SOCSCI REVIEWER complete (2).pdf

SOCSCI REVIEWER Lesson 1 - Philippine History Introduction What is History? - Derived from the Greek Word “historia”, which means investigation, inquiry, recorded knowledge of past events. - As the study of man, his growth and development in all aspects – polit...

SOCSCI REVIEWER Lesson 1 - Philippine History Introduction What is History? - Derived from the Greek Word “historia”, which means investigation, inquiry, recorded knowledge of past events. - As the study of man, his growth and development in all aspects – political, economic, social, cultural, and religion. Three Important Parts About Knowing A Country’s History - People - Land - God Name of the Philippines - Early Chinese traders who visited Mindoro, called our nation “Ma-yi”, meaning Land of Gold - “Maniolas”, name given by Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek Mapmaker, in his ancient map. - “Archipelago of St. Lazarus”, name given by Magellan to our nation in 1521. - “Felipinas”, name given by Spanish explorer Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, in honor of King Phillip II. - “Pearl of the Orient Seas”, popular nickname for our country, name given by Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751 and Dr. Jose Rizal 2 Geography of the Philippines - Location - Located in Southeastern Asia - Archipelago made up of 7,107 islands - Part of a Western Pacific arc system that’s characterized by active volcanoes - Shape & Size - Surrounding Bodies of Water North (Luzon Strait) West (South China Sea) East (Philippine Sea) South (Celebes Sea) - Terrain and Points Mostly mountainous and all islands are prone to earthquakes Lowest Point (Philippine Sea) Highest Point (Mount Apo (9,691 ft) ) - Climate & Temperature Hot & Dry (March-May) Rainy (June-October) Cool (November-February)  - Eleven Main Islands Luzon Mindanao Samar Negros Palawan Panay Mindoro Leyte Cebu Bohol Masbate - Regions of the Philippines LUZON REGIONS I. ILOCOS REGION (Major City: San Fernando City) II. CAGAYAN VALLEY (Major City: Tuguegarao City) III. CENTRAL LUZON (Major City: San Fernando City) IV-A. CALABARZON (Major City: Calamba City) IV-B. MIMAROPA (Major City: Calapan City) V. BICOL REGION (Major City: Legaspi City) NCR. NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (Major City: Manila) CAR. CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (Major City: Baguio City) VISAYAS REGIONS VI. WESTERN VISAYAS (Major City: Iloilo City) VII. CENTRAL VISAYAS (Major City: Cebu City) VIII. EASTERN VISAYAS (Major City: Tacloban City) MINDANAO REGIONS IX. WESTERN MINDANAO (Major City: Pagadian City) X. NORTHERN MINDANAO (Major City: Cagayan City) XI. SOUTHERN MINDANAO (Major City: Davao City) XII. CENTRAL MINDANAO (Major City: Koronadal City) XIII. CARAGA REGION (Major City: Butuan City) ARMM. AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MUSLIM MINDANAO (Major City: Cotobato City) Philippine Topography - The Philippines has a varied topography. It has a coastline of 36,289 km. - Many islands have extensive coral reefs that attract tourists from everywhere. - The larger islands have rugged, mountainous interiors, mostly ranges running north to south. - Four Major Lowland Areas Luzon Central Plain Cagayan Valley Agusan Valley Cotabato Valley - Major Mountain Ranges Cordillera Sierra Madre Caraballo Mt. Kitanglad Mt. Igmatongtong - Volcanoes There are about 221 volcanoes, 21 are active. The Philippines lies on the volatile Pacific “Ring of Fire” and most of the highest mountains are volcanic in origin. Examples of Active Volcanoes are Mt. Mayon and Mt. Pinatubo - Languages 2 official languages: English and Filipino  - Dialects Bikol Cebuano Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) Ilocano Kapampangan Pangasinan Tagalog Waray - Religion 83% Catholics 5% Muslims 12% smaller Christian dominations and other religion Pre-History of the Philippines - Theories on the Origin of the Philippines The Land Bridges Theory Plate Tectonics Theory Sundal Shelf Theory Volcanic Eruption Theory Continental Drift Theory The Lost-Continent Theory Implications in the Philippines of the Sunda land: - It was believed that we are part of mainland Asia Taiwan route Borneo route Early Inhabitants of the Philippines - The inhabitants of the Philippines originally consisted of different tribes scattered throughout its islands. - The following are: 1. Negritos 2. Indonesians 3. Malays 4. Chinese 5. Indians 6. Arabs - These tribes were generally free and were each governed by a system of laws promulgated by the datu or a council of elders. - These tribes were divided into three (3) groups/strata. 1. Maharlika (Nobles) 2. Timawa (Freeeman) 3. Alipin (Slaves) Early form of Economic Life 1. Hunting 2. Farming. 3. Weaving 4. Fishing 5. Mining 6. Ship Building 7. Barter - as way of trading with other tribe or group of people Early form of Government Their government was called balangay(from balanghay/hai) malay term which was composed of 30-100 families. The three important powers of the government were vested in one person, the datu, rajah, or sultan How laws were made? - The chieftain made the necessary rules with the consultation of the elders of the balangay/barangay. - A public announcer called umalohokan was summoned and ordered to barangay go to around the announce the promulgation of the new rules. KINDS OF LAWS CUSTOMARY- based on customs, traditions and beliefs. WRITTEN- such as the code of kalantiao and the code of maragtas Subjects dealt with the customary and written laws - Inheritance - Divorce - Usury - Partnership - Property rights - Family relations - Adoptions - Loans - Crimes and punishment Kinds of major crimes Rape Incest Murder Witchcraft Insult Trespassing Sacrilegious act Larceny JUDICIAL PROCESS Every dispute will be resolved by the “ court ” which is composed of the chieftain as the judge and the barangay elders as the jury. Procedures Trials were held publicly and decisions were rendered promptly. The accused and the accuser faced each other with their respective witnesses. Trial by ordeal It is practiced to determine the guilt of a person. It was resorted to in order to show that God in his infinite wisdom always took the side of the innocent. Examples of trial by ordeal: The suspects were ordered to place a stone in a vessel with boiling water and compelling them to dip their hands into the vessel to take out the stone. The suspect who refused to obey the command was regarded as the culprit. The man whose hand was scalded the most was considered the guilty one. The second consisted in giving lighted candles to the suspects. The man whose candle unfortunately died out first was regarded as the guilty party. The third consisted of ordering the suspects to plunge into the river or lake with lances. He who came to the surface first was considered guilty. Fourth Exposure to ants LESSON 2 - SPANISH COLONIAL and EXPEDITION In the 15th century, Philippines was invaded by Spain and reigned over the Philippines for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. Their coming changed our history because of THREE REASONS: 1. Through Spain, we became CATHOLIC. 2. We got new and more advanced culture from Europe and Mexico. 3. But for the first time, WE LOST OUR FREEDOM or INDEPENDENCE. The MAGELLAN EXPEDITION - Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown, was looking for a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. - On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition landed on Homonhon island in the Philippines. He was the first European to reach the islands. - Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly with Magellan and embraced Christianity, but their enemy, LapuLapu was not. Humabon wanted Magellan to kill LapuLapu while Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu into Christianity. - On April 27, 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan and ensuing battle killed Magellan by the natives lead by LapuLapu - Out of the five ships and more than 300 men who left on the Magellan expedition in 1519, only one ship (the Victoria) and 18 men returned to Seville, Spain on September 6, 1522. - Nevertheless, the said expedition was considered historic because it marked the first circumnavigation of the globe and proved that the world was round. - Juan Sebastian de Elcano, the master of ship "Concepcion" took over the command of the expedition after the death of Magellan and captained the ship "Victoria" back to Spain. - He and his men earned the distinction of being the first to circumnavigate the world in one full journey. After Magellan's death in Cebu, it took 16 more months for Elcano to return to Spain. SPAIN SENDS OTHER EXPEDITION - After Spain had celebrated Elcano’s return, King Charles I decided that Spain should conquer the Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions were then sent to the Islands. Only the last two actually reached the Philippines; and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the Islands. 1. Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525) 2. Sebastian Cabot (1526) 3. Alvaro de Saavedra (1527) 4. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542) 5. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564) THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION - Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542. - He followed the route taken by Magellan and reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established a colony in Sarangani but could not stay long because of insufficient food supply - His fleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese - Villalobos is remembered for naming our country “Islas Filipinas,” in honor of King Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain. THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION - Since none of the expedition after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands. - However, when Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission. - On February 13, 1565, Legazpi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. - Legazpi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. On April 27, 1565, Legazpi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. - On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region. - Hearing of the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left Cebu for Manila. They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570.  - At first they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. - Because the Spaniards are more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila - Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital of the islands. - In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España" (Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain. WHY THE PHILIPPINES WAS EASILY CONQUERED? 1. The barangays were scattered and were not united by a integrative political or religious system (only Mindanao and Sulu because of religious reasons were not conquered) 2. Diversity of language which resulted to lack of communication among ethics areas; 3. Willingness to cooperate with the Spaniards (as manifested by numerous blood compacts and treaties of friendship between Filipinos and Spaniards) 4. Superiority of Spanish arms and in art of warfare. aesrwdteytrhg Forced Labor (Polo y servicio) - Polo y servicio is the forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16 to 60 years of age who were obligated to give personal services to community projects. One could be exempted from polo by paying the falla, a daily fine of one and a half real. In 1884, labor was reduced to 15 days. The polo system was patterned after the Mexican repartimento, selection for forced labor Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade - The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was the main source of income for the colony during its early years. Service was inaugurated in 1565 and continued into the early 19th century. The Galleon trade brought silver from New Spain and silk from China by way of Manila. This way, the Philippines earned its income through buy and sell - that is, they bought silk from China for resale to New Spain and then bought American silver for resale to China. Philippine Economy under Spain - The country under Spain was economically underdeveloped. The Philippines was an economic burden to Spain that caused an annual deficit to the Spanish coffers. - The founding of the Economic Society of Friends of the Country helped in the agricultural advancement of the country. - The Tobacco Monopoly made the Philippines the greatest tobacco-growing country in the Orient. All farmers had a quota of tobacco to raise annually and all were sold to the Government. - Spanish policies imposed here were not that helpful for the Filipinos and most government officials were of Spanish by blood and Filipinos were the ones made to work tedious jobs. - There were many changes in the Filipino society during the Spanish colonization. - Spanish authorities did not show any sign of fairness towards the Filipinos especially in the division of responsibilities in polo y servicio. Because of this irresponsibility, Filipinos still work apart from their allotted time for work. - Filipinos who were working in the Galleon Trade experienced misfortune because of the heavy loads Spanish authorities were asking of them. As a result, many workers died and later on separated families because of poverty being experienced. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT UNDER SPAIN Spain established ONE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT in the Philippines. -Many independent barangays of our ancestors disappeared. One government alone ruled most of the country. Thus, for the first time in history, we became united as one nation called “FILIPINAS”. The rest of the world came to know our country by that name. - Since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled the Islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony KING OF SPAIN —----> VICEROY OF MEXICO—------>PHILIPPINES - When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a Governor General. KING OF SPAIN —----> GOVERNOR GENERAL—------>PHILIPPINES THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE - Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENTS of and a NATIONAL the LOCAL that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.  - NATIONAL GOVERNMENT: maintained peace and order collected taxes built schools and other public works THE GOVERNOR GENERAL - The King's representative and the highest ranking official in the Philippines. - He had GREAT POWERS. He had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King. - He was the commander in chief of the colonial armed forces. He was also the president of the Royal Audiencia. - There were 115 Spanish Governor-Generals in our country The first one was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565-1572) and the last was Diego de los Rios (1898) The Governor General and other government officials had so much power that it was commonly abused. To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created: 1. THE RESIDENCIA 2. THE VISITA 3. THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA THE RESIDENCIA This was a special judicial court that investigated the performance of a Governor General who was about to be replaced. The Residencia, of which the incoming Governor General was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to the King THE VISITA The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the VISITADOR GENERAL to observe conditions in the colony. The Visitador General reported his findings directly to the king THE ROYAL AUDENCIA Served as an advisory body to the Governor General. Had the power to check and report on his abuses. The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the colonial government. Sent a yearly report to Spain. The Archbishop and other government officials could also report the abuses of the colonial government. The highest court in the land during the Spanish times. LESSON 3: PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION Part A: Philippine Revolution - Early Filipino Revolts (1565-1892) The Filipinos began to fight the Spaniards the moment they settled permanently in 1565 and continued this resistance to the end of their rule in 1898. In October 1889, a group of ilustrados in Paris, signing themselves as the “Filipinos”. The Philippine Revolt patterns must be treated holistically and not separately. - Revolts are categorized into 3: 1. Personal and religious 2. Resistance to Spanish- imposed economic and religious institutions 3. Land problems Personal Motives - The revolts were personally led by former barangay datus and maharlikas, as well as babaylans and katalonas, who had lost their prestige and power in their communities with the coming of the Spaniards, and were supplanted by leaders chosen by the Spaniards and by the Spanish friars. - Lakandula and Soliman Revolt in 1574 due to sequestration of their landed properties and even toleration of the encomendero’s abuse and oppression of their people. \ - The conspiracy of the maharlikas headed by Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan. - In 1621-22, an outlawed babaylan, Tamblot of Bohol employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving people to abandon Christianity and to return to their former beliefs. In no time, he was crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde mayor of Cebu. - The rebellion in Carigara (Leyte), led by Bankaw, Datu of Limasawa - Francisco Dagohoy’s revolt in Bohol. This was the longest revolt in Philippine history taking 85 years to quell (1744- 1829). - Silang Revolt in Ilocos - Palaris Revolt in Pangasinan - Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan RELIGIOUS MOTIVES - Two Christianized Isnegs of Northwest Cagayan, Miguel Lanab and Alalaban of Capinatan (Apayao), revolted in 1625, by mutilating and beheading the Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Bro. Onofre Palao. - A nativist revolt with religious overtones was led by Tapar in Oton, Iloilo, whom proclaimed himself, “God Almighty”. - The Magtangaga Revolt in Cagayan in October 1718 led by Francisco Rivera, a vissionary who appropriated for himself the title of “Papa Rey”. - Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz’s revolt which was divided into two phases: phase 1 from 1832- 1841 was from the founding of the Confradia de San Jose in 1832 to the death of Dela Cruz in 1841, and phase 2 from 1870- 71, with the revival of the Confradia in 1870, terminating with the revolt and capture of Januario Labios in 1871. RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED INSTITUTIONS - Among the major rebellions belonging to this class were those in the late 16th century led by Magalat of Cagayan, the Sumodoy and the CARAGA revolts in the 17th century..., ‘ Moro Resistance - Most united groups were the Muslims. - They were bounded by Islam. - Continuous military expeditions failed to subdue them. They fought back by raiding the coastal towns under Spain. Why all these revolts failed? - Absence of national leader - Lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos - Inadequate training and preparation for warfare What is Nationalism? It is the love of one’s country and people. It is a feeling of oneness that binds the people to a common past and a common identity. It includes pride in one’s cultural heritage, support for the country’s aspirations, patriotism and independence. What facilitated the development of Filipino nationalism? 1. The influx of liberal ideas (from abroad) 2. The Spanish Revolution (1868) 3. The opening of the Suez Canal (1869) 4. THE MARTYRDOM OF FATHERS GOMEZ, BURGOS AND ZAMORA 5. Introduction of modern technology 6. The rise of new middle class - occupied a high position in society because of their wealth and prestige. They also criticized the unequal treatment of the Spaniards to the Filipinos. 7. Secularization Issue - Two kinds of priest during the Spanish Regime a. Regular - Spanish priests who belong to any of the religious orders. b. Secular - Priest who obtained their religious training in the Philippines who were under the direct control of the bishops and archbishops. 8. Cavite Mutiny - Soldiers and workers at the Cavite Arsenal rebelled against the withdrawal of their privileges of nonpayment of taxes and exemption from forced labor. 9. Disillusionment over Spanish rule - common sufferings under tyrannical rule of the Spaniards fostered a feeling of unity among Filipinos PART B: THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large numbers of people. It was not a radical agitation to overthrow Spanish rule by a bloody revolution but instead it was a peaceful campaign. Rise of the Propaganda Movement It began in 1872, when Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were executed at the Luneta. The Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students abroad met in Hong Kong, Singapore, Barcelona, Madrid, Paris, London and other foreign cities. Work of promoting the welfare and happiness of the fatherland. Aggressively but peacefully, by means of writing and speeches, they crusaded for reforms to rectify the evils of the Spanish colonial system. Reforms Desired by the Propaganda Movement 1. Equality of the Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws. 2. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain. 3. Restoration of the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes. 4. Filipinization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion of the friars. 5. Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances. The Propagandists - were patriots who waged their movement by means of pen and tongue to expose the defects of Spanish rule in the Philippines and the urgency of reforms to remedy them. - They were scions of good families, highly intelligent, educated, patriotic, and courageous, who symbolized the flower of Filipino manhood - The members were from the middle class families representing the group of Filipino Intelegencia Foreign Friends of the Propaganda Movement - Foreigners who were lovers of freedom and justice - supported the Filipinos’ campaign for reforms Foreign Friends of the PM Who’s who 1. Ferdinand Blumentritt - Austrian professor, scholar - Dr.Rizal’s bestfriend - Praised Noli and Fili and wrote a “Prologue” to Rizal’s annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Pris, 1890) 2. Don Juan Atayde - One of the liberal Spaniards who aided Filipino propagandist - Founded the Circulo HispanoFilipino in September 1882 (a civic association of Spaniards and Filipinos in Madrid) - Published the newspaper Revisa del Circulo Hispano-Filipino 3. Miguel Morayta - Statesman, historian and journalist - Rizal’s professor at the Central University of Madrid 4. Francisco Pi y Margall - Former president of the First Spanish Republic 5. Emilio Junoy - A journalist - Member of the Cortes 6. Manuel Ruiz Zorilla - Parliamentarian - Leader of the Spanish Republican Party La Solidaridad, Organ of the Propaganda Movement - a newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona on February 15, 1889. - La Solidaridad was created due to the reality that mass media is important in propagating the Propaganda objectives. Aims of La Solidaridad (from Jaena’s editorial) 1. to portray vividly the deplorable condition of the Philippines, 2. to work peacefully for the political and social reforms, 3. to combat the evil forces of medieval- 4. to advocate liberal ideas and progress 5. to champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people for democracy and happiness. La Solidaridad was printed in: - Barcelona (Feb. 15-Oct. 31, 1889) - Madrid (Nov. 15-Nov. 15, 1895 On Dec. 15, 1889, M.H. del Pilar replaced G.L. Jaena as its editor. Contributors of La Solidaridad 1. M. H. del Pilar (Plaridel) 2. Dr. Jose Rizal (Laon Laan) 3. Mariano Ponce (Tigbalang) 4. Antonio Luna (Taga-ilog) 5. Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa) 6. Dr. Peter Paterno 7. Antonio Ma. Regidor 8. Isabelo delos Reyes 9. Eduardo de Lete 10. Jose Alejandrino Contributors of La Solidaridad (Foreigners) 1. Professor Blumentritt 2. Dr. Morayta “We are persuaded that there are no sacrifices that are too little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery.” (M.H. del Pilar’s farewell editorial) The publication ended on Nov. 15, 1895 after an existence of seven years. Masonry and the Propaganda Movement Many Filipino patriots became masons (del Pilar, Jaena, Rizal, Ponce) because they needed the help of the masons in Spain and in other foreign countries for their fight for reforms. Revolucion - 1st Filipino Masonic lodge founded by Jaena in Barcelona - recognized on April 1889 by Grande Oriental Español headed by Don Miguel Morayta - died out on Nov. 29, 1890 after Lopez Jaena resigned as worshipful master. Lodge Solidaridad - organized by M.H. del Pilar and Julio Llorante in Madrid - recognized on May 1890 by Grande Oriental Español - Llorante (Worshipful Master) - prospered so it was joined in by other Filipinos (Rizal, Pedro Serrano Baldomero Roxas, Galicano Apacible, etc.) Lodge Nilad - 1st Filipino Masonic lodge - founded by Serrano Laktaw in Manila on January 6, 1892. Filipino Masonic lodges in Spain and in Philippines raised the needed funds to finance the campaign for reforms in Spain. Asociacion Hispano-Filipina (Hispano-Philippine Association) Purpose: secure reforms for the Philippines President: Don Miguel Morayta V-president: Gen. Felipe dela Corte Secretary: Dominador Gomez Members: all Filipinos in Europe, prominent scholars, statesmen of other nationalities. 3 Sections: 1.) Political Section (M.H. del Pilar) 2.) Literary Section (M. Ponce) 3.) Recreation Section (Tomas Arejola) Liga Filipina (Philippine League) - a Filipino civic association - founded by Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892 in a house at Ilaya St., Tondo its constitution was written by Jose Rizal, helped by Jose Ma. Basa - Motto: “Unus Instar Omnium” —> One Like All Aims: 1. Union of the Archipelago into a compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body. 2. Mutual protection in all cases of pressing necessity. 3. Defense against all violence and injustice. 4. Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce. 5. Study and application of reforms. President: Ambrosio Salvador Fiscal: Agustin dela Rosa Treasurer: Bonifacio Arevalo Secretary: Deodato Arellano Members: ☺ Andres Bonifacio ☺ Apolinario Mabini ☺ Mamerto Natividad ☺ Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista ☺ Moises Salvador ☺ Jose A. Dizon ☺ Domingo Franco ☺ Timoteo Paez ☺ Arcadio del Rosario ☺ Numeriano Andriano ☺ Timoteo Lanuza However, three days after the founding of Liga Filipina, Rizal was arrested by order of Governor General Despujol. On July 6, 1892, Rizal was exiled to Dapitan-known to be the Liga Filipina’s collapse. End of Propaganda Movement Rizal’s arrest to Dapitan marks the end of the Propaganda movement. Radical members like Andres Bonifacio separated from the movement, believing that it was useless to expect reforms from the Spaniards. (…Los Compromisarios) -among the active members were: Apolinario Mabini Domingo Franco Numeriano Andriano Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Timoteo Paez (..etc...) For lack of funds, La Solidaridad died out after its last issue on November 15, 1895. With the demise of the La Solidaridad, the Propaganda Movement consequently ended. The Propaganda Movement failed, but the ideas of freedom and justice which it sowed paved the ground for the Philippine Revolution that the Katipunan and Andres Bonifacio began in the hills of Balintawak in August 1896. Real Names Pen Name Marcelo H. Del Pilar Plaridel Jose Rizal Laong Laan and Dimasalang Mariano Ponce Naning, Tikbalang or Kalipulako Antonio Luna Taga-ilog Jose Ma. Panganiban Jomapa Dominador Gomez Ramiro Franco Note: Jose Rizal was executed at Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896. PART C: KATIPUNAN - Revolutionary movement armed to fight for freedom against Spain - revolution which would free the Philippines from shackles of Spanish oppression had to be national in scope - July 7, 1892 marked the end of the peaceful campaign for reforms and the start of the revolutionary movement to gain independence Founded Revolutionary Society 1. Andres Bonifacio 2. Deodato Arellano 3. Ladislao Diwa 4. Teodoro Plata 5. Valentin Diaz Triangle Method - They called the Kataas-taasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or simply “katipunan”. AZCARRAGA STREET IN TONDO MANILA - Blood compact happened and they signed their membership with their own blood. OBJECTIVES OF KATIPUNAN 1. Unite the Filipinos under one flag 2. Achieve independence by means of revolution 3. Defend the oppressed and helped members who are in need PSEUDONYM 1. Andres Bonifacio a.k.a “ May Pag-asa “ 2. Artemio Recarte a.k.a “Vibora” 3. Emilio Jacinto a.k.a ”Pingkian” KATIPUNAN DIVIDED INTO THREE GRADES 1. FIRST GRADE (katipunan/ members) - Black hood and with white triangle in the middle - Password: “Anak ng Bayan 2. SECOND GRADE (kawal/ soldier)\ - Green hood with white triangle and a medallion in which the Malayan letter “K” was engraved. - Password : “GOMBURZA” 3. THIRD GRADE (bayani/ hero) - Red hood with a green bordered sash - Password “RIZAL” WOMENS OF KATIPUNAN President Josefa Rizal Vice President Gregoria de Jesus Secretary Marina Dizon Fiscal Angelica -Rizal Lopez THREE COUNCILS BARANGAY COUNCIL - was lowest and charge in town or municipalities PROVINCIAL COUNCIL - administered provinces SUPREME COUNCIL - composed of president, fiscal, secretary, treasurer and comptroller KARTILLA / KARTILYA - written by Emilio Jacinto - it is composed of 13 commandments KALAYAAN - Newspaper of katipunan PSEUDONYMS 1. Emilio Jacinto -a.k.a “Dimas Ilaw” 2. Andres Bonifacio -a.k.a “Agapito Bagumbayan” 3. Pio Valenzuela -a.k.a “Madlang Awa” MARCH 1896 - First issue of Kalayaan - 2000 copies - It included articles written by Emilio jacinto, Andres Bonifacio and Pio Valenzuela - The copies were circulated outside manila and even reach as far as Cavite and Rizal DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN (DIARIO DE MANILA) - Katipunan seal & ink pad made of stone found in the raid of a printing press where the Kalayaan was printed. FORT SANTIAGO - Massive arrest of suspected members of katipunan AUGUST 23, 1896 - All katipuneros met at Pugadlawin at the place of Juan Ramos(son of Melchora Aquino) CRY OF PUGADLAWIN - They tore their cedulas and shouted “Long Live Philippine Independence” - It marked the revolution against Spain in 1896 FIRST FILIPINO- SPANISH ENCOUNTER - August 30 1896 (San Juan del Monte ) - Governor General Ramon Blanco, declared the eight provinces in Luzon under martial law - Provinces under Martial Law 1. Manila 2. Nueva Ecija 3. Laguna 4. Pampanga 5. Bulacan 6. Tarlac 7. Cavite 8. Batangas Note: MANUELAPABUTACABA –Acronym of the above provinces that signifies the eight rayed sun of the Philippine Flag. The rebel faction in cavite: MAGDALO FACTION - believed in the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo MAGDIWANG FACTION - Followers of Andres Bonifacio The most controversial political showdown for leadership in the Philippine history was that between Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo. When the dust settled in the final stage of their conflict and power struggle in 1897, Bonifacio, the supremo, was treacherously captured and later, executed by Aguinaldo’s men. TEJEROS CONVENTION - Officers of revolutionary government - President : Emilio Aguinaldo - Vice president : Mariano Trias - Captain general : Artemio Ricarte - Director of war : Emilio Riego de Dios - Director of interior : Andres Bonifacio DANIEL TIRONA- argued about the position of Bonifacio , an insult. NAIC DECLARATION - Bonifacio and Procopio- arrested and wounded - Ciriaco- killed during the encounter The three advised General Emilio Aguinaldo to let the courts order for Bonifacios’ execution to stand. 1. Clement Zulueta 2. Gen. Mariano Noreal 3. Baldomero Aguinaldo April 29- May 4 1897- Trial lasted May 8, 1897- Converted death penalty to banishment May 10 1897- Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were shot at mount Tala in Cavite ESTABLISHMENT OF BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC - In June 1897 the province of Cavite was under control of Governo-General Primo de Rivera. And because of this general Aguinaldo force to transfer his headquarters to Talisay, Batangas and joined force with General Miguel Malvar. From there he went to Bulacan and established his headquarters in Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Payumo. Later, they established the Biak-na-Bato Republic. November 1, 1897 - Ratified the constitution - Written by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho - Based on the Cuban Constitution - According to the constitution, a supreme council would be formed composed of the president, vice president, secretary of war and secretary of treasury. November 2, 1897- Election of supreme council officials President : Emilio Aguinaldo Secretary of foreign affairs : Antonio Montenegro Secretary of interior : Isabelo Artacho Secretary of war : Emiliano Riego de Dios Secretary of treasury : Baldomero Aguinaldo PACT OF BIAK NA BATO - Gov. General Primo de Rivera and other government officials accept the fact that they could no longer stop the revolution so they decided to negotiate for peace. PEDRO PATERNO - A Spanish Filipino who offered the act of mediator between the revolutionaries and the Spanish authorities. - Through Paterno an agreement was drawn. There were three documents which comprised the agreement. November 18 1897- first document was signed December 14 1897- second document December 15 1897- third document The pact provided for the cessation of the revolution. Aguinaldo and the other rebel leaders would leave the country voluntarily while the other rebel leaders would surrender their arms to the Spanish authorities. In return, Spain would pay a total indemnity of 900,000php for non-combatants and 800,000php for the rebels payable as follows: 1. 400,000php to be paid as soon as Aguinaldo and company left the country 2. 200,000php to be given after the majority of the arms were surrender 3. 200,000php to be given after all hostilities ceased and general amnesty was proclaimed December 1897- Aguinaldo and his group left for Hong Kong as provided in the Pact of Biak na Bato. Emilio Aguinaldo Returns from Exile - In April 1898, the United States declared war on Spain. The Americans defeated the Spaniards in the Battle of Manila Bay May 1, 1898. - In HongKong, Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines to continue the fight against the Spaniards. - May 1898, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and established a dictatorial government under his leadership. - June 12, 1898, in Kawit Cavite in front of his ancestral house, he proclaimed the independence of the Philippines where the Philippine National Flag was raised and the Philippine National Anthem was also played. - After the declaration of Independence, the dictatorial government was change to Philippine Revolutionary Government upon the advise of Apolinario Mabini. The Malolos Republic - After the Philippine Revolutionary Government was established by Emilio Aguinaldo then he called for a Constitutional Convention in Malolos Bulacan in order to create a new constitution. - January 21, 1899, the Malolos Constitution was approved by Emililo Aguinaldo. - January 23, 1899, the Malolos Republic was inaugurated in which Emilio Aguinaldo became the President. The inauguration was held in Barasoain Church in Malolos Bulacan. - Emilio Aguinaldo became the First President of the Philippines under Malolos Republic, Antonio Luna was the Commanding General of the Philippine Revolutionary Army. Filipino – American War February 4, 1899 – tensions between the American forces in Manila and the revolutionary militia eventually erupted in their confrontation at San Juan Bridge. This signaled the beginning of the Filipino-American War. Emilio Aguinaldo declared war against the American authority December 2, 1899, the “Battle of Tirad Pass”. Gen. Gregorio “Goyo” del Pilar defended tirad pass against the American soldiers in order to let Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo escape. Gregorio and his men died during the battle in Tirad Pass. March 1901 – Emilio Aguinaldo and his men were captured in his camp at Isabela Province. He was brought to Malacañang as a prisoner but after he took an oath to the Americans he was released Summer of 1902, Gen. Miguel Melvar surrendered to the Americans that leads to the end of Filipino-American hostilities.