Secularization and Filipinization PDF

The Birth of a Nation\ Secularization, Propaganda Movement, and Rizal\'s Liga Filipina\ Quincenario democrático\ Kasaysayan 1 Module 6\ \ \ A Period of Liberalism\ The 1868 Glorious Revolution in Spain deposed Isabella II, end of absolute monarchy\ Carlos Maria de la Torre\ Governor General, 189...

The Birth of a Nation\ Secularization, Propaganda Movement, and Rizal\'s Liga Filipina\ Quincenario democrático\ Kasaysayan 1 Module 6\ \ \ A Period of Liberalism\ The 1868 Glorious Revolution in Spain deposed Isabella II, end of absolute monarchy\ Carlos Maria de la Torre\ Governor General, 1896-1871\ Know for his liberal and down-to-earth attitude and behavior; unpopular with Spaniards and with the regular clergy\ Freedom of speech, abolition of the censorship of the press. \"Ally of the middle class\"\. However, he is also cautious: confidential instructions of investigation of any suspicious dealings from Filipino leaders and priests.\ \ \ Secularization and Filipinization\ Royal Decree of 1774, King Carlos III Ordering the secularization of parishes\ The problem of \"visitation\" and \"secularization\" Diocesan or secular priests were to oversee the parishes, under the direct supervision of the bishop\ \ \ Secularization and Filipinization\ Secularization Movement\ \"Filipinization\" of the parishes\ Secular priests organized led by Fr. Pedro Pelaez and Fr. Jose Burgos\ \ \ How did the struggle of the Filipino priests fall into the development of Filipino\ nationalist consciousness?\ \ \ Secularization and Filipinization\ Secularization Movement\ \"Filipinization\" of the parishes\ Secular priests organized led by Fr. Pedro Pelaez and Fr. Jose Burgos\ \ \ \"The Propaganda Movement would The\ be the heir of the aganda movement of the ement Filipino clergy\" 80-1895\ - Fr. John Shumacher, SJ, The\ Propaganda Movement.\ \ \ Cavite Mutiny and the Three Priests\ January 20, 1872: 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in the arsenal stationed in Fort San Felipe,\ Cavite.\ \ Lost their exemption from tribute and polo.\ While localized, the authorities saw the revolt as part of a great national movement to liberate the\ Philippines.\ \ \ Cavite Mutiny and the Three Priests\ Three priests were accused as\ agitators:\ Fr. Jose Burgos; Fr. Mariano Gomez; Fr. Jacinto Zamora\ Sentenced to death via the garrote vil\ \ \ it may be possible to stimulate another revolt like that of Cavite and then, because of it, cut off the heads of many educated persons, but from the blood spilled, fresher and more shoots will sprout. Before the catastrophe of 1872, there were less thoughtful people, less anti-friars; they sacrificed innocent victims; but now you have the young, the women, and the young ladies declaring themselves in favor of the same cause. Repeat the sacrifice and the executioners will be sealing their own fate.\ Jose Rizal, 1889\ \ \ The Reform Movement\ Socioeconomic developments in the 19th century saw the rise of the ilustrado class, the Filipino intelligentsia of the middle class.\ Living and studying abroad exposed them to the political thought of the time.\ \ \ 10\ The Reform Movement\ Against the abuses of the Spanish authorities and clergy.\ Make the Philippines a province of Spain, to enjoy rights and privileges as Spanish citizens.\ Representation in the Spanish Cortes.\ Freedom of speech, secularization of parishes\ \ \ Leaders of the Propaganda\ La Solidaridad, February 1889\ The leaders of the Propaganda Movement are ought to be: Marcelo del Pilar, Dr. Jose Rizal, and Graciano Lopez Jaena.\ Del Pilar: radical activist, founder of the Diariong Tagalog. Second editor of the\ Solidaridad\ Rizal: medical doctor, novelist. Noli me Tangere, El Filibusterismo\ Lopez Jaena: writer and orator, first editor of the Solidaridad; had been in Spain since 1881.\ Bolidarida\ \ \ Amain Namin\ Amain naming sumasaconvento ha, sumpain ang ngalan mo, malayo sa amin ang kasakiman mo, quitlin ang liig mo ditto sa lupa para nang sa langit. Saulan mo cami ngayon nang aming kaning iyonh inaraoarao at patauanin mo kami sa iyong pagungal para nang pag papataua mo kung hami nacucualtahan; at huag mo kaming ipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at iadya mo hami sa masama mong dila.\ \ \ Ang Manga Utos Nang Fraile\ 1. Sambahin mo ang Fraile na lalo sa lahat.\ 2. Huag kang mag papahamak\ manuba nang ngalang deretsos. 3. Mangilin ka sa Fraile lingo man at festa.\ 4. Isangla mo ang catauan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama\'t ina, 5. Huag kang mamamatay kung uala pang salaping pang libing. 6. Huag kang makiapid sa kanyang\ asaua.\ 7. Huag kang makinakaw.\ 8. Hung mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.\ 9. Huag mong ipagkait ang iyong\ asaua.\ 10. Huag mong itangui ang iyong ari\ Itong sampong utos nang Fraile\'I dalaya ang kinaooujan, Ang isa: Sambahin mo ang Fraile lalo sa lahat. Ang ikalaua: Thayin mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo\'t kayamanan. Siya naua.\ \ \ Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce\ \ \ Leaders of the Propaganda\ La Solidaridad, February 1889\ The leaders of the Propaganda Movement are ought to be: Marcelo del Pilar, Dr. Jose Rizal, and Graciano Lopez Jaena.\ Del Pilar: radical activist, founder of the Diariong Tagalog. Second editor of the Solidaridad\ Rizal: medical doctor, novelist. Noli me Tangere, El Filibusterismo\ Lopez Jaena: writer and orator, first editor of the Solidaridad; had been in Spain since 1881.\ La Boli Bolidaridad\ \ \ Jose Rizal\. Born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Laguna Secondary education at Ateneo Municipal Studied at University of Santo Tomas but left for Spain in 1882, studying medicine at the University Central de Madrid.\ Noli Me Tangere, novel which reflected the social reality of the Philippines under Spain. El Filibusterismo, a political novel sequel to Noli, dedicated to the Gomburza\ \ \ Jose Rizal as Simoun Ibarra\ I believe it is too late; the Filipinos have already lost the hopes they placed in Spain! Now we await our fate from God and ourselves but never again from any government!\"\ June 1888\ Crisostomo Ibarra\ Simoun\ The cooler Danve\ \ \ Jose Rizal as Padre Florentino\ \"\...We desire the happiness of the Philippines but we want to obtain it by noble and just means for reason is on our side and we should not therefore do anything evil. If, to make my country happy, I had to act vilely, I would refuse to do so because I am sure that what is built on sand will collapse sooner or later\... If it were impossible to overcome our enemies now, another day iwll dawn, another day will come, for there must be a God of justice; otherwise we would turn atheists.\"\ January 1889\ \ \ Rift of Rizal and del Pilar\ You would like me to write an article for La Solidaridad; unfortunately, I must confess that I do not plan to write another article for that\ newspaper. I could have told you this before but I wanted to hide from you the unpleasant attacks made on me. Many things have happened among us\... I suggested many plans; they made secret war on me. When I tried to get the Filipinos to work, they called me an \"idol\", said that I was a despot, etc. They wrote to Manila twisting the facts and said I wanted this and that, which was not exactly the truth. I know from some that even before my Filibusterismo went to press, they were already saying that it was worthless and much inferior to the Noli. They plot secretly here against me, petty things, as if they were determined to destroy my modest reputation. I am withdrawing to avoid a split: let others direct policy. They said that Rizal was a very difficult personality; very well, Rizal leaves the field.\ October 9, 1891, Rizal to Blumentritt\ \ \ Rizal and the Liga\ Rizal was convinced that the struggle for reform could no longer be conducted effectively from overseas. Decided to return to the Philippines in 1892.\ \"When he realized that these disorderly and ill-coordinated efforts yielded little, Rizal thought of organizing a society called La Liga Filipina (1892)\" - Mabini, La Revolucion Filipina\ \ \ La Liga Filipina\ ⚫ July 3, 1892\. The aims:\ Unification of the Archipelago into a singular political body\ Mutual protection and support for reform movements\ \ Encourage modernization and industrialization for the benefit of the Filipinos\ Study and apply reforms\ \ \ \ Four days later, Rizal would be arrested and exiled to Dapitan\ The Liga disintegrated into two groups:\ ·\ Moderates who wanted to continue peaceful reform organized into the Cuerpo de Compromisarios\ Radicals who saw Rizal\'s arrest as the last straw, armed revolution was needed.\ \ \--\ \ The Initiation\*\ A neophyte, dressed in black and accompanied by his sponsor, was brought to a small room called the \"Chamber of Reflection\" decorated with patriotic posters (1), in front of a cabinet draped in black. He was then seated at a dimly-lit table, on which rested a bolo (2), a revolver (3), and a set of questions which he must answer to the satisfaction of the members assembled: \"¿Ano ang kalagayan nitong Katagalugan ng unang panahun?\"; \" Ano ang kalagayan sa ngayon?\" and \"Ano ang magiging kalagayan sa darating na panahun?\"\ This is a shorter version used circa 1896\ \ \ Katipon (Member)\ OUTFIT:\ Black hood, with a triangle of white ribbons, inside of which were the letters Z. LL.B.\ PASSWORD:\ Anak ng Bayan\ MONTHLY DUES:\ One real fuerte (old money), or\ 12.5 centimos, or 20 cuartos\ May be promoted to Kawal upon recruiting several new members\ Other name: Akibat (companion)\ \ \ Bayani (Pro)\ Rank will be abolished, November 1895\ OUTFIT\ Red mask, with white triangle, inside of which was the following:\ K\ 20\ Red sash with green borders\ PASSWORD:\ Rizal\ MONTHLY DUES:\ Two real fuertes (old money), or 25 centimos, or 40 cuartos\ \ \ ·\ The Katipunan\ The society also had their own flags and seal, devised their own cipher for secret codes/messages.\ Other membership literature included Bonifacio\'s \"Katungkulan ng mga Z.LI.B.\" and\ Emilio Jacinto\'s Kartilya Kalayaan, short-lived newspaper, 1896\ U\ Abakada ng kastilà (Spa\ ABCDEFGHIJKLL MNO\ Abakada ng Katipunan\ alphabet)\ ZBKDOHGFNIK VIC\ RATIPURAN\ \ \ Dekalogo\ 4. Sa kalamigan ng loob, katiagaan, katuiran at pag asa sa ano mang gagawin nag bubuhat ang ikagaganap ng mabuting ninanais.\ 5. Paingat ingatang gaya ng puri ang mga bilin at balak ng K.K.R.\ 6. Sa isang na sa sapanganib sa pag tupat ng kanyang tungkol, idadamay ng lahat, ang buhay at yaman upang maligtas yaon.\ 4. In any endeavor, the realization of good aspirations depends on calmness, perseverance, reason and hope.\ 5. Guard the instructions and plans of the K.K.K. as you would guard your own honor.\ 6. Anyone who falls into danger whilst carrying out their duties should be supported by all, and rescued even at the cost of life and riches.\ \ \ Dekalogo\ 7. Hangarin na ang kalagayan ng isatisa, maging huaran ng kanyang kapwa sa mabuting pagpapasunod at pag tupad ng kanyang tungkol.\ 8. Bahaginan ng makakaya ang alin mang nagdaralita. 9. Ang kasipagan sa pag hahanap-buhay ay siyang tunay na pag ibig at pagmamahal sa sarili sa asawa, anak at kapatid o kabayan.\ 7. Let each of us strive in the performance of our duty to set a good example for others to follow.\ 8. Share whatever you can with whoever is needy.\ 9. Diligence in earning a livelihood is a true\ expression of love and affection for self, spouse, children and brothers or compatriots.\ \ Katipunan Organizational StructureSupreme President Deodato Arellano (1892-Feb 1893Roman Basa (Feb 1893-Jan 1895)Andres Bonifacio (Jan 1895- 1896)Comptroller Andres Bonifacio (1892- August 1893)Treasurer Valentin Diaz (1892-Feb 1893)Fiscal Ladislao Diwa (1892 - Feb 1893 Andres Bonifacio (Feb 1893- 1895) Emilio Jacinto (1895)Pio Valenzuela (December 1895)Secretary Teodoro Plata (1892-Feb 1893)Jose Turiano Santiago (Feb 1893-Dec 1895)Emilio Jacinto, Secretary of State (Dec 1895-1896)Secretary of War Teodoro Plata (1896) Secretary of Justice Briccio Pantas (1896)Secretary of Interior Aguedo del Rosario (1896) Secretary of Finance·Enrique Pacheco (1896)Kalastasang SanggunianSangguniang Bayan\ \ ·July 1896· Reports of a society called Catipunan began to first arrive in the official reports of Spanish officialsBonifacio seeks help for acquisition of rifles from Japan-the plan did not push through; further sought arms to be smuggled from the Spanish arsenal Bonifacio and other leaders sought alliance with outlaw bands to join the Katipunan. As early as late July, Bonifacio and the other leaders were already planning to constitute a Revolutionary Government.\ \ ·Discovery of the KatipunanAugust 19, 1896··KKK member Teodoro Patiño who worked in the Diario de Manila, got into a quarrel with fellow Katipunan workmates over wages. He then revealed his membership to his sister, Honoria, who was a nun. The Mother Superior overheard them and told Patiño to tell Fr. Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo.Patiño told Fr. Gil tells the priest about the society and its plans, and the documents being printed at his workplace.Fr. Gil alerts the Guardia Civil Veterana, raids and searches the premises and finds documents, including receipts bearing members\' names.News comes to Bonifacio and other leaders, fled Manila to Caloocan\ \ The Revolution Starts·August 22, 1896 Circulars were dispatched to all Katipuneros about the compromise, \"the moment has come\" \"hindi nararapat ipagpaliban ng malaon ang panghihimagsik\", revolution cannot anymore be deferred. Other Katipuneros made their way to Balintawak\*, numbering as much as thousands.August 23-24 Supreme Assembly at Balintawak\*, debate is lengthy and intense. Should revolution be launched in the coming days? Majority yes, others, no. As the mood became uneasy and anxious, the choices became limited. As the motion was put to vote, most who said \"no\", said \"yes\"-attack will commence on the weekend, 29th of August.\ \ \ Meanwhile, Rizal rejects Bonifacio\'s invitation to join the revolution; instead, volunteers to serve in the war in Cuba as a doctor.However, this was cut short, as he was arrested and sent back to the Philippines.\ \ Rizal would return as a prisoner at Fort Santiago; Tried and executed onDecember 30, 1896Only fueling the revolutionary fervor and pushing even the local elite to side with the revolution.\ \ Politics in the Revolution\ \ As Bonifacio suffered defeats and setbacks, Mariano Alvarez and brothers Emilio and Baldomero Aguinaldo and the Katipunan in Cavite were beating the Spaniards. Magdiwang leaders were urging Bonifacio to relocate to Cavite for his safety, but Bonifacio insists to stay as he continues to fight in San Mateo and Montalban; with the defeats in these areas finally convinced him to go to Cavite, November 1896.\ \ The visit of Bonifacio to Cavite proved mixed emotions: Aguinaldo remembered it as \"joyous\"; Artemio Ricarte, one of the Magdiwang leaders, recalled it as \"tense\".\ December 1896, Bonifacio presides over an assembly at the casa hacienda in Imus, agenda: merge Magdalo and Magdiwang as one revolutionary government. The assembly is divided, debate was heated, and no decision was made.\ \ \ Politics in the Revolution\ Question on who should lead the Revolution started to brew and the tense environment in Cavite brewed. Rumors and slanderous allegations against Bonifacio began to circulate. Whether it was instigated by the Magdalo branch is up to speculation.\ Meanwhile, reinforcements from Spain came with Camilo Polavieja taking over from Ramón Blanco. Polavieja oversees Rizal\'s case and eventual\ execution.\ \ Politics in the Revolution\ Further bitter rivalry between the two branches, between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo ensued as the Spanish renewed their energy and numbers for an offensive in Cavite.\ A possible peace from the colonial government was offered to Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo writes to Magdiwang councils without the knowledge of the Magdiwang leaders.\ \ The Convention in Tejeros\ ⚫ March 22, 1897- Mariano Alvarez, president of the Magdiwang, called convention at Tejeros to discuss the peace negotiation; Magdalo wanted to form a government and elect leaders- to settle the leadership issue.\ Bonifacio lost the election to Aguinaldo; voted as Director of the Interior yet still his capabilities were questioned.\ \ Angry and insulted, Bonifacio nullified the election and stormed out.\ I feel my heart crack.\ \ \ Dominoes Falling\ AQUINALDO AND WAGDALOS\ ·\ Following the convention, the mood became tense among the Revolutionary leaders as the Spanish reinforcements overran once-liberated towns in Cavite; each blame for the failure and the defeat.\ \ Naic Military Agreement\ Mid-April, Bonifacio then decided, through the Naic Military Agreement, founded his own Revolutionary Government.\ Aguinaldo received reports that\ Bonifacio\'s splinter group went on a rampage in the Cavite countryside.\ \ Trial and Death of Bonifacio\ Bonifacio and his group were arrested in April 28, 1897, shot in the left arm, stabbed in the neck; and his brother Ciriaco shot by Aguinaldo\'s men.\ A military court was created, and the War Council sentenced the Bonifacio and his brother Procopio to death; Aguinaldo initially wanted to have them deported in exile, but was pressured by his generals, Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar.\ AQ DAA\ \ May 10, 1897\ ·\ ·\ Bonifacio and Procopio were to be taken to the mountains of Margondon by Major Lazaro Makapagal, accompanied by four riflemen\ At the foot of a hill of Mt. Tala, the sealed envelope containing the sentence was opened and read. Procopio was shot first. Then, Andres.\ \ Gregoria was just released from her house arrest around the time of her husband\'s death-not knowing what happened. She saw Makapagal and the riflemen, an adviser of Aguinaldo and a Spanish prisoner who was carrying her husband\'s clothes and shoes. She asks:\ \"What happened-where\'s Andres\"\ \"We left them in the mountains, in the house of a teniente del barrio\"\ \"Why are you carrying his clothes?\"\ \"Your husband told us to have you bring these to him\"\ Makapagal did not utter anymore, leaving Gregoria to rush to the mountains, with a glimmer of hope that she might see her husband, still alive.\ \ Ay mga kapd. kaya isipin Ninyo mga kapd. kung katoiran o hindi ang kanilang ginagawa pag api sa amin.\ Gregoria de Jesus\ c. June 1897, in a letter sent to Jacinto which she signed as \"Gregoria de Bonifacio\"\ \ The reinforcements from Spain forced the Revolutionaries into the defensive; earlier in March, General Fernando Primo de Rivera appointed Governor- General.\ The news of Bonifacio\'s execution left a deep rift among the revolutionary commanders. Some leaders, Emilio Jacinto, Macario Sakay, among the few, refused to submit to Aguinaldo\'s leadership.\ \ Aguinaldo and his forces, on the other hand, were pushed back to Bulacan, seeking refuge in Biak- na-Bato.\ I can take Biak-na Bato-any army can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion.-Gen. Primo de Rivera\ Pedro Paterno, a known lawyer and ilustrado, offered to mediate peace negotiations\ \ \ On December 15, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed: Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary leaders agreed to surrender and exile in Hong Kong in exchange for 400,000 Pesos (Mexican)\ ·\ \ 200,000- Initial payment when they left for Hong Kong\ 200,000-Payment when at least 700 firearms were surrendered 200,000-payment when \"Te Deum was played by the Manila Cathedral bells, end of hostilities.\ \ Sumisión de los principales jefes de la insurrección filipina: Los jefes tagalos (Del Pilar, Viniegras, Aguinaldo, Belarmino, Paterno) en el tren que los condujo a Dagupan, 1897.Submission of the main leaders of the Philippine insurrection: The Tagalog leaders (Del Pilar, Viniegras, Aguinaldo, Belarmino, Paterno) in the train that took them to Dagupan, 1897.Partida al exilio de Emilio Aguinaldo y veintiséis de sus hombres desde el puerto de Sual (Pangasinan) al norte de Manila el 26 de diciembre, 1897.Departure for exile of EmilioAguinaldo and twenty-six of his men from the port of Sual (Pangasinan) north of Manila on December 26, 1897. Reactions to the Revolution\ Not everyone in the archipelago initially supported the Revolution in Luzon, \"Tagalog Rebellion\"\ For example, the Ayuntamiento (city governments) of Iloilo and Jaro condemned; organized a battalion of volunteers to fight under the flag of Spain.\ \"Estos hechos de sedición, doblemente criminales en las dolorosas circunstancias que afligen a la Patria común, que allá, al otro lado de los mares, en los Campos de Cuba, está vertiendo sin tasa la generosa sangre de sus leales hijos que otros hijos ingratos la hacen derramar\"\ Flag of the Ilongo Volunteers\ \ ·\ Significance of the Revolution\ Like Rizal, Bonifacio aimed at social transformation, through \"Reason and Enlightenment\", and national unity of all Filipinos across the archipelago.\ ·\ ·\ \"\...papagisahin ang loob at kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog sa pamagitan ng isang mahigpit na panunumpa, upang sa pagkakaisang ito\'y magkalakas na iwasak ang masinsing tabing na nakabubulag sa kaisipan at matuklasan ang tunay na landas ng Katuiran at Kaliwanagan.\"\ His invitation of the bandit groups represent an attempt of merging the divide between loob and labas, a union of everyone for an abstract cause. According to historian Francis Gealogo, however, the death of Bonifacio would signal the gradual end of this attempt of merging spaces.\ \ ·\ Significance of the Revolution\ The nationalists and the revolutionaries\ were able to limit the power of the church-convent. However, the conceptualization of a \"national community\" and the idea of a \"nation\" still present an ongoing debate of grounding.\ ·\ Some outlaw bands and messianic groups have began including an imagery of a \"Filipino nation\" into their beliefs and ideologies but are different from what the nationalists expected and conceived.