Forts and Lighthouses of Manila
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of a calabozo in a stone fort?

  • Living quarters for soldiers
  • Foundry for weapon construction
  • Warehouse for supplies
  • Jail for holding prisoners (correct)
  • What component serves to protect the entrance of Fort Santiago?

  • Fosso
  • Revellin (correct)
  • Contraguardia
  • Garita
  • Which part of Intramuros is situated at the mouth of the Pasig River?

  • Almacenes
  • Fort Santiago (correct)
  • Walled City
  • Plaza de la Fuerza
  • Which of the following is NOT a component of Fort Santiago's structure?

    <p>Maestranza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an escarpa in the context of a fort?

    <p>Embankment of a moat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lighthouse is known for guarding Cape Bojeador?

    <p>Bangui Lighthouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of layout, what structural feature in Fort Santiago is built along the cortina?

    <p>Bastion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a pozo in a stone fort?

    <p>Source of drinking water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant architectural feature of Augustinian churches?

    <p>Characterized by fortress-like qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which religious order arrived in the Philippines in 1571?

    <p>Augustinians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the Paoay Church?

    <p>It was built using coral stones and lime powder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who contributed to the construction of the Barasoain Church?

    <p>Fr. Juan Giron and Magpayо</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material were Dominican churches in Ilocos and Cagayan Valley primarily constructed from?

    <p>Bricks with lime-based mortar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the monastery was reserved for the sacristy?

    <p>Wing adjoining the church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural feature is prominent on the facade of Tamauini Church?

    <p>Circular pediment with colored glass window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which church is known for its Gothic style minus certain features?

    <p>San Sebastian Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function did monasteries serve aside from being a residence for friars?

    <p>Social and welfare institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'bahay na bato' refer to in domestic architecture?

    <p>A Spanish-style house for the wealthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the De profundis room in monasteries?

    <p>To pray for deceased members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which religious order was recognized in 1696?

    <p>Beaterio Sta. Catalina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ignacio Alzina call the architectural style of 'bahay na bato'?

    <p>Arquitectura mestiza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant factor led to the emergence of 'bahay na bato' in the 19th century?

    <p>Economic gains by the mestizo class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic does not describe Jesuit and Recollect churches?

    <p>Reinforced with brick layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is NOT typically associated with the construction of San Sebastian Church?

    <p>Coral stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the ground level in the structure described?

    <p>Storage and carriages placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which roofing materials are traditionally used in the structure?

    <p>Clay tiles and nipa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the second floor in the architectural composition described?

    <p>It is supported by huge wooden pillars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of window mentioned?

    <p>Casement windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is calado in the context of decorative elements?

    <p>Wooden fretwork near the ceiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area in the ground floor is specifically allocated for storage?

    <p>Bodega</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary construction material for the ground floor?

    <p>Cut stone or brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the roof structure?

    <p>High hipped or pyramidal made of thatch or clay tiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Bahay Kubo?

    <p>Constructed from lightweight materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which room is referred to as the 'Comedor' in the context of the second floor arrangement?

    <p>Dining room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of housing construction did locals adopt from the Spaniards?

    <p>Bahay na Bato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of the Vigan houses?

    <p>Built primarily with lightweight materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the Antillean houses in terms of owner background?

    <p>Owners spent significant time in Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which room is the 'Cucina' in the context of the house layout?

    <p>Kitchen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important structural feature of Spanish Colonial houses?

    <p>Fire-resistant materials like mortar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the Azotea?

    <p>Open terrace with a cistern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Forts

    • Stone forts could include:
    • living quarters for soldiers
    • a jail
    • a foundry
    • warehouses for powder, provisions, and ammunition
    • a well
    • a chapel

    Lighthouses

    • Bangui Lighthouse in Ilocos Norte guards Cape Bojeador
    • Palauig Island Lighthouse in Cagayan guards Cape Engaño
    • Corregidor Lighthouse guards the entrance to Manila Bay
    • Capul Island Lighthouse guards the San Bernardino Strait

    Intramuros, Manila

    • Known as the "Walled City" or "within the walls" (Latin)
    • Occupies a pentagonal area of 64 hectares
    • Consists of two parts:
    • Military establishment at the mouth of the Pasig River (Fort Santiago)
    • Citadel or Walled City
    • Intramuros comprises several parts:
    • Fronts facing the sea and river
    • Three-sided land front with its comprising bastions
    • Santiago Castle (Fort Santiago), a citadel built at the sharpest angle between the river and the bay

    Fort Santiago

    • Most important and oldest fortification built in Manila
    • Consists of:
    • Falsabraga: a low rampart built in front of the main fortification
    • Fortins or reductos: small forts or redoubts
    • Cortina: a curtain wall that linked bastions together
    • Revellin: an outer fortification that protects the gate
    • Bastion: a protruding structure with facing flanks built along the cortina
    • Foso: a moat
    • Escarpa: a scarp, embankment of a moat

    Additional Terminologies

    • Adarve: a flat area behind the parapet for maneuvers
    • Baluarrtillo: small bastions that house chambers for military supplies
    • Baluarte De San Diego: a bastion
    • Contraguardia: a V-shaped wall similar to the media luna placed in the front of the bastion
    • Capila Real: Royal Chapel
    • Garita: a sentry post
    • Maestranza: a military arsenal
    • Parian: a Chinese market
    • Plaza de la Fuerza (Fortress Plaza) or Plaza Moriones: a public promenade
    • Postigo: a small gate that serves as an emergency egress

    Ecclesiastical Architecture

    • Religious orders played a decisive role when the Spaniards reached the Philippines
    • Religious orders filled Intramuros with churches, monasteries, and convents that also performed social and welfare functions
    • Baroque churches of the Spanish colonial period are the most emblematic element of the country's architectural heritage

    Religious Orders in the Philippines

    • Augustinians: arrived with the Legazpi expedition in 1571
    • Franciscans: arrived in 1578
    • Jesuits: arrived in 1581
    • Dominicans: arrived in 1587
    • Augustinian Recollects: arrived in 1606
    • Christian nuns from Japan: led by Lady Julia Naito, arrived in 1614
    • Santa Clara nuns: arrived in 1621
    • Beaterio Sta. Catalina: recognized in 1696
    • Hospitallers of God: arrived in 1641
    • Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus: arrived in 1684
    • Capuchins: arrived in 1886

    Church Designs

    • Augustinian churches: characterized by architectonic monumentality, fortress-like qualities, and size was dependent on the amount of tributes collected
    • Dominican churches: can be found in Ilocos and Cagayan Valley regions and are often made of bricks consolidated with lime-based mortar and plaster
    • Jesuit and Recollect churches: can be found in the Southern part of the Philippines and they use limestone and coralline stone

    Monasteries

    • Monasteries served as headquarters for the religious in certain areas and had many rooms
    • Four-sided in plan with cloisters enclosing an inner courtyard or atrium and a garden where the friars could meditate
    • Parts of a monastery include:
    • Proteria: an office where records are kept, schedules are arranged, and religious prayer books are sold
    • Recibidor: a room or area where the friars meet their guests
    • Refecterio: a dining area for meals
    • De profundis Room: where residents prayed for their deceased companions and benefactors
    • Wing adjoining the church: reserved for the sacristy
    • Living quarters and recreation rooms: were on the second floor

    Notable Churches

    • PAOAY CHURCH, Ilocos Norte (UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993)
    • Began in 1699 by Augustinian priest, Fr. Antonio Estavillo; completed between 1702-1710
    • Its bell tower was made of coral stones and lime powder with molasses by volutes
    • BARASOAIN CHURCH, Malolos (Declared a National Historical Landmark in 1973)
    • The present structure was started in 1885 by Augustinian Fr. Juan Giron and a builder named Magpayo from the ruins of the old church destroyed by the 1880 earthquake
    • TAMAUINI CHURCH, Isabela (One of the National Heritage Museums of the Philippines)
    • Construction began in 1705 by Dominican Domingo Forto and town mayor Pablo Siason
    • The focal point of the facade is a circular pediment enhanced by a colored glass window framed by molded floral garlands
    • The circular bell tower contrasts in color and texture because of its white limestone finish
    • SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH, Manila (declared a National Historical Landmark in 1973)
    • The present church was designed by Genaro Palacios, a government engineer after the 1880 earthquake
    • Gothic style minus the flying buttresses, lancet arches, fan vaults, stained glass, and rose windows
    • The first prefabricated structure erected in the Philippines; made entirely of steel transported from Belgium to Manila; the interior was painted to resemble faux marble

    Domestic Architecture (Filipino Houses)

    • Bahay Kubo: the archetype for domestic architecture during the Spanish regime
    • Bahay na bato: a type of construction called "arquitectura mestiza" or "mixed architecture" by Jesuit Ignacio Alzina
    • Bahay kastila: a Spanish-style house with a solid stone or brick foundation and an elevated wooden upper story
    • Bahay na tisa or balay tisa: a house of tile

    Characteristics of Bahay na bato

    • Structural Elements:
    • Stone walls may be made of adobe, marble, limestone, volcanic tuff, granite, brick, or river stones with mortar made of a mixture of lime, sand, and water
    • Clay tiles and nipa were used as roof covering
    • Form:
    • Ground Floor: made of cut stone or brick almost 1 meter thick, bounded with mortar
    • Second Floor: supported by huge wooden pillars
    • Roof: high hipped or pyramidal roof made of thatch or clay tiles
    • Windows:
    • Ventanillas: small windows below the main window, protected by grilles or wooden barandillas
    • Conchas: sliding windows with wooden frames and capiz shells
    • Persianas windows: framed wooden slats with a herringbone-shaped rod
    • Media Agua: canopies that protected windows from direct sunlight
    • Decorative Elements:
    • Callado: wooden fretwork placed on upper portions of the walls, close to the ceiling
    • Areas at the Ground Floor:
    • Zaguan: housed carriages, carozas, and old furniture
    • Cuadra (Caballieriza): stables
    • Bodega: storage for old furniture and palay
    • Patio: a closed courtyard open to the sky adjacent to the zaguan
    • Areas at the Second Floor:
    • Ante-sala or Caida: a spacious hall where acquaintances are received
    • Sala: a living room
    • Volada: a flying gallery that projects beyond the posts
    • Balcón: a terrace near the living room
    • Alcova, Cuarto, or silid: bedrooms
    • Comedor: a dining room
    • Cucina: a kitchen
    • Azotea: an open terrace with a cistern forming water
    • Comon or Latrina: a toilet located away from the main house

    Notable Bahay na bato Homes

    • The Rizal Shrine in Calamba
    • Jose P. Laurel House in Paco
    • Camiña Balay nga Bato, Iloilo City

    Bahay Kubo, Bahay na Bato, Antillian House

    • Pre-Colonial House:
    • Made from lightweight materials
    • Airy and easy to clean
    • Vulnerable to typhoons and fire
    • The Bahay-Kubo is an example of a pre-colonial house.
    • Spanish Colonial House:
    • The locals learned from the Spaniards how to quarry, prepare the stones and make bricks.
    • Bahay na Bato are fire-resistant
    • Still vulnerable to earthquakes
    • Ilocos Province – The Vigan House:
    • Sturdier look and stronger construction
    • Frugal, solid, durable, and practical
    • Characteristics include:
    • Walls:
    • Ground Floor: Mortared brick and stones
    • Second Floor: Timber
    • Large sliding windows: made of Capiz shells
    • High-pitched tile roof:
    • Ornaments: made of terracotta and decorative friezes
    • Antillean House:
    • Resemble houses in the Antilles or West Indies
    • Epitome of elegance and graceful living
    • Most owners of the Antillean houses had traveled to Europe and/or their children studied in Spain, Germany, or France
    • Examples:
    • Antillean house of Samson-Montinola, Iloilo City
    • Casa Mariquit, 1803, Iloilo City
    • Casa Manila, Intramuros

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