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CHAPTER 1 Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology Learning outcomes At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Understand GOD’S ROLE in human history. 2. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment an...

CHAPTER 1 Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology Learning outcomes At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Understand GOD’S ROLE in human history. 2. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa 3. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history 4. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines. Ecclesiastes 1:2-8 KJV 2Vanity of vanities, saith the Preacher, vanity of vanities; all is vanity. 3What profit hath a man of all his labour which he taketh under the sun? 4One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. 5The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose. Ecclesiastes 1:2-8 KJV 6The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits. 7All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. 8All things are full of labour; man cannot utter it: the eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing.  MAJOR ROLES of Science and Technology  What is SCIENCE? The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. What is TECHNOLOGY? It is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. What is SOCIETY? A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. 1. They make difficult and complicated task easier. 2. To allow people to do more with so little effort and time. 3. To raise the quality of life of the people.  How SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and SOCIETY interacts with each other? ▪ SCIENCE fuels technological advancements ▪ TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS [TECHNOLOGY] shape and transform society. an·te·ced·ent /ˌan(t)əˈsēd(ə)nt/ a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another [noun]. preceding in time or order; previous or preexisting. [adjective]. his·to·ry /ˈhist(ə)rē/ the study of past events, particularly in human affairs. the whole series of past events connected with someone or something Why should you study history? 1. The Past Teaches Us About the Present 2. History Builds Empathy Through Studying the Lives and Struggles of Others 3. History Can Be Intensely Personal 4. “Doing” History is Like Completing a Puzzle or Solving a Mystery Department of History 5. Everything Has a History University of Wisconsin–Madison ANCIENT TIMES  belonging to the period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire [476 AD] the term Ancient refers to the time three centuries before the classical age, between 800 B.C. and 500 AD—a relatively sophisticated period in world history. 1. TRANSPORATION & NAVIGATION 2. COMMUNICATION & RECORDING 3. MASS PRODUCTION 4. SECURITY & PROTECTION 5. HEALTH 6. AESTHETICS 7. ARCHITECTURE TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION Why SIGNIFICANT? People were trying to go places and discover new horizons. they travelled to search for food and find better locations for their settlements. they also travelled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked. navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. it allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another group of people. COMMUNICATION & RECORD KEEPING  COMMUNICATION & RECORD KEEPING Why SIGNIFICANT? Essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places They needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts They needed to remember the places they had been to and document the trades they made each other  COMMUNICATION & RECORD KEEPING Why SIGNIFICANT? Essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places It is also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations.  The most basic definition of prayer is “talking to God.” PRAYER is not meditation or passive reflection; it is direct address to God. It is the communication of the human soul with the Lord who created the soul. Prayer is the primary way for the believer in Jesus Christ to communicate his emotions and desires with God and to fellowship with God. https://www.gotquestions.org/what-is-prayer.html  PRAYER is the opening of the heart to God as to a friend. Not that it is necessary in order to make known to God what we are, but in order to enable us to receive Him. Prayer does not bring God down to us, but brings us up to Him.  Through nature and revelation, through His providence, and by the influence of His Spirit, God speaks to us. But these are not enough; we need also to pour out our hearts to Him. In order to have spiritual life and energy, we must have actual relationship with our heavenly Father. Our minds may be drawn out toward Him; we may meditate upon His works, His mercies, His blessings; but this is not, in the fullest sense, communing with Him. In order to commune with God, we must have something to say to Him concerning our actual life. MASS PRODUCTION  MASS PRODUCTION Why SIGNIFICANT? The increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food and other basic necessities. This condition implied that people must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities.  MASS PRODUCTION Why SIGNIFICANT? The increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food and other basic necessities. The people thus needed a form of technology that would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without them travelling more or working harder. SECURITY & PROTECTION SECURITY & PROTECTION Why SIGNIFICANT? Weapons & Armors The development of weapons and armors for security and protection was considered a major achievement.  SECURITY & PROTECTION Why SIGNIFICANT? Weapons & Armors They are important in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes.  SECURITY & PROTECTION Why SIGNIFICANT? Weapons & Armors There was always risk of conflicts when people met others with different culture and orientations. WHY? Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so they could take much needed resources. HEALTH HEALTH Why SIGNIFICANT? to CONSERVE LFE people’s survival posed a great problem in spite of being successful in harnessing the rich resources that the world could provide. different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man- made, hampered the full potential of a human being.  MACHU PICCHU in CUZO, PERU COLOSSEUM in ROME, ITALY ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE Why SIGNIFICANT? for protection from human attacks and natural disasters. elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization. 1. status symbol among nations of how advanced their technology 2. establish the identity of a nation TOWER OF BABEL 1 Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. 2 As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there. 3 They said to each other, “Come, let’s make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. 4 Then they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over the face of the whole earth.” 5 But the LORD came down to see the city and the tower the people were building. 6 The LORD said, “If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them. 7 Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.” 8 Sothe LORD scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city. 9 That is why it was called Babel—because there the LORD confused the language of the whole world. From there the LORD scattered them over the face of the whole earth. The disciples had been filled with awe and wonder at Christ's prediction of the overthrow of the temple, and they desired to understand more fully the meaning of His words. Wealth, labor, and architectural skill had for more than forty years been freely expended to enhance its splendors. Herod the Great had lavished upon it both Roman wealth and Jewish treasure, and even the emperor of the world had enriched it with his gifts. Massive blocks of white marble, of almost fabulous size, forwarded from Rome for this purpose, formed a part of its structure; and to these the disciples had called the attention of their Master, saying: “See what manner of stones and what buildings are here!” Mark 13:1.  In the reign of Herod, Jerusalem had not only been greatly beautified, but by the erection of towers, walls, and fortresses, adding to the natural strength of its situation, it had been rendered apparently impregnable. He who would at this time have foretold publicly its destruction, would, like Noah in his day, have been called a crazed alarmist. But Christ had said: “Heaven and earth shall pass away, but My words shall not pass away.” Matthew 24:35. Because of her sins, wrath had been denounced against Jerusalem, and her stubborn unbelief rendered her doom certain The Lord had declared by the prophet Micah: “Hear this, I pray you, ye heads of the house of Jacob, and princes of the house of Israel, that abhor judgment, and pervert all equity. They build up Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity. The heads thereof judge for reward, and the priests thereof teach for hire, and the prophets thereof divine for money: yet will they lean upon the Lord, and say, Is not the Lord among us? none evil can come upon us.” Micah 3:9-11. He cried, “O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee; how often would I have gathered thy children together, as a hen doth gather her brood under her wings, and ye would not! Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and verily I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until the time come when ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord”(Luke 13:34–35). These words faithfully described the corrupt and self-righteous inhabitants of Jerusalem. While claiming to observe rigidly the precepts of God's law, they were transgressing all its principles. They hated Christ because His purity and holiness revealed their iniquity; and they accused Him of being the cause of all the troubles which had come upon them in consequence of their sins. Though they knew Him to be sinless, they had declared that His death was necessary to their safety as a nation. “If we let Him thus alone,” said the Jewish leaders, “all men will believe on Him: and the Romans shall come and take away both our place and nation.” John 11:48. If Christ were sacrificed, they might once more become a strong, united people. Thus they reasoned, and they concurred in the decision of their high priest, that it would be better for one man to die than for the whole nation to perish. “If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day, the things which belong unto thy peace! but now they are hid from thine eyes. For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side, And shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation” (Luke 19:42–44). AESTHETICS AESTHETICS Why SIGNIFICANT? they discovered that people looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in their body. CIVILIZATION Definition Any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, a form of government, and symbolic systems of communication. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION LOCATION OF SUMER  Sumerian Civilization ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture and more  CUNEIFORM first recorded writing system it is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry. it allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value and their everyday life.  it is a great wonder because it is considered to be the FIRST TRUE CITY in the world URUK CITY it is a great wonder for the WAY IT WAS ERECTED.  Challenges no building stones limited amount of lumber URUK CITY Solution they used mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks  Purposes URUK CITY to protect them from the harsh weather to build a wall a around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering  THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR ziggurat means MOUNTAIN OF GOD. it served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their priests were allowed to enter. Irrigation and Dikes Challenges the population increase, so did the demand for food. some groups had the difficulty to get water from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands. Other groups had problems with flooding caused by the river.  Irrigation and Dikes Solution dikes and irrigation canals bring water to farmlands. dikes and irrigation canals control the flooding of the rivers. Sailboats Problems they wanted to discover faraway lands to settle since the population was getting larger  Sailboats Challenges the wheel was not yet invented and the only mode of transportation was through waterways they have the boat that were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances but were not enough to accommodate more people and products they needed a mode of transportation that did not require much human resource. Solution SAILBOAT  Wheel the first wheels were made for farm work and food processes. farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.  humans developed from being food gatherers to farm cultivators. Plow they needed a technology which would enable them to dig the ground in a faster pace where seeds would be planted.  with this tools, farmers could cultivate larger parcels of Plow land faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time Roads Problem how to facilitate faster and easier travel? Solution they made roads using sun-baked bricks technology that they laid down on the ground They put bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the road Result the inventions of roads was very useful especially during rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION  this civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects. Hanging Gardens of Babylon one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife Queen Amytis  its beauty can only be heard from stories of historians and paintings Hanging Gardens of Babylon no physical evidence for its existence its exact location is unknown. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION  located in North Africa  Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in large part because the river’s annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops. Problem safe-keeping and transporting of clay tables clay tablets were very fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle.  Paper or Papyrus Solution Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. they were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things. less breakable it was easy to carry and store (does not need huge storage spaces)  Ink combination of soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. the ink must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture, and codified laws. it must be tamper-proof so that people could not simply tinker with those written down by authorities  Hieroglyphics the Egyptians’ system of writing using symbols adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations the writing system was provided by their gods.  Hieroglyphics that language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. their records were well- preserved at the walls of the pyramids and other important Egyptian structures.  Cosmetics for health and aesthetic reasons Kohl was a mixture of soot or malachite with mineral galena. Kohl were applied around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Egyptians believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness Cosmetics Today, cosmetic industry is a booming multibillion industry  Wig another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptians. wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes. it protects the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun. it was considered cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of head lice.  Wig At present, what is wig for? to enhance the appearance of people who are balding for those who want to try new hair trends.  Water Clock (Clepsydra) this device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to another. the amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full it is used as time keeping device  Greece is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe. known as the birthplace of western philosophy in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics  Alarm clock they made use of water or small stones, or sand that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. PLATO was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture.  Water mill they were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains water mills are better than mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort and time to operate  Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period they were the model of the small civilizations in terms of legislation and codified laws. Newspaper GAZETTES the first newspapers that contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people made before the invention of paper engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed Newspaper GAZETTES minutes of proceedings of the Roman senate were done in shorthand. Then edited and published on the same day that they were recorded.  Bound Books or Codex Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. they also provide covers to protect the papyrus wax animal skin  Roman Architecture the most visual contributions to the world. it was considered a continuation of Greek architecture (resemblance) regarded as pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past.  Roman Architecture they were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs because they could produce sturdier and stronger infrastructures.  Roman Architecture cathedrals basilicas aqueducts coliseums amphitheaters residential houses  Roman Numerals number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns. Hindu-Arabic number system became more popular aesthetic and historical value  the oldest civilization in Asia also known as the middle kingdom and located at the far east of Asia. it was famous because of its SILK TRADE. Silk one of the things that connected Far East China to the world they were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing the silk trade open China to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges it bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom. Tea Production Tea is a beverage produce by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. it was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was done using a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot. China became known for its tea exports. Great Wall of China once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from the outer space. the largest and the most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. it was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China. made with stone, brick, wood earth, and other materials it was the pride of their land and their crowning glory Gunpowder it is one of the most interesting inventions in China\ it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths. MEDIEVAL AGES The MEDIEVAL PERIOD/ MIDDLE AGES The period of time that links the ancient world, which ended with the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, to the modern world, which began with the Renaissance in the 15th century.  start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. wars were prevalent great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health  trade and commerce among nations increased = increased demands for transportation technology most innovative minds  Printing Press Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. The Dark Ages The early medieval period—from around 500-1000 AD This reflected the idea that the people of the time had fallen into a life of hardship and ignorance. Techniques such as metalworking and pottery making declined for a while [people left little evidence of their way of life for archeologists to find. People made their homes and their belongings largely from wood, which has since rotted away. CRISIS and COMMERCE Occurrence of BLACK DEATH Mid-14th century This epidemic killed as many as two-thirds of the people. The survivors rebuilt their communities and prospered. The cities grew into strong financial ad commercial centers, trading across the world. VOYAGES and DISCOVERY Printing Press Method extracted juices from fruits (wooden machines) metal impression of the letters press firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper it was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. Microscope Zacharias Janssen developed the first compound microscope the people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye.  middle ages is also known as the Ages of Exploration Telescope an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects invention of compass, oars, and rudders In 1992, a telescope built by the British astronomer and historian Colin Ronan was shown on The Sky At Night. Telescopes have been vital to science since Dutch spectacle maker Hans Lippershey patented the now-familiar arrangement of lenses in 1608. But what made Ronan’s telescope different was that it was built to a design pre-dating Lippershey’s by decades. Ronan claimed that an Elizabethan surveyor named Leonard Digges had found a combination of a glass lens and curved mirror that also made distant objects appear closer. Descriptions of the device began to circulate around 1570, and its potential military use prompted Lord Burghley, chief adviser to Elizabeth I, to commission a report. After discovering this manuscript in the British Library, Ronan built the device, and suggested that it had a claim to being the first telescope. He also suggested Digges’s son, Thomas, had used it to observe the sky years before Galileo. Ronan’s claim has failed to convince historians, however. They argue that Elizabethan technology was not capable of making the optical components to the required quality, and that the telescope is too awkward to use in any case. So the consensus remains that Lippershey is the originator of the first working telescope.  War Weapons development of cross bows and long bows. creation of body armors invention of chainmail MODERN TIMES  booming of world’s population to produce more goods at a faster rate development of industries the need for more efficient means of transportation of goods and cover larger distance machines must be upgraded faster and easier means of communication and computation Food processing and medicine pose some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern. PASTEURIZATION food preservation and food safety were the issues to keep manufactured food from deteriorating (dairy product) diphtheria food poisoning typhoid fever Louis Pasteur a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination PETROLEUM REFINERY demands for better means of POWERING HOMES and TRANSPORTATION. animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. PETROLEUM REFINERY Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum TELEPHONE the demand to maintain connections and communicate with each other in real time. for the government administer their states well dissemination of decisions at fastest time possible  TELEPHONE Alexander Graham Bell, developed the telephone and is one of the most important inventions at that time. CALCULATOR/ COMPUTER the demand of faster way to compute more complicated equations computing device that is easy to carry PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS  SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE it can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. it may also utilized to travel from island to island  Aisa Mejino SALT LAMP invented a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines US President Barack Obama poses with Alibaba chairman Jack Ma (left) and entrepreneur Aisa Mijeno (right) as they take part in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) CEO summit in Manila on Wednesday. Photo by Saul Loeb, AFP  Dr. Fe del Mundo MEDICAL a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman INCUBATOR admitted into Harvard Medical School. native laundry basket, hot water bottles, with makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. MEDICAL INCUBATOR These days it is impossible to find a hospital nursery without a medical incubator. The very machinery that helped save lives of many infants was the invention of Dr. Fe Del Mundo. Not only did Del Mundo invent a life-changing machinery; she was also the first female student at Harvard University. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/ LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM How does the Mosquito OL Trap work? The scent of the solution invites female mosquitoes to the trap where they lay eggs on the stick and on the solution itself. The stick, moistened by the solution through capillary action, is highly attractive for mosquitoes to lay eggs on. As the eggs and the hatched larvae (also called "wrigglers") get exposed to the solution, they die. The trap does not kill the adult mosquitoes. Instead, its ovicidal and larvicidal effect prevent the next generation of mosquitoes from reaching adulthood, thus curbing the Aedes mosquitoes population E-JEEPNEY it utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel fuel it is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise YOYO Yoyos have been well-loved by countless children, and even adults. Unknown to many, this was made widely popular by Pedro Flores. Pedro, who was an immigrant in the U.S., never really claimed to have invented the toy; however, he serves as the brains behind its first mass production in the U.S. KARAOKE SING-ALONG SYSTEM Among the things Filipinos are popular for around the world is their talent for singing. It’s no surprise then that a Filipino named Robert Del Rosario was the inventor and claims patent rights of the Karaoke Sing-Along system. While it was Japanese named Daisuke Inoue who invented the machine itself, Del Rosario successfully materialized the concept of singing to an instrumental background music complete with a mic, cassette, as well as a mixer. 3-IN-1 FIRE TRUCK If you think the jeepney is the only automobile Filipinos have revamped, think again. Inventor Alfredo M. Ano Sr. successfully innovated the 3-in-1 fire truck, or what is formally called Anos Fire Ambulance and Rescue Vehicle (AFARV). The concept is a rescue vehicle, ambulance, and fire truck in one; hence the 3-in-1 term. ERYTHROMYCIN Erythromycin is an antibiotic that can help treat infections, including pelvic inflammatory disease, syphilis, and chlamydia. The medical drug was discovered by Abelardo Aguilar, a Filipino researcher who was then working for the pharmaceutical company Eli Lily and Company.