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Questions and Answers
What is the function of a calabozo in a stone fort?
What component serves to protect the entrance of Fort Santiago?
Which part of Intramuros is situated at the mouth of the Pasig River?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Fort Santiago's structure?
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What is the purpose of an escarpa in the context of a fort?
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Which lighthouse is known for guarding Cape Bojeador?
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In terms of layout, what structural feature in Fort Santiago is built along the cortina?
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What is the purpose of a pozo in a stone fort?
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What was a significant architectural feature of Augustinian churches?
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Which religious order arrived in the Philippines in 1571?
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What is true about the Paoay Church?
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Who contributed to the construction of the Barasoain Church?
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What material were Dominican churches in Ilocos and Cagayan Valley primarily constructed from?
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Which part of the monastery was reserved for the sacristy?
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What architectural feature is prominent on the facade of Tamauini Church?
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Which church is known for its Gothic style minus certain features?
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What function did monasteries serve aside from being a residence for friars?
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What does 'bahay na bato' refer to in domestic architecture?
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What was the purpose of the De profundis room in monasteries?
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Which religious order was recognized in 1696?
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What does Ignacio Alzina call the architectural style of 'bahay na bato'?
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What significant factor led to the emergence of 'bahay na bato' in the 19th century?
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Which characteristic does not describe Jesuit and Recollect churches?
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What material is NOT typically associated with the construction of San Sebastian Church?
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What is the main purpose of the ground level in the structure described?
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Which roofing materials are traditionally used in the structure?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the second floor in the architectural composition described?
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Which of the following is not a type of window mentioned?
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What is calado in the context of decorative elements?
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Which area in the ground floor is specifically allocated for storage?
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What is the primary construction material for the ground floor?
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Which of the following best describes the roof structure?
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What is the primary characteristic of the Bahay Kubo?
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Which room is referred to as the 'Comedor' in the context of the second floor arrangement?
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What type of housing construction did locals adopt from the Spaniards?
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Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of the Vigan houses?
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What defines the Antillean houses in terms of owner background?
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Which room is the 'Cucina' in the context of the house layout?
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What is an important structural feature of Spanish Colonial houses?
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Which of the following accurately describes the Azotea?
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Study Notes
Forts
- Stone forts could include:
- living quarters for soldiers
- a jail
- a foundry
- warehouses for powder, provisions, and ammunition
- a well
- a chapel
Lighthouses
- Bangui Lighthouse in Ilocos Norte guards Cape Bojeador
- Palauig Island Lighthouse in Cagayan guards Cape Engaño
- Corregidor Lighthouse guards the entrance to Manila Bay
- Capul Island Lighthouse guards the San Bernardino Strait
Intramuros, Manila
- Known as the "Walled City" or "within the walls" (Latin)
- Occupies a pentagonal area of 64 hectares
- Consists of two parts:
- Military establishment at the mouth of the Pasig River (Fort Santiago)
- Citadel or Walled City
- Intramuros comprises several parts:
- Fronts facing the sea and river
- Three-sided land front with its comprising bastions
- Santiago Castle (Fort Santiago), a citadel built at the sharpest angle between the river and the bay
Fort Santiago
- Most important and oldest fortification built in Manila
- Consists of:
- Falsabraga: a low rampart built in front of the main fortification
- Fortins or reductos: small forts or redoubts
- Cortina: a curtain wall that linked bastions together
- Revellin: an outer fortification that protects the gate
- Bastion: a protruding structure with facing flanks built along the cortina
- Foso: a moat
- Escarpa: a scarp, embankment of a moat
Additional Terminologies
- Adarve: a flat area behind the parapet for maneuvers
- Baluarrtillo: small bastions that house chambers for military supplies
- Baluarte De San Diego: a bastion
- Contraguardia: a V-shaped wall similar to the media luna placed in the front of the bastion
- Capila Real: Royal Chapel
- Garita: a sentry post
- Maestranza: a military arsenal
- Parian: a Chinese market
- Plaza de la Fuerza (Fortress Plaza) or Plaza Moriones: a public promenade
- Postigo: a small gate that serves as an emergency egress
Ecclesiastical Architecture
- Religious orders played a decisive role when the Spaniards reached the Philippines
- Religious orders filled Intramuros with churches, monasteries, and convents that also performed social and welfare functions
- Baroque churches of the Spanish colonial period are the most emblematic element of the country's architectural heritage
Religious Orders in the Philippines
- Augustinians: arrived with the Legazpi expedition in 1571
- Franciscans: arrived in 1578
- Jesuits: arrived in 1581
- Dominicans: arrived in 1587
- Augustinian Recollects: arrived in 1606
- Christian nuns from Japan: led by Lady Julia Naito, arrived in 1614
- Santa Clara nuns: arrived in 1621
- Beaterio Sta. Catalina: recognized in 1696
- Hospitallers of God: arrived in 1641
- Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus: arrived in 1684
- Capuchins: arrived in 1886
Church Designs
- Augustinian churches: characterized by architectonic monumentality, fortress-like qualities, and size was dependent on the amount of tributes collected
- Dominican churches: can be found in Ilocos and Cagayan Valley regions and are often made of bricks consolidated with lime-based mortar and plaster
- Jesuit and Recollect churches: can be found in the Southern part of the Philippines and they use limestone and coralline stone
Monasteries
- Monasteries served as headquarters for the religious in certain areas and had many rooms
- Four-sided in plan with cloisters enclosing an inner courtyard or atrium and a garden where the friars could meditate
- Parts of a monastery include:
- Proteria: an office where records are kept, schedules are arranged, and religious prayer books are sold
- Recibidor: a room or area where the friars meet their guests
- Refecterio: a dining area for meals
- De profundis Room: where residents prayed for their deceased companions and benefactors
- Wing adjoining the church: reserved for the sacristy
- Living quarters and recreation rooms: were on the second floor
Notable Churches
- PAOAY CHURCH, Ilocos Norte (UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993)
- Began in 1699 by Augustinian priest, Fr. Antonio Estavillo; completed between 1702-1710
- Its bell tower was made of coral stones and lime powder with molasses by volutes
- BARASOAIN CHURCH, Malolos (Declared a National Historical Landmark in 1973)
- The present structure was started in 1885 by Augustinian Fr. Juan Giron and a builder named Magpayo from the ruins of the old church destroyed by the 1880 earthquake
- TAMAUINI CHURCH, Isabela (One of the National Heritage Museums of the Philippines)
- Construction began in 1705 by Dominican Domingo Forto and town mayor Pablo Siason
- The focal point of the facade is a circular pediment enhanced by a colored glass window framed by molded floral garlands
- The circular bell tower contrasts in color and texture because of its white limestone finish
- SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH, Manila (declared a National Historical Landmark in 1973)
- The present church was designed by Genaro Palacios, a government engineer after the 1880 earthquake
- Gothic style minus the flying buttresses, lancet arches, fan vaults, stained glass, and rose windows
- The first prefabricated structure erected in the Philippines; made entirely of steel transported from Belgium to Manila; the interior was painted to resemble faux marble
Domestic Architecture (Filipino Houses)
- Bahay Kubo: the archetype for domestic architecture during the Spanish regime
- Bahay na bato: a type of construction called "arquitectura mestiza" or "mixed architecture" by Jesuit Ignacio Alzina
- Bahay kastila: a Spanish-style house with a solid stone or brick foundation and an elevated wooden upper story
- Bahay na tisa or balay tisa: a house of tile
Characteristics of Bahay na bato
- Structural Elements:
- Stone walls may be made of adobe, marble, limestone, volcanic tuff, granite, brick, or river stones with mortar made of a mixture of lime, sand, and water
- Clay tiles and nipa were used as roof covering
- Form:
- Ground Floor: made of cut stone or brick almost 1 meter thick, bounded with mortar
- Second Floor: supported by huge wooden pillars
- Roof: high hipped or pyramidal roof made of thatch or clay tiles
- Windows:
- Ventanillas: small windows below the main window, protected by grilles or wooden barandillas
- Conchas: sliding windows with wooden frames and capiz shells
- Persianas windows: framed wooden slats with a herringbone-shaped rod
- Media Agua: canopies that protected windows from direct sunlight
- Decorative Elements:
- Callado: wooden fretwork placed on upper portions of the walls, close to the ceiling
- Areas at the Ground Floor:
- Zaguan: housed carriages, carozas, and old furniture
- Cuadra (Caballieriza): stables
- Bodega: storage for old furniture and palay
- Patio: a closed courtyard open to the sky adjacent to the zaguan
- Areas at the Second Floor:
- Ante-sala or Caida: a spacious hall where acquaintances are received
- Sala: a living room
- Volada: a flying gallery that projects beyond the posts
- Balcón: a terrace near the living room
- Alcova, Cuarto, or silid: bedrooms
- Comedor: a dining room
- Cucina: a kitchen
- Azotea: an open terrace with a cistern forming water
- Comon or Latrina: a toilet located away from the main house
Notable Bahay na bato Homes
- The Rizal Shrine in Calamba
- Jose P. Laurel House in Paco
- Camiña Balay nga Bato, Iloilo City
Bahay Kubo, Bahay na Bato, Antillian House
- Pre-Colonial House:
- Made from lightweight materials
- Airy and easy to clean
- Vulnerable to typhoons and fire
- The Bahay-Kubo is an example of a pre-colonial house.
- Spanish Colonial House:
- The locals learned from the Spaniards how to quarry, prepare the stones and make bricks.
- Bahay na Bato are fire-resistant
- Still vulnerable to earthquakes
- Ilocos Province – The Vigan House:
- Sturdier look and stronger construction
- Frugal, solid, durable, and practical
- Characteristics include:
- Walls:
- Ground Floor: Mortared brick and stones
- Second Floor: Timber
- Large sliding windows: made of Capiz shells
- High-pitched tile roof:
- Ornaments: made of terracotta and decorative friezes
- Antillean House:
- Resemble houses in the Antilles or West Indies
- Epitome of elegance and graceful living
- Most owners of the Antillean houses had traveled to Europe and/or their children studied in Spain, Germany, or France
- Examples:
- Antillean house of Samson-Montinola, Iloilo City
- Casa Mariquit, 1803, Iloilo City
- Casa Manila, Intramuros
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Description
Explore the rich history of forts and lighthouses in Manila, including Fort Santiago and various lighthouses guarding the coastline. Learn about the architectural features and historical significance of these structures which played crucial roles in the city's defense. This quiz covers notable locations such as Intramuros and its key elements.
