes-making.  Philippine exports kept rising during the nineteenth century, imports of manufactured goods also rose and foreign, particularly English capital dominated external trade and commerce.  The prosperity arising from expanded world trade and commerce in the nineteenth century led to Manila's rapid development as a cosmopolitan center.  Modern amenities - a waterworks system, steam tramways, electric lights, newspapers, a banking system - were introduced into the city by the latter half of the nineteenth century. DURING THE SPANISH REGIME  Various offices and commissions were also created by the Spanish government by the Spanish government to undertake studies and regulations of mines, research on Philippine flora, agronomic research and teaching, geological research and chemical analysis of mineral waters throughout the country  Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who founded the Manila Observatory in 1865.  In 1901, the Observatory was made a central station of the Philippine Weather Bureau which was set up by the American colonial authorities  At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines had evolved into a primary agricultural exporting economy. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE FIRST REPUBLIC  The government took steps to establish a secular educational system by a decree of 19 October 1898; it created the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas as a secular, state supported institution of higher learning.  It offered courses in law, medicine, surgery, pharmacy and notary public. DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME  The granting of scholarships for higher education in science and engineering.  The organization of science research agencies and establishment of science-based public services  On 21 January 1901, the Philippine Commission, which acted as the executive and legislative body for the Philippines until 1907, promulgated Act No. 74 creating a Department of Public Instruction in the Philippines.  Secondary schools were opened after a further enactment of the Philippine in Commission in 1902  The Philippine Medical School was established in 1905 and was followed by other professional and technical schools.  The University of the Philippines was created on 18 June 1908 by Act of the Philippine Legislature  Between 1903 and 1912, 209 men and women were educated under this program in American schools DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME  The Philippine Commission introduced science subjects and industrial and vocational education into the Philippine school system but they found that industrial and vocation courses were very unpopular with the Filipinos.  In 1921, the Rockefeller foundation provided for six fellowships for qualified Filipinos in universities in the United States and Europe, two each in the fields of public health (preventive medicine), public health laboratory work and teacher training in nursing education  When the Bureau of Public Works was created in 1901, the Americans found that there were no competent Filipino engineers, and American engineers had to be imported. DURING THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD  The Constitution acknowledged the importance of promoting scientific development for the economic development of the country by incorporating a provision  The government also enacted Commonwealth Act No. 180 (13 November 1936) reestablishing the Office of Private Education which had been abolished in 1932.  By 1936, there were 425 private schools recognized by the government, 64 of which we institutions at the College level and 7 were universities.  It created the National Economic Council to prepare an economic program and advise the government on economic and financial questions  The Commonwealth government likewise adopted measures to encourage and provide assistance to private Filipino businessmen in the establishment of industries and manufacturing enterprises. DURING THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD  The first attempt to regulate private schools was through the Corporation Law (Act No. 1459) enacted by the Philippine Commission in 1906  In 1917, Act No. 2076 (Private School Act) was enacted by the Philippine Legislature.  During the American regime, the development of science gained more government support along with efforts to establish an old extensive public school system and public health programs  The old Laboratorio Municipal was absorbed by the Bureau of Government Laboratories created by the Philippine Commission in 1901.  In 1905, the latter was reorganized and renamed Bureau of Science.  The American colonial authorities organized other offices which, by the nature of their operations, contributed further to the growth of scientific research  Act in 1933 creating the National Research Council of the Philippine Islands (NRCP). SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE  The underlying pattern of education and training of scientists, engineers and physicians established during the America regime, as well as the direction of government support for scientific research and development, has basically remained unchanged since independence in 1946.  Private universities and colleges have similarly increased in numbers since 1946  Most non-sectarian universities and colleges are organized and managed like business enterprises and are heavily dependent on tuition fees.  On the whole, there has been little innovation in the education and training of scientists and engineers since independence in 1946  In 1947, the Bureau of Science was reorganized into an Institute of Science. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE  In the same year, an Instituter of Nutrition, and in 1952, the Science Foundation of the Philippines (SFP) were created and placed (along with the Institute of Science) under the Office of the President.  In 1952, the Commission on Volcanology was also created and placed under the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)  In 1957, a report was submitted to the President pointing out the deterioration of Philippine science since the early years of the American regime  The Science Act created the National Science Development Board (NSDB) and Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE  In the 1960s additional science agencies were created by law which thereby expanded NSDB's organization and functions  In 1982, NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) composed of four research and Development Councils; Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development; Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development; Philippine Council for Health Research and Development and the NRCP.  In March 1983, Executive Order No. 889 was issued by the President which provided for the establishment of a national network of centers of excellence in basic sciences.  AFTER THE WORLD WAR II  New discoveries and advances in science and technology came thick and fast.  Plastics were developed for the firs time in 1949.  The first practical programmed electronic computer ran mathematical problems.  In 1960, the electronic silicon chip was invented, computers became smaller and more powerful.  In 1984 , the CD was born and the digital revolution began.  AFTER THE WORLD WAR II  The worldwide web has given us access to billions of documents with information and images.  On line shopping, online banking, and mobile telephone technology were improved.  Advancement in genetic and the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953.  The first electro mechanical computer was built in USA in 1946 by Eckert Mauchly. FERDINAND E. MARCOS ERA AND MARTIAL LAW  In the amended 1973 Constitution, Art. 15 Sec 9, he declared that the advancement of science and Technology shall have a priority in the National development.  Directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools. The Department of Education, with the National Science Development Board (NSDB), organized a project to provide selected high schools with science teaching equipment over a four-year period.  his State of the Nation Address on January 23, 1967, declared that science was necessary for the development programs.  On January 22, 1968, his 3rd State of the Nation Address, He recognized that technology was the leading factor in economic development. CONT… MARCOS  In his 4th State of the Nation Address, he gave a big part of the war damage fund to private universities to encourage them to create courses in science and technology  In his 5th State of the Nation Address on January 26, 1970, he emphasized that the upgrading of science curricula and teaching equipment is crucial to the science development program.  He added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry. The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy for economic development. CONT… MARCOS  Marcos sent scientists abroad to study nuclear science.  In 1972 he created the National Grains Authority to provide for the development of rice and corn industry.  PD no. 4, s 1972 established the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research.  The PAGASA( Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical, Astronomical Services Administration was established. CONT… MARCOS  In 1973 , he created Philippine National Oil Company  PD no. 1003-A s 1976- established the National Academy for Science and Technology  In 1980 he created the National Committee on Geological Sciences  In 1982 he reorganized the National Science Board  In 1986 he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School. CORAZON C. AQUINO: THE FIFTH REPUBLIC(1986)  National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology.  1987-1992- Highlighted the role of science and technology in economic recovery and sustained economic growth.  August 8, 1988- Created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology.  goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000  The State of the Nation Address in 1990 Science , technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government toward an economic recovery. CONT… AQUINO  during President Corazon Aquino’s term and the reorganization of Philippine bureaucracy that Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.”  It gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent application assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their products domestically and abroad.  R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free education up to the secondary level, implemented in the education system together with this was the “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological literacy among Filipinos. PRESIDENT FIDEL RAMOS  believes that science and technology was one of the means wherein the Philippines could attain the status of new industrialized country (NIC). During his term, he was able to establish programs that were significant to the field of S&T  At 1998, the Philippines was estimated to have around 3,000 competent scientists and engineers result of the two newly built Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao which promotes further development of young kids through advance S&T curriculum.  Health care services were promoted through local programs such as “Doctors to the Barrio Program.” The health care programs were innovative and effective as shown by the change in life expectancy from 67.5 years in 1992 to 69.1 years in 1995. CONT… RAMOS  In 1993, Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was established. Among its priorities were:  exporting winners identified by the DTI;  domestic needs identified by the President’s Council for Countryside Development;  support industries and  coconut industry development.  Congress, during his term, was able to enact laws that were significant for the field. Among were:  Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439);  Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687) and  Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (Republic Act No. 7459).  The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) was enacted  The law provides industrial property rights, copyrights and related rights, and technology transfer arrangements. JOSEPH ESTRADA  two major legislations were signed  Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) which was designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources, and  Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which outlaws computer hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy  in his first State of the Nation Address, President Estrada launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO  the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the “golden age” of science and technology by then secretary Estrella Albastro  the term “Filipinnovation” was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia.  One of the more known laws to be passed by her administration was the R.A. 9367 or the “Biofuels” act. This act promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country. This potentially enables a cheaper alternative to gasoline as a medium in producing energy. CONT… MACAPAGAL-ARROYO ERA  drought-free rice was also highly encouraged to by used during her term. This enables farmers to produce rice despite the environmental hazards that slows or stops the production.  effort to improve the efficiency of both land and water, the government imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech). RA 10601 covers research, development, and extension (RDE), promotion, distribution, supply, assembling, manufacturing, regulation, use, operation, maintenance and project implementation of agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment PRESIDENT BENIGNO SIMEON AQUINO  conferred four new National Scientist for their contribution in the Scientific field,  Academicians Gavino C. Trono, Angel C. Alcala, Ramon C. Barba, and Edgardo D. Gomez was honored in their respective fields.  Trono’s contribution helped a lot of families in the coastal populations through the extensive studies he made on seaweed species.  Alcala served as the pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics, ecology and herpetology.  Barba’s contribution changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all year round availability of mangoes through his studies on the induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop species.  Gomez steered the national-scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led a national conservation. PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE signed Proclamation No. 780 on August 2, amending Proclamation No. 169 issued in 1993, declaring the third week of July every year as National Science and Technology Week. moved the date “to ensure the maximum participation of school, students, stakeholders and the public during the week-long celebration, considering the change in the academic calendar of most universities, schools and educational institutions.” Signed a law on June 15 known as the “Balik Scientist Act”, a program which aims to support the participation of Filipino science, technology or innovation experts in the country’s research and development initiatives, as recognition that the Filipinos’ expertise in science and technology is “vital component” in the nation’s political, economic and social development programs. CONT… DUTERTE the Diwata-1 satellite, which was launched in 2016 and finally put the country’s flag in space, was made by Filipino scientists that were sent to Japan by the DOST. The Diwata-2, launched in 2018, has improved capabilities to better monitor the country. It is being made by another batch of Filipino scientists and engineers, creating a pool for this industry  -end- Thank you!